分析任務(wù)分析任務(wù)

1、 10/10 . . . .分析任務(wù)，有效訓(xùn)練，提升聽力高考聽力專項訓(xùn)練教學(xué)設(shè)計與反思中學(xué)英語教學(xué)設(shè)計中進行任務(wù)分析就是對教學(xué)目標(biāo)進行分析，推測教學(xué)目標(biāo)，即把教學(xué)目標(biāo)按學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域或?qū)W習(xí)結(jié)果類型進行分類，并要揭示達(dá)到教學(xué)目標(biāo)所需要完成的步驟。分析任務(wù)具體包括推測教學(xué)目標(biāo)，分析教學(xué)任務(wù)，確定教學(xué)方法，必要時還要對教材內(nèi)容作適當(dāng)補充。高考英語聽力專項訓(xùn)練在教學(xué)設(shè)計方面是一個比較大的范疇，筆者將聽力專項訓(xùn)練教學(xué)設(shè)計按照聽力測試所涉及學(xué)生的能力進行分項設(shè)計，并在高考英語復(fù)習(xí)實際中予以實施，效果顯著。一、高考聽力試題分析高考英語（江蘇卷）聽力在高考英語120分值的試題中占20分，約占試卷卷面總分的16.67

2、%。多年來，各地高考英語試題不斷改革，檢測內(nèi)容越來越注重對學(xué)生英語能力的檢測。由于聽力部分分值比例大，難度適中，得分率相對較高，所以聽力部分20分乃“兵家必爭之地”。高考英語（江蘇卷）聽力部分共分兩節(jié)。第一節(jié)共五小題，計分5分，考生聽5段對話，每段對話后設(shè)一個小題，聽完每段對話，考生都有10秒鐘的時間回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話只聽一遍。第二節(jié)共15小題，計分15分，考生需聽5段對話或獨白。每段對話后均有幾個小題，聽每段對話前，考生將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話聽兩遍。聽力題主要形式為對話理解和短文理解。對話理解主要考查學(xué)生一定語境或語

3、言情景中所表現(xiàn)出的快速反應(yīng)能力和推理判斷能力；短文理解則是在此基礎(chǔ)上考查學(xué)生對一個結(jié)構(gòu)比較完整，意義相對連貫的語段的理解能力。近幾年，聽力測試短文理解在層次上和難度上均有了一定的提高。高考英語（江蘇卷）聽力部分要求考生能夠聽懂有關(guān)日常生活中所熟悉話題的簡短對話或獨白，考查內(nèi)容主要分為四個類型：（1）理解主旨和要義；（2）獲取事實性的具體信息；（3）對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單推斷；（4）理解說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度。高考英語（江蘇卷）聽力測試與其它測試相比，有其一定的特殊性，它要求考生從頭至尾按順序往下聽，聽完每段對話和獨白后，要在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)在A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項，對考生來說，幾乎沒有“回

4、頭看”的可能性，尤其是第一節(jié)聽力部分，因為該節(jié)內(nèi)容只聽一遍。因此，考前訓(xùn)練中分析聽力訓(xùn)練具體任務(wù)，指導(dǎo)考生掌握一定聽力應(yīng)試技巧，有的放矢地進行有效訓(xùn)練，對考生在考場上正常發(fā)揮，取得理想的成績至關(guān)重要。二、高考聽力訓(xùn)練設(shè)計1.高考聽力訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容概述要想讓學(xué)生在高考英語聽力部分應(yīng)付自如，準(zhǔn)確把握聽力內(nèi)容并就所聽內(nèi)容迅速作出判斷是關(guān)鍵的關(guān)鍵。首當(dāng)其沖的就是要訓(xùn)練考生聽懂有關(guān)日常生活中所熟悉話題的簡短對話或獨白，理解其主旨和要義，整體把握所聽內(nèi)容，全面領(lǐng)會、理解并最終提煉所聽對話或獨白所圍繞的具體中心議題。主旨大意有時在聽力材料中會明顯體現(xiàn)，考生聽了對話或獨白，稍作加工即可。但有時往往需要考生對對話或獨

5、白作簡要或深層的歸納、概括或總結(jié)。獲取事實性的具體信息需要考生聽清、聽懂與話題中心相關(guān)的具體信息，準(zhǔn)確理解具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物、年代、數(shù)量、價錢、目的、尺寸、原因、結(jié)果等。當(dāng)然事實性的具體信息不是唾手可得，考試時需要考生對所聽信息進行簡單的加工處理, 比如數(shù)字的適當(dāng)加減乘除運算、時間前后排序排列、信息相互對比或?qū)Χ囝愋畔⒑Y選等。對所聽內(nèi)容做出簡單推斷要求考生從對話或獨白涉及話題以及語氣來推斷出對話雙方的各自職業(yè)、身份、年齡、輩分、相互關(guān)系等等，當(dāng)然也包括對話或獨白發(fā)生的具體背景、時間、地點、場合、氛圍等等。理解說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度要求考生從對話雙方交談中聽出各自委婉的“弦外之音”,

6、找出其“潛臺詞”，揣摩各自意圖、觀點或態(tài)度，了解各自喜怒哀樂情感。2.教學(xué)目標(biāo)根據(jù)高考聽力測試所涉及學(xué)生的能力，即理解主旨和要義；獲取事實性的具體信息；對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單推斷；理解說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度等設(shè)定教學(xué)目標(biāo)：（1）選擇、加工和處理相關(guān)信息，識別關(guān)鍵信息，剔除干擾信息；（2）相關(guān)聽力材料的信息歸類、歸納和總結(jié)，確定所需要具體信息；（3）針對聽力涉及的相關(guān)問題，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生解題思路、方法和技巧。3.教學(xué)重點與教學(xué)難點（1）教學(xué)重點：根據(jù)具體高考英語聽力材料，結(jié)合日常交際經(jīng)驗掌握常見聽力測試相關(guān)問題，分類掌握信息捕捉和整理途徑；學(xué)會提煉信息，靈活掌握聽力解題思路、方法和技巧。（2）教學(xué)難點：

7、聽力材料中的信息歸類、歸納和總結(jié)，提取對話或獨白主旨和大意，根據(jù)信息內(nèi)容理解說話者意圖、觀點或態(tài)度。4.教學(xué)程序與方法（1）理解主旨和要義任何一段對話或獨白總會圍繞一個主旨或者一個中心思想展開。有時，主旨會比較明確；有時則會貫穿整個對話或獨白，需考生自己來歸納、概括。教學(xué)步驟一：立足經(jīng)驗，總結(jié)問題。T:In our daily conversations, there are lots of topics or issues. What questions are frequently asked about certain topics or issues?(分析：各種語言交際有許多相同或類

8、似的主旨或要義呈現(xiàn)方式，學(xué)生可以根據(jù)日常交際積累的生活經(jīng)驗，舉一反三總結(jié)出英語聽力中常見的獲悉主旨和要義的相關(guān)問題。該步驟來源于生活積累，學(xué)生總結(jié)相關(guān)問題很容易。)S1: What are they (mainly) talking about?S2: What is the conversation mainly about?S3: What are the two speakers interested in?S4: What is the topic of the conversation / their talk / the passage?S5: Which of the follo

9、wing is the main idea of the passage / talk?S6: Which of the following can be the best title of the talk/ conversation/ passage?教學(xué)步驟二：頭腦風(fēng)暴，真題操練。展示聽力問題：What are the speakers talking about?A. Life in Southeast Asia.B. Weather condition.C. A holiday tour.(分析：這是一道典型的理解主旨和大意問題，教師通過展示問題，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生解題步驟：看試題、記選項、悟

10、要點、找針對。同時指導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)所給答案選項，段落或?qū)υ挊?biāo)題等已有知識，對即將聽到的對話或獨白進行內(nèi)容預(yù)測。)播放聽力材料：M: Hi, Im thinking of taking a trip during the Christmas holidays.W: Where would you like to go?M: Well, maybe somewhere warm and sunny.W: How about a tour to Southeast Asia?(分析：聽力錄音后，教師可以根據(jù)主旨和大意涉及問題，要求學(xué)生尋找聽力朗讀稿中的解題關(guān)鍵詞，從而為正確解題提供有效依據(jù)。學(xué)生如果從該

11、題聽力材料中找出關(guān)鍵詞trip, where, somewhere, tour等，就不難判斷出該聽力試題正確答案C。)（2）獲取事實性的具體信息。學(xué)生在高考聽力測試中，經(jīng)常需要在對話或獨白中獲取一些具體信息，如時間、地點、人物、事件、職業(yè)、因果等。這些信息是理解和把握對話或獨白、解答聽力測試題內(nèi)容必不可少的依據(jù)。多年來，具體信息試題在高考聽力測試中占的比例較大。教學(xué)步驟三：即使訓(xùn)練，真題再現(xiàn)。展示聽力問題（時間）：When will the two speakers leave if they get cheaper tickets?A. On Tuesday. B. On Thursday

12、C. On Friday展示聽力問題（地點）：Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. In a restaurant. B. In an office. C. At home.展示聽力問題（人物）：Who is coming for tea?A. John. B. Mark. C. Tracy.展示聽力問題（事件）：What will the man do next?A. Leave right away.B. Stay for dinner.C. Catch a train.展示聽力問題（因果）：Why was Susa

13、n late for work?A. She missed the bus. B. Her train was late. C. Her car broke down.播放聽力材料：(分析：這是幾道典型的獲取事實性具體信息題，要求考生根據(jù)具體聽力內(nèi)容，判斷具體時間、地點、人物、事件和因果等。問題的關(guān)鍵是When, Where, Who, What, Why等。解此道題時，往往這類試題干擾信息較多，所以教師需指導(dǎo)學(xué)生解題步驟：看試題、記選項、找針對、防干擾。)播放聽力材料（時間）：M: Those tickets on Tuesday are so expensive. Cant you fin

14、d anything better before Friday?W: Well, if we want cheaper tickets, we have to leave on Thursday.播放聽力材料（地點）：W: OK, time to go home.M: I cant, because I havent finished the report about the newly opened restaurant.W: Well, if you carry on working like that, youll make yourself ill.播放聽力材料（人物）：W: John

15、, is Mark coming for tea tomorrow?M: Yes, I told you yesterday, Tracy.W: Oh, did you? Sorry, I must have forgotten.播放聽力材料（事件）：W: Whats the hurry? Wed like you to stay for dinner.M: Well, thank you, but Helen and I have to meet my parents at the railway station.播放聽力材料（因果）：M: You are lucky. I was 10 m

16、inutes late.W: What happened?M: All the buses came late.W: What did Susan say?M:She was late too.W: What happened to her?M: She took the train, and it was late too.(分析：這四段聽力錄音針對獲取事實性的具體信息中的時間、地點、人物、事件和因果等。錄音播放后，老師需指導(dǎo)學(xué)生找出各段聽力材料中的解題關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)于時間的關(guān)鍵詞為want cheaper tickets, leave on Thursday等；關(guān)于地點的關(guān)鍵詞為time to

17、 go home, I cant, report, working；關(guān)于人物的關(guān)鍵詞為Yes；關(guān)于事件的關(guān)鍵詞為but；關(guān)于因果的關(guān)鍵詞為took the train, it was late too。抓住了這些關(guān)鍵詞，解答這幾道聽力測試題就不應(yīng)該有什么難度了。)教學(xué)步驟四：小組討論，借題拓展。T: Now lets have our group discussions on what other possible information is likely to be tested, what important key words should be paid attention to a

18、nd what possible questions are frequently asked during the listening tests.(分析：這里安排的是小組討論，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)多次考試經(jīng)歷，通過“頭腦風(fēng)暴”對聽力測試中可能檢測到的其它相關(guān)信息、涉及相關(guān)具體信息的關(guān)鍵詞、測試各類具體信息的設(shè)問方式進行匯總，從而增加學(xué)生對事實性的具體信息更深層的感性認(rèn)識。)S1: Key Words concerning time: before, after, when, while, then, until, later, right away, immediately, as soon as

19、 possible, ago etc.S2: Key Words concerning places: bank: school, campus, dorm, playground, shops, bus or train station, airport etc.S3: Key Words concerning certain people: customer, shop-assistant, manager, teacher, professor, student, principal, boss, worker etc.S4: KeyWords causes or reasons or

20、causes: because, for, since, as, so that, therefore, as a result, due to etc.S5: Questions about time:When does the conversation take place?When does the man want to leave?How long did it take the man to ?When did the basketball match start?S6: Questions about places:Where does this conversation pro

21、bably take place?Where did it happen?Where is?What kind of store is she going to?S7: Questions about certain people:What is the persons probable job?Who are the speakers?Who is the man speaking to?What was she doing at 8:00 yesterday morning?S8: Questions about reasons or causes:What was the reason

22、for his being late?Why is the class popular?（3）對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單判斷。談話的背景及談話者之間的關(guān)系對話語的含義有著舉足輕重的作用。對談話背景、談話者之間關(guān)系的理解程度，在一定程度上可以體現(xiàn)一個人對口語的理解能力，因而也是聽力測試所要考查的重點項目之一。教學(xué)步驟五：真題再現(xiàn)，嘗試判斷。展示聽力問題(判斷關(guān)系)：What is the relationship between the speakers?A. They are friends.B. They are strangers to each other.C. They are husband

23、 and wife.展示聽力問題(判斷場合)：Where can you most probably hear this talk?A. In a class of the English language.B. In a class of the Greek language.C. In a class of the French language.展示聽力問題(判斷背景)：What can we infer from the conversation?A. Jane has just learned to drive.B. Janes car is in bad condition.C.

24、Mike will go to the airport.（分析：該步驟列出對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單判斷的三個題例。老師要通過這三個題例指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握判斷的要領(lǐng)、方法或技巧，一要學(xué)生充分利用各題所給的看題和答題時間瀏覽選項，這樣聽錄音時就能比較容易地抓住重點，二要學(xué)生及時對所看和所聽的信息進行判斷分析。）播放聽力材料(判斷關(guān)系)：W: Excuse me, sir?M: Can I help you?W: My name is Jane Smith. Im a designer, looking for a job.M: See my secretary. She will set you up wit

25、h the test.W: When?M: Next month.W: I cant wait that long.M: Excuse me?W: I cant wait a month. I need something sooner.M: Im sorry.播放聽力材料(判斷場合)：Good afternoon, everybody and welcome to this class on English words. I hope that all of you can hear me. If not, please let me know. I am Pref. John Morris

26、. Ill be your teacher for the next 13 weeks. As you can probably tell, this is one of popular and crowded classes. Indeed, every time these courses are offered, this room is very full. Why is that? Well, in order to use the English language, its very important to have at least a basic understanding

27、of how words are formed. Just to mention one figure, and there are many. There are about one million words in English. If you are an English learner, you might wonder how you can possibly remember all of these words. Well, for one thing you dont have to. No native speaker exists who knows all of the

28、 words in the English language. Besides, there are shortcuts. Shortcuts? Yes, for example, if you know how words are formed by using parts of words from other languages, such Greek and French, youll understand a good number of English words when you first come across them. Let me put it this way. Kn

29、owing the rules will help you master a large number of words. This is probably the No. 1 reason why this class is so popular.播放聽力材料(判斷背景)：W: Listen, Mike, Ive got a really problem.M: What is it?W: The car is broken down.M: Oh, now again.W: Yeah, I checked the oil, and I checked almost everything. It

30、s just not starting at all.(分析：這三段聽力錄音針對的是比較常見的判斷對話雙方關(guān)系、場合和背景等聽力測試題的。針對所聽錄音，老師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生找出各段聽力材料中的解題關(guān)鍵詞或句，并以此作為切入口指導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何通過關(guān)鍵詞推斷相應(yīng)問題答案。只要學(xué)生靜心去聽就不難聽出前兩題在聽力材料剛開始就出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞或句，而第三題在聽力材料中的關(guān)鍵句在最后。只要聽出關(guān)鍵詞或句，解出這三題就容易了。)（4）理解說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度。一般來講，說話者總會有說話的意圖，或提出、回答問題，或闡述自己的想法，或表明自己的態(tài)度或意見。這在很大程度上有助于對整個對話的理解。有時，說話者的意圖或觀點是明

31、說出來的，有時則隱含在對話的字里行間，需要學(xué)生自己去揣摩。教學(xué)步驟六：立足生活，體會隱意。T:“Hmm I think Ill have a chicken sandwich. Soup would be good. Yes, bring me tomato soup, and a salad and a chicken sandwich. Oh, no. Thats too much. Forget salad. Just bring me the soup and the chicken sandwich and. Oh, no. Still more? Why dont I just b

32、ring back the whole caf!” What do you think of the man according to the statement?S1: The man doesnt want to spend much money on food. He is greedy.T: In our daily life, for certain reasons, we sometimes say something but mean differently. Can you think of some other situations?S2: By saying that yo

33、u really want to attend a party but you are busy, you mean actually you wont be at the party.S3: By saying that you really have to go and ask your guest to stay alone in your office, you mean you want your guest to leave.(分析：日常生活中我們經(jīng)常要去體會對話的另一方的“弦外之音”,如果不能體會就很容易出現(xiàn)尷尬或笑話。該步驟利用一個必須讓他人理解“弦外之音”的例子，讓學(xué)生列舉生

34、活中的其它“弦外之音”的例子。學(xué)生對此非常感興趣，他們一定會列出許多例子，這可以有效幫助學(xué)生領(lǐng)會說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度聽力測試題。)教學(xué)步驟七：挖掘生活，尋找策略。T: What questions are frequently asked concerning such topics? How can we know others implied meanings?S1:What does the man / woman mean by saying ?What do we know about the man / woman according to the dialogue?How d

35、oes the man / woman feel?What is the mans / womans attitude toward the conversation?S2: To know others implied meaning is to feel, judge or sense according to the speakers intonations（語調(diào)）, hints（暗示）, key words or sentences（關(guān)鍵詞或句）or between sentences（字里行間）etc.(分析：該部分要求學(xué)生充分挖掘生活，并運用生活知識或常識進行總結(jié)，必要時老師要與學(xué)生一起進行總結(jié)，別適當(dāng)舉例說明。只要學(xué)生尋找到解題策略，任何問題將迎刃而解。)展示聽力問題：What does the man mean by saying sorry?A. He cant hear the woman clearly.B. He doesnt need a designer.C. He cant help the woman.(分析：該問題是典型的理解說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度的，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)提示詞saying sorry，并熟記三個選項內(nèi)容，有針對地在聽力材料中尋找答案。)播放聽力材料：W: Excuse me, si