高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文(含解析)(2021年整理)

1、（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）編輯整理：尊敬的讀者朋友們：這里是精品文檔編輯中心，本文檔內(nèi)容是由我和我的同事精心編輯整理后發(fā)布的，發(fā)布之前我們對文中內(nèi)容進(jìn)行仔細(xì)校對，但是難免會有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）的內(nèi)容能夠給您的工作和學(xué)習(xí)帶來便利。同時也真誠的希望收到您的建議和反饋，這將是我們進(jìn)步的源泉，前進(jìn)的動力。本文可編輯可修改，如果覺得對您有幫助請收藏以便隨時查閱，最后祝您生活愉快業(yè)績進(jìn)步，以下為（2015-

2、2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）的全部內(nèi)容。1/1071（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）專題16科普類說明文2018高考題D【2018全國I】Wemaythinkwereaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew，butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（裝置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.Thatsbadnewsfortheenvironmen

3、tandourwalletsastheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing，CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife-fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtow

4、henwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s。Devicesweregroupedbygeneration-Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andboxsetTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones，andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsanderea

5、dersshowedupin2007。Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidntthrowoutouroldones.”Thelivingroomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekidsroom,andsuddenlyoneday，youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.Werenotjustkee

6、pingtheseolddeviceswecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbittsteam，olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegas2/1072（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）emissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat

7、sthesolution（解決方案）？Theteamsdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing。TheyfoundthatmoreondemandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscou

8、ldcutenergyconsumptionby44%。32。Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironmentfriendly.B。Theyarenobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome。D。Theygooutofstylequickly.33。WhydidBabbittsteamconducttheresearch？A.Toreducethecostofminerals。B。Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C。Toupdateconsumersonnewte

9、chnology。D。Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices。34。Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy？A。Thebox-setTV.C。TheLCDTV.B.Thetablet。D.Thedesktopcomputer.35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A。Stopusingthem.C.Upgradethem.B.Takethemapart.D.Recyclethem.【答案】32.A33.D34。B35。A【解析】本文

10、是一篇科普說明文。文章講述了新舊電子設(shè)備的差別，舊電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者主張使用新電子設(shè)備.3/1073（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)文章第二段中的Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife可知，Babbittst

11、eam研究的目的是弄清楚這些設(shè)備用了多少電.故選D。34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)文章最后一段中的Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%?？芍?，平板電腦是耗能最少的電子設(shè)備，可以降低44的耗能。故選B。35。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知,因為舊的電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者建議停止使用舊的電子設(shè)備.故選A。點睛：熟悉比較句型是徹底理解本文的關(guān)鍵，也是解題的關(guān)鍵.本文中的比較句型：1.Thatsbadn

12、ewsfortheenvironmentandourwalletsastheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythanthenewsonesthatdothesamethings做同樣的事，舊的過時的裝置比新裝置消耗更多能源，對環(huán)境有害,浪費錢財。2.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbittsteam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhous

13、egasemissions（排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.根據(jù)Babbitt團(tuán)隊的分析，舊的桌面監(jiān)視器和陰極射線管箱式電視機(jī)是最差的電子設(shè)備,它們的耗能和溫室氣體的排放是1992到2007window的兩倍還多.3。TheyfoundthatmoreondemandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在平板電腦上看的4/1074（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普

14、類說明文（含解析）隨需變化的娛樂節(jié)目比在電視和電腦上看耗能減少了44%。B【2018浙江】。StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucksHisstrangehabitmakessensewhen，youconsiderthathesanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitterincludingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad。WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofSteinsjobsisdefendin

15、ganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags。Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺）。Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia，includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds，plasticbagmakers

16、arehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakersargument：manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat，theyrepresentasma

17、llpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtodayTheindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement：reusableshoppingbags。Thestrongerareusablebagis，thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However，longerlastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagm

18、ustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdontdispute（質(zhì)疑）thesepoints。Theyhopepaperbagswill5/1075（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）bebannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.24。WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo？A。Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recy

19、clethewastematerial。C。Stopthingsfallingofftrucks。D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags。25.Whatdoestheword“headwindsinparagraph2referto?A。Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment。C。Headachescausedbygarbage。D。Plasticbagshungintrees.26。Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers？A.Theyare

20、quiteexpensive。B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult。C。Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags。D。Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.27。Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB。Industry，PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAwayD。GarbageCollectionandWasteControl【答案】24.D25.A26.D27.A【解析】文章分析了幾種購物袋的使用情況，塑料

21、袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋容易回收,但6/1076（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）生產(chǎn)和運輸需要更多的能源，希望消費者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子.24。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段oneofSteinsjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.和第二段plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)

22、商雇用StevenStein是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對地球有害,是對塑料袋被禁用的解釋和爭論。故選D。25.詞義猜測題。上文介紹在許多美國大城市塑料袋被禁用,看到這種現(xiàn)狀，塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用StevenStein等科學(xué)家是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對地球有害.headwinds“逆風(fēng)”，此處指塑料袋被禁用的現(xiàn)狀,即Bansonplasticbags，故選A.26。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段However，longerlastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商認(rèn)為生產(chǎn)耐用且能重復(fù)使用的袋子需要更多

23、的能量，故選D。27。標(biāo)題歸納題。文章講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運輸需要更多的能源,希望消費者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子.對這三種方式進(jìn)行了對比,Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文,又能吸引讀者，最適合作為標(biāo)題.故選A?！军c睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點態(tài)度的詞句,要看懂全文的主要內(nèi)容,明白了主要內(nèi)容就能準(zhǔn)確概括文章標(biāo)題。小題4要求概括標(biāo)題,本文講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運輸需要更多的能源，希望消費者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。對

24、這三種方式進(jìn)行了對比，Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文,又能吸引讀者，適合作為標(biāo)題.C【2018天津卷】Theresanewfrontierin3Dprintingthatsbeginningtocomeintofocus：food。7/1077（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint，cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisntstoppingthere。FoodproductionW

25、itha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake。Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofexperience，butaprintermakesiteasy。ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks。Inanothe

26、rrestaurant，allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3Dprinted,ratherthanfarmtotable。Sustainability（可持續(xù)性）Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9。6billionby2050，andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity。3Dfoodprintingcou

27、ldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids（水解膠體）fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻類）andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹飪原料）.3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions。Grocerystorestsofthefuturemightstock”foodthatlasyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtra

28、nsportationandstoragerequirements。NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier。HodLipson，aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity，said，“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterdaysbreadfromthesupermarket，youdeatsome

29、thingbakedjust8/1078（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）foryouondemand?！盋hallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting，theindustryhasmanychallenges（toovercome.Currently，mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste糊狀物)beforeaprintercanusethem，andtheprintingprocessisquitetimeconsuming,becauseingredients

30、interactwitheachotherinverycomplexways。Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients，becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad。Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.46。Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintin

31、gbringtofoodproduction？A。Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.B。Itsavestimeandeffortincooking。C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D。Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations。47。Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3？A。Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily。B。Itquickensthetransportationoffood.C.Itneedsnospaceforthes

32、torageoffood。D。Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood。48。AccordingtoParagraph4，3Dprintedfood_.A.ismoreavailabletoconsumersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneeds9/1079（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）C。ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD。cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials？49。Whatisthemainfactortha

33、tprevents3DfoodprintingfromspreadingwidelyA。Theprintingprocessiscomplicated。B。3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.50。Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A。3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnologyB。ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3DFo

34、odProductionD.3DFoodPrinting：FromFarmtoTable【答案】46。B47。D48。B49.C50。A【解析】本文是一篇科普類短文閱讀.文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。46。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章Foodproduction中敘述了沒有經(jīng)驗的人可以用3D打印機(jī)做出復(fù)雜的巧克力雕塑和美麗的婚禮蛋糕,以及餐廳能夠用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜點，從而可以推斷出3D打印的優(yōu)勢是節(jié)省了做飯的時間和精力。故選B。48。推理判斷題.根據(jù)文章第四段Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfood

35、withcustomizednutritionalcontent，likevitamins。（食品打印可以讓消費者打印定制營養(yǎng)的食物）,從而可以推斷出3D打印出來的食物可以滿足個人營養(yǎng)需求.故選B。10/10710（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）49。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients，becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad。可知,阻止3D打印食物進(jìn)一步廣泛使用的原因是原料必須是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能應(yīng)用

36、于3D打印因為很容易壞。故選C.50。主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn).所以用標(biāo)題3DFoodPrinting：DeliciousNewTechnology，故選A.點睛：科普類說明文歷來是高考閱讀理解命題的重點。本文是一篇3D打印技術(shù)在食物方面的應(yīng)用，文章運用一些小標(biāo)題和對一些專業(yè)詞匯作了多處中文注釋，降低了考生的閱讀難度。文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚,主要考查學(xué)生對語篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力以及對特定細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)讀和處理能力。最后一小題考查主旨大意，為文章選擇出最好的標(biāo)題?？忌龃祟}時一定要注意選擇項必須要能概括整個文章的內(nèi)容，不能以偏概全。

37、如B、C、D選擇項在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正確概括全文的主旨大意。C2018北京卷Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplastic（everyyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills垃?；盥駡?，andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans，Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofitbutanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehu

38、ngryworms。ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene，whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics。Theteamleft，100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hoursandthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams，oralmost3%ofit。Toconfirmthat11/10711（2015-201

39、8）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）thewormschewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste（糊狀物）andappliedittoplasticfilms。14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmassapparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromthewormsstomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2

40、017。FedericaBertocchini,coauthorofthestudy，saysthewormsabilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfoodbeeswaxalsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.Waxisacomplexmixture，butthebasicbondinpolyethylene，thecarbon-carbonbond，isthereaswell，sheexplains，Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond。JenniferDeBruyn，amicrobi

41、ologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy，saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies，shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting。Thenextstep，DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown。Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselfor

42、byitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteamsfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills。Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocessnotsimplymillionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic。43。Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheirev

43、erydayfood。B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures。12/10712（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D。Theywindupinlandfills.44.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto。A。identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebrea

44、kdownspeed45。Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight。A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture46。Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm。C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

45、D。Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.C【文章大意】本文是一篇科普知識類文章。從環(huán)保理念出發(fā)，文章圍繞一種可以降解塑料的蟲子大蠟螟展開，描述了研究進(jìn)展及蟲子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，為塑料污染問題提供了新的思路。43.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours，andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout13/10713（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含

46、解析）92milligrams，oralmost3ofit?？芍?這些蟲子可以消耗聚乙烯購物袋,即塑料袋。故選C。44。B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown。Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes（腸道微生物)？”可知,下一步是探究酶的來源。故選C。45.D推理判斷題.根據(jù)文章最后一段“Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess-no

47、tsimply”millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic”可知研究者希望那些化學(xué)物品可以批量生產(chǎn),而不是將許多蟲子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故選D。46.C寫作意圖題。全文都在圍繞可以降解垃圾的蟲子展開,文章的目的就是向讀者呈現(xiàn)這種獨特的降解塑料的方式。故選A。2017高考題科普知識類2017北京卷DHollywoodstheorythatmachineswithevil（邪惡的)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartific

48、ialintelligence(AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant。In1960awell。knownmathematicianNorbertWiener，whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制論），putitthisway:“Ifweuse，toachieveourpurposes，amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干預(yù)),wehadbetterbequitesur

49、ethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociate14/10714（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）withlivingthings：awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine，thisqualityisnotin.born，norisitsomethingintroducedbyhuman

50、s;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask。Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfa

51、ceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined，superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown，withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists。Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usin

52、gthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld。Unfortunately，thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans，letalonesuperintelligentmachines。SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy。Thereareprobabl

53、ydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand，asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers。Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteamsyetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperinte

54、lligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility。StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11，1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationofthese15/10715（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）atomsistalkingmoonsh

55、ine.However,onSeptember12，1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron。induced(中子誘導(dǎo)）nuclearchainreaction。67Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay_ArunoutofhumancontrolBsatisfyhumansrealdesiresCcommandarmiesofkillerrobotsDworkfasterthanamathematician68Machineswithspecificpurposesareassoci

56、atedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto_ApreventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedBachievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyCdoanythingsuccessfullywithgivenordersDbeathumansininternationalchessmatches69Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto_AhelpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetterBbesecurea

57、gainstevilhumanbeingsCkeepmachinesfrombeingharmedDavoidrobotsaffectingtheworld70Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines？AItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.BItwillgetworsewithhumaninterference。CItwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.DItwillstayforadecade。16/10716（2015-2018）高考英

58、語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）【文章大意】本文為科普類文章,講的是隨著科技的發(fā)展,人工智能（AI）可能會超出人類的控制。67A段落大意題。第一段第二句說“人工智能雖然擅長完成任務(wù),但這有可能不是我們真正想要的。因此選A.【名師點睛】推理判斷題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的題目。它包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了作出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理.此類題要求在理解表面文字的基礎(chǔ)上，作出判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意思和深層意思,也就是通過文章中的文字信息、上下文的邏輯關(guān)系及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知的信息，推斷出作者沒有直接表達(dá)的態(tài)度和觀點。推理判斷題的解

59、題方法：推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀懂文章中的每個句子的意思還要推理它們之間的關(guān)系,結(jié)合自己的生活常識和經(jīng)驗,再通過邏輯推理和判斷，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層涵義。任何一篇文章都有其特定的寫作目的,讀者需要知道如何去做或按照某種方式思考問題。推理判斷題的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時我們務(wù)必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù),即：已知部分推論的前提,從中推測出未知部分推理的結(jié)論，切忌妄加評論，把自己的觀點當(dāng)成作者的觀點。2017江蘇卷B17/10717（2015-2018）高考英語試題分項版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）Beforebirth，babiescante

60、llthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmothersvoicefromthatofafemalestranger。Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教),birdscouldruletheroost。AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk：OrnithologicalAdvances，somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New。bornchickscanth