詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)概念

1、詞匯學(xué)重點(diǎn)概念舉例Word ：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.(1)a minimal free form of a language(2)a 發(fā) 音 單 位 sound unity (3)a unit of meaning 意義單位 (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 一個(gè)可以獨(dú)立的單位Jargon ： refers to the specialized voca

2、bularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades andprofessions communicate among themselves 行話Slang ： belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to standbetween the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jarg

3、on, and argot 非主流英語(yǔ)Content words ：denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. 實(shí)1詞 They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numeralsFunctional words ： do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the rela

4、tion between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentencesborrowed words ：外來(lái)詞 are words taken over from foreign languages ，known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple termsCreation 創(chuàng) 造 詞 ： refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, name

5、ly roots, affixes and other elementsSemantic change ： means an old form which takes on a new meaning tomeet the new need根據(jù)新需要9. morpheme：is the smallest functioningunit in the composition of words 最小功能單位2Free Morphemes 自由詞素： have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical uni

6、ts insentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. ( 有完整意義 which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free). 獨(dú)立于其他詞素11. Bound Morphemes( 粘著詞 素 ) ： A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 不能獨(dú)立12. Affixes ：

7、are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function 附著于單詞或者詞素Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes ( 屈折詞綴 ) ：affixes attached to the end of words to indicaegrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes. 語(yǔ)法關(guān)系，單詞后2)Derivati

8、onal affixes( 派 生 詞 綴 ) ：3derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 加在詞素后A root ：is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed withouttotal loss of identity.14 . stem ：can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 用來(lái)添加詞綴的 form

9、15. Affixation ：派生詞方法 is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,fornewwordscreated in this way are derived from oldforms. The words formed in this way arecalled derivatives新的方法發(fā)展舊的詞Affixationfalls intotwosub

10、classes:prefixationand suffixation.（ 1）Prefixation前綴法：is the formationof new words by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the4word-class of the stem but only modify its 與詞干一起的 meaning. 不改變?cè)~類(lèi)2）Suffixation ：is the formation of newwords by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes

11、 which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes mainly change the word class. 與詞干一起，改變?cè)~類(lèi)16. Compounding ： is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. also called composition. Words formed in this way are called compounds.Conversion ： is the formation of new words by convert

12、ing words of one class to another class 詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)化Blending ： is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words ora word plus a part of another word. Wordsformed in this way are called blends orpormanteau words 兩個(gè)詞的各一部分，詞與詞19. clipping ： is to shorten a longer word5by cutting a part off the ori

13、ginal and using what remains instead. 從原有的去掉一部分，用剩下的Acronymy ： is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are calledinitialisms or acronyms, dependingon the pr

14、onunciation of the words. 首字母縮寫(xiě)法，正常發(fā)音詞Initialisms ： are words pronounced letter by letter. In cases likeA.D. (Anno Domini = in the year after the birth ofJesus Christ),and B.C. (Before Christ) 詞與詞Acronyms ： are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, for example radar (rad

15、io detecting and ranging), and WAVES (WomenAppointed for Voluntary Emergency Service), etc 首字母縮略詞6Back-formation ： is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. As we know, suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, andback-formation ： is the formation of newwo

16、rds by removing the supposed suffixes.逆生。去掉多余的dorm24. Reference (所指 ):It is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word is arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific 任意 傳統(tǒng)Concept ：which is bey

17、ond language, is the result of human cognition,reflectingthe objective world in the human mind. 認(rèn)知Sense :It denotes the relationship inside the language. 內(nèi)部關(guān)系27. Motivation ： accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. As we know, the7relationshipbetweenthe word-forman

18、dmeaningisconventionalandarbitrary,and most words can be said to be non-motivated. 語(yǔ)言符號(hào)和意義的聯(lián)系，大多是 non 根據(jù)的28. Onomatopoeic motivatio( 擬聲理?yè)?jù)）： words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates byimitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understan

19、ding the meaning. 模仿聲音29. Semantic motivation(語(yǔ)義理?yè)?jù) )：refers to the mental associations 表示的概念意義 suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection 解釋文本意義比喻意義 between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:thefoot of the mountain(foot)山腳30. Etymologicalmotivatio

20、n詞源理?yè)?jù)：The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins . In other words8the history of the word explains themeaning of the word. E.g: pen-feather詞的歷史31.Grammatical Meaning語(yǔ)法意義：refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as

21、 part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and theirinflectional forms. 一部分意義表示語(yǔ)法概念，單復(fù)數(shù)，32. Lexical 詞匯意義meaningitself hastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningand associative meaning概.念和聯(lián)想33.Conceptual meaning(概念意義 )：alsoknown as denotative meaning(外延意義 )is the m

22、eaning given in the dictionary andforms the core of word-meaning詞典意義意義的核心Associative meaning( 聯(lián)想意義 )：is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 次要意義935. Connotative meaning（隱含意義）： Incontrastto denotative詞典延伸meaning,overtonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptual meaning, tradit

23、ionally known asconnotations. 被概念意義暗示的36. Stylisticmeaning（ 文 體 意 義 ） ：Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings,manywordshavestylistic文 體 特 征features,whichmakethemappropriatefor different contexts.steed37.Affectivemeaning （情感意義）：indicates the spea kerattitudes towardsthe person or thing in question. 討論中人物體的

24、態(tài)度，褒貶38. Collocative meaning （搭配意義）： This meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after theword in discussion. 詞的前或后 暗示的那部分的意義39. Polysemy ：一 次多 意義the same10symbol must be used to exp

25、ress more meaningsdiachronic approach( 歷時(shí)方法 ) ： from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings 之前和之后的意義synchronic a

26、pproach ( 共 時(shí) 方 法 ) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period oftime 同一歷史時(shí)期的不同意義radiation （ 輻 射 型 ） ： is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it

27、 in every direction like rayes (e.g: face, neck)concatenation （連鎖型）： meaning linking together,is the semantic process in which11the meaning of a word move gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and

28、that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle) 語(yǔ)意義過(guò)程，不斷轉(zhuǎn)移直到最終意義和開(kāi)始意義之間沒(méi)有聯(lián)系為止區(qū)別： Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains

29、. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between. 每一個(gè)派生意義和基本意義有關(guān)系。聯(lián)系： They are closely related, beingdifferent stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases,12the two processes work toge

30、ther,complementing each other.可以追溯到起源，卻沒(méi)有直接聯(lián)系40. Homonymy （ 同 音 異 義 關(guān)系 ） :words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Perfect homonyms （完全 同音同形異義詞）： words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Homographs

31、（ 同 形 異 義詞 ） :words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning. Homophones （ 同 音 異 義 詞 ）： words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. ( 最多最常見(jiàn) )DifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemants （同音同形異義詞和多義詞的區(qū)別 )：一個(gè)是發(fā)展過(guò)程中多出來(lái)意義，一個(gè)是恰巧有一個(gè)同樣的 form Perfect homonyms and p

32、olysemants arefully identical with regard to spelling and13pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation.1)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one

33、 and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.3)The second principal consideration

34、 is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck4）meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In14dictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsall listed under one headwordwhe

35、reashomonymsarelistedasseparate entries.Synonymy (同義關(guān)系 ): one of two or more words in the English language whichhave the same or very nearly the sameessential meaning . 一兩個(gè)詞有相同的本質(zhì)意義42. Antonymy(反義關(guān)系):itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonyms can be defined as words whichare opposite in meaning. 意

36、義的對(duì)立43. Hyponymy ( 上 下 義 關(guān) 系 ): （ 1）Hyponymydealswith the relationshipofsemantic inclusion. The meaning ofamore specific word is includedinthatofanother more general word.44. Extension /generalization(詞義的擴(kuò)大):, is the name given to the widening ofmeaning which some words undergo. It is a process by w

37、hich originally had a15specialized meaning has now become generalized.45. Narrowing/ specialization(詞義的縮小)：is the opposite of widening meaning.It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becom

38、es restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.46. Elevation /amelioration( 詞 義 的升華 ):refers to the process by which wordsrise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.Degradation / pejoration( 詞義的降格): is the opposite of semantic elevation.It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non