高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文(含解析)(2021年整理)

1、（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）編輯整理：尊敬的讀者朋友們：這里是精品文檔編輯中心，本文檔內(nèi)容是由我和我的同事精心編輯整理后發(fā)布的，發(fā)布之前我們對(duì)文中內(nèi)容進(jìn)行仔細(xì)校對(duì)，但是難免會(huì)有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）的內(nèi)容能夠給您的工作和學(xué)習(xí)帶來便利。同時(shí)也真誠(chéng)的希望收到您的建議和反饋，這將是我們進(jìn)步的源泉，前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。本文可編輯可修改，如果覺得對(duì)您有幫助請(qǐng)收藏以便隨時(shí)查閱，最后祝您生活愉快業(yè)績(jī)進(jìn)步，以下為（2015-

2、2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）的全部?jī)?nèi)容。1/1071（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）專題16科普類說明文2018高考題D【2018全國(guó)I】Wemaythinkwereaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew，butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（裝置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.Thatsbadnewsfortheenvironmen

3、tandourwalletsastheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing，CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife-fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtow

4、henwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s。Devicesweregroupedbygeneration-Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andboxsetTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones，andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsanderea

5、dersshowedupin2007。Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidntthrowoutouroldones.”Thelivingroomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekidsroom,andsuddenlyoneday，youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.Werenotjustkee

6、pingtheseolddeviceswecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbittsteam，olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegas2/1072（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）emissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat

7、sthesolution（解決方案）？Theteamsdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing。TheyfoundthatmoreondemandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscou

8、ldcutenergyconsumptionby44%。32。Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironmentfriendly.B。Theyarenobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome。D。Theygooutofstylequickly.33。WhydidBabbittsteamconducttheresearch？A.Toreducethecostofminerals。B。Totestthelifecycleofaproduct.C。Toupdateconsumersonnewte

9、chnology。D。Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices。34。Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy？A。Thebox-setTV.C。TheLCDTV.B.Thetablet。D.Thedesktopcomputer.35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A。Stopusingthem.C.Upgradethem.B.Takethemapart.D.Recyclethem.【答案】32.A33.D34。B35。A【解析】本文

10、是一篇科普說明文。文章講述了新舊電子設(shè)備的差別，舊電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者主張使用新電子設(shè)備.3/1073（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）33.細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)文章第二段中的Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife可知，Babbittst

11、eam研究的目的是弄清楚這些設(shè)備用了多少電.故選D。34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)文章最后一段中的Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%?？芍?，平板電腦是耗能最少的電子設(shè)備，可以降低44的耗能。故選B。35。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知,因?yàn)榕f的電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者建議停止使用舊的電子設(shè)備.故選A。點(diǎn)睛：熟悉比較句型是徹底理解本文的關(guān)鍵，也是解題的關(guān)鍵.本文中的比較句型：1.Thatsbadn

12、ewsfortheenvironmentandourwalletsastheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythanthenewsonesthatdothesamethings做同樣的事，舊的過時(shí)的裝置比新裝置消耗更多能源，對(duì)環(huán)境有害,浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)。2.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbittsteam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhous

13、egasemissions（排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.根據(jù)Babbitt團(tuán)隊(duì)的分析，舊的桌面監(jiān)視器和陰極射線管箱式電視機(jī)是最差的電子設(shè)備,它們的耗能和溫室氣體的排放是1992到2007window的兩倍還多.3。TheyfoundthatmoreondemandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在平板電腦上看的4/1074（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普

14、類說明文（含解析）隨需變化的娛樂節(jié)目比在電視和電腦上看耗能減少了44%。B【2018浙江】。StevenSteinlikestofollowgarbagetrucksHisstrangehabitmakessensewhen，youconsiderthathesanenvironmentalscientistwhostudieshowtoreducelitterincludingthingsthatfalloffgarbagetrucksastheydrivedowntheroad。WhatisevenmoreinterestingisthatoneofSteinsjobsisdefendin

15、ganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags。Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺(tái)）。Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia，includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds，plasticbagmakers

16、arehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Amongthebagmakersargument：manycitieswithbansstillallowshopperstopurchasepaperbags,whichareeasilyrecycledbutrequiremoreenergytoproduceandtransport.Andwhileplasticbagsmaybeuglytolookat，theyrepresentasma

17、llpercentageofallgarbageonthegroundtodayTheindustryhasalsotakenaimattheproductthathasappearedasitsreplacement：reusableshoppingbags。Thestrongerareusablebagis，thelongeritslifeandthemoreplastic-baguseitcancelsout.However，longerlastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.Onestudyfoundthatacottonbagm

18、ustbeusedatleast131timestobebetterfortheplanetthanplastic.Environmentalistsdontdispute（質(zhì)疑）thesepoints。Theyhopepaperbagswill5/1075（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）bebannedsomedaytooandwantshopperstousethesamereusablebagsforyears.24。WhathasStevenSteinbeenhiredtodo？A。Helpincreasegrocerysales.B.Recy

19、clethewastematerial。C。Stopthingsfallingofftrucks。D.Arguefortheuseofplasticbags。25.Whatdoestheword“headwindsinparagraph2referto?A。Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment。C。Headachescausedbygarbage。D。Plasticbagshungintrees.26。Whatisadisadvantageofreusablebagsaccordingtoplastic-bagmakers？A.Theyare

20、quiteexpensive。B.Replacingthemcanbedifficult。C。Theyarelessstrongthanplasticbags。D。Producingthemrequiresmoreenergy.27。Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A.Plastic,PaperorNeitherB。Industry，PollutionandEnvironmentC.RecycleorThrowAwayD。GarbageCollectionandWasteControl【答案】24.D25.A26.D27.A【解析】文章分析了幾種購(gòu)物袋的使用情況，塑料

21、袋造成了環(huán)境問題，盡管紙袋容易回收,但6/1076（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子.24。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段oneofSteinsjobsisdefendinganindustrybehindtheplasticshoppingbags.和第二段plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)

22、商雇用StevenStein是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對(duì)地球有害,是對(duì)塑料袋被禁用的解釋和爭(zhēng)論。故選D。25.詞義猜測(cè)題。上文介紹在許多美國(guó)大城市塑料袋被禁用,看到這種現(xiàn)狀，塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用StevenStein等科學(xué)家是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對(duì)地球有害.headwinds“逆風(fēng)”，此處指塑料袋被禁用的現(xiàn)狀,即Bansonplasticbags，故選A.26。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段However，longerlastingreusablebagsoftenrequiremoreenergytomake.可知塑料袋生產(chǎn)商認(rèn)為生產(chǎn)耐用且能重復(fù)使用的袋子需要更多

23、的能量，故選D。27。標(biāo)題歸納題。文章講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源,希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子.對(duì)這三種方式進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文,又能吸引讀者，最適合作為標(biāo)題.故選A?！军c(diǎn)睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句,要看懂全文的主要內(nèi)容,明白了主要內(nèi)容就能準(zhǔn)確概括文章標(biāo)題。小題4要求概括標(biāo)題,本文講述了使用塑料袋造成的環(huán)境問題，紙袋容易回收，但生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸需要更多的能源，希望消費(fèi)者使用耐用可重復(fù)使用的袋子。對(duì)

24、這三種方式進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，Plastic,PaperorNeither既能概括全文,又能吸引讀者，適合作為標(biāo)題.C【2018天津卷】Theresanewfrontierin3Dprintingthatsbeginningtocomeintofocus：food。7/1077（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint，cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisntstoppingthere。FoodproductionW

25、itha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake。Noteverybodycandothat-ittakesyearsofexperience，butaprintermakesiteasy。ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“recreateformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks。Inanothe

26、rrestaurant，allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3Dprinted,ratherthanfarmtotable。Sustainability（可持續(xù)性）Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9。6billionby2050，andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity。3Dfoodprintingcou

27、ldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids（水解膠體）fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻類）andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹飪?cè)希?3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions。Grocerystorestsofthefuturemightstock”foodthatlasyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtra

28、nsportationandstoragerequirements。NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier。HodLipson，aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity，said，“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterdaysbreadfromthesupermarket，youdeatsome

29、thingbakedjust8/1078（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）foryouondemand?！盋hallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting，theindustryhasmanychallenges（toovercome.Currently，mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste糊狀物)beforeaprintercanusethem，andtheprintingprocessisquitetimeconsuming,becauseingredients

30、interactwitheachotherinverycomplexways。Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients，becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad。Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.46。Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintin

31、gbringtofoodproduction？A。Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.B。Itsavestimeandeffortincooking。C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D。Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations。47。Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3？A。Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily。B。Itquickensthetransportationoffood.C.Itneedsnospaceforthes

32、torageoffood。D。Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood。48。AccordingtoParagraph4，3Dprintedfood_.A.ismoreavailabletoconsumersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneeds9/1079（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）C。ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD。cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials？49。Whatisthemainfactortha

33、tprevents3DfoodprintingfromspreadingwidelyA。Theprintingprocessiscomplicated。B。3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.50。Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A。3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnologyB。ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3DFo

34、odProductionD.3DFoodPrinting：FromFarmtoTable【答案】46。B47。D48。B49.C50。A【解析】本文是一篇科普類短文閱讀.文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。46。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章Foodproduction中敘述了沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人可以用3D打印機(jī)做出復(fù)雜的巧克力雕塑和美麗的婚禮蛋糕,以及餐廳能夠用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜點(diǎn)，從而可以推斷出3D打印的優(yōu)勢(shì)是節(jié)省了做飯的時(shí)間和精力。故選B。48。推理判斷題.根據(jù)文章第四段Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfood

35、withcustomizednutritionalcontent，likevitamins。（食品打印可以讓消費(fèi)者打印定制營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食物）,從而可以推斷出3D打印出來的食物可以滿足個(gè)人營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求.故選B。10/10710（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）49。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients，becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad。可知,阻止3D打印食物進(jìn)一步廣泛使用的原因是原料必須是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能應(yīng)用

36、于3D打印因?yàn)楹苋菀讐?。故選C.50。主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn).所以用標(biāo)題3DFoodPrinting：DeliciousNewTechnology，故選A.點(diǎn)睛：科普類說明文歷來是高考閱讀理解命題的重點(diǎn)。本文是一篇3D打印技術(shù)在食物方面的應(yīng)用，文章運(yùn)用一些小標(biāo)題和對(duì)一些專業(yè)詞匯作了多處中文注釋，降低了考生的閱讀難度。文章邏輯性強(qiáng)，條理清楚,主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的整體把握和領(lǐng)悟能力以及對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的認(rèn)讀和處理能力。最后一小題考查主旨大意，為文章選擇出最好的標(biāo)題。考生做此題時(shí)一定要注意選擇項(xiàng)必須要能概括整個(gè)文章的內(nèi)容，不能以偏概全。

37、如B、C、D選擇項(xiàng)在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正確概括全文的主旨大意。C2018北京卷Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplastic（everyyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills垃?；盥駡?chǎng))，andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans，Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofitbutanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehu

38、ngryworms。ResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene，whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics。Theteamleft，100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hoursandthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams，oralmost3%ofit。Toconfirmthat11/10711（2015-201

39、8）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）thewormschewingalonewasnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste（糊狀物）andappliedittoplasticfilms。14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmassapparentlybrokendownbyenzymes(酶)fromthewormsstomachs.TheirfindingswerepublishedinCurrentBiologyin2

40、017。FedericaBertocchini,coauthorofthestudy，saysthewormsabilitytobreakdowntheireverydayfoodbeeswaxalsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic.Waxisacomplexmixture，butthebasicbondinpolyethylene，thecarbon-carbonbond，isthereaswell，sheexplains，Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond。JenniferDeBruyn，amicrobi

41、ologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy，saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies，shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting。Thenextstep，DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown。Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselfor

42、byitsgutmicrobes(腸道微生物)?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteamsfindingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills。Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocessnotsimplymillionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic。43。Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?A.Theytakeplasticsastheirev

43、erydayfood。B.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures。12/10712（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）C.Theycanconsumeplastics.D。Theywindupinlandfills.44.AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto。A。identifyothermeansofthebreakdownB.findoutthesourceoftheenzymeC.confirmtheresearchfindingsD.increasethebrea

44、kdownspeed45。Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight。A.helptoraisewormsB.helpmakeplasticbagsC.beusedtocleantheoceansD.beproducedinfactoriesinfuture46。Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toexplainastudymethodonworms.B.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm。C.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.

45、D。Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.C【文章大意】本文是一篇科普知識(shí)類文章。從環(huán)保理念出發(fā)，文章圍繞一種可以降解塑料的蟲子大蠟螟展開，描述了研究進(jìn)展及蟲子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，為塑料污染問題提供了新的思路。43.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours，andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout13/10713（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含

46、解析）92milligrams，oralmost3ofit。可知,這些蟲子可以消耗聚乙烯購(gòu)物袋,即塑料袋。故選C。44。B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown。Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes（腸道微生物)？”可知,下一步是探究酶的來源。故選C。45.D推理判斷題.根據(jù)文章最后一段“Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess-no

47、tsimply”millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic”可知研究者希望那些化學(xué)物品可以批量生產(chǎn),而不是將許多蟲子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故選D。46.C寫作意圖題。全文都在圍繞可以降解垃圾的蟲子展開,文章的目的就是向讀者呈現(xiàn)這種獨(dú)特的降解塑料的方式。故選A。2017高考題科普知識(shí)類2017北京卷DHollywoodstheorythatmachineswithevil（邪惡的)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartific

48、ialintelligence(AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant。In1960awell。knownmathematicianNorbertWiener，whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制論），putitthisway:“Ifweuse，toachieveourpurposes，amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干預(yù)),wehadbetterbequitesur

49、ethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociate14/10714（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）withlivingthings：awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine，thisqualityisnotin.born，norisitsomethingintroducedbyhuman

50、s;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask。Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfa

51、ceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined，superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown，withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists。Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usin

52、gthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld。Unfortunately，thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans，letalonesuperintelligentmachines。SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy。Thereareprobabl

53、ydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand，asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers。Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteamsyetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperinte

54、lligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility。StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11，1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationofthese15/10715（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）atomsistalkingmoonsh

55、ine.However,onSeptember12，1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron。induced(中子誘導(dǎo)）nuclearchainreaction。67Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay_ArunoutofhumancontrolBsatisfyhumansrealdesiresCcommandarmiesofkillerrobotsDworkfasterthanamathematician68Machineswithspecificpurposesareassoci

56、atedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto_ApreventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedBachievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyCdoanythingsuccessfullywithgivenordersDbeathumansininternationalchessmatches69Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto_AhelpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetterBbesecurea

57、gainstevilhumanbeingsCkeepmachinesfrombeingharmedDavoidrobotsaffectingtheworld70Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines？AItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.BItwillgetworsewithhumaninterference。CItwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.DItwillstayforadecade。16/10716（2015-2018）高考英

58、語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）【文章大意】本文為科普類文章,講的是隨著科技的發(fā)展,人工智能（AI）可能會(huì)超出人類的控制。67A段落大意題。第一段第二句說“人工智能雖然擅長(zhǎng)完成任務(wù),但這有可能不是我們真正想要的。因此選A.【名師點(diǎn)睛】推理判斷題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的題目。它包括判斷題和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了作出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理.此類題要求在理解表面文字的基礎(chǔ)上，作出判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意思和深層意思,也就是通過文章中的文字信息、上下文的邏輯關(guān)系及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知的信息，推斷出作者沒有直接表達(dá)的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。推理判斷題的解

59、題方法：推理判斷題不僅要求考生讀懂文章中的每個(gè)句子的意思還要推理它們之間的關(guān)系,結(jié)合自己的生活常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),再通過邏輯推理和判斷，理解文章的言外之意，從而揭示文章的深層涵義。任何一篇文章都有其特定的寫作目的,讀者需要知道如何去做或按照某種方式思考問題。推理判斷題的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理時(shí)我們務(wù)必要忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù),即：已知部分推論的前提,從中推測(cè)出未知部分推理的結(jié)論，切忌妄加評(píng)論，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。2017江蘇卷B17/10717（2015-2018）高考英語(yǔ)試題分項(xiàng)版解析專題16科普類說明文（含解析）Beforebirth，babiescante

60、llthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmothersvoicefromthatofafemalestranger。Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教),birdscouldruletheroost。AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk：OrnithologicalAdvances，somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New。bornchickscanth