AP統(tǒng)計(jì)必備詞匯

1、第一章數(shù)據(jù)分析：描述圖形和從圖形出發(fā)Association 相關(guān)Bar chart條形圖Bivariate data 雙變量Boxplot盒式圖Center中心值包括mean平均值median中位數(shù)Conditional probability 條件概率Continuous data連續(xù)數(shù)據(jù)，取自某個(gè)區(qū)間Continuous random variable 連續(xù)隨機(jī)變量Correlation coefficient相關(guān)系數(shù)，表征定量數(shù)據(jù)間的線性相關(guān)程度Correlation is not causation相關(guān)關(guān)系不意味著因果關(guān)系Discrete data離散數(shù)據(jù)Discrete random

2、 variable 離散隨機(jī)變量Dotplot 點(diǎn)圖First quartile第一四分位秩（下四分位秩）Five （5）-number summary 5 數(shù)值方法，即 min value,Ql,median,Q3,max valueHistogram直方圖In terquartile range 四分位距Least-squares regression line 最小二乘回歸線Line of best fit最佳擬合線Marginal and joint frequencies （雙向表中的）邊際頻數(shù)和聯(lián)合頻數(shù)Mean平均值Median中位數(shù)Mode眾數(shù)分布中最常出現(xiàn)的值bell-shap

3、ed鐘形數(shù)據(jù)分布形式Negatively associated 負(fù)相關(guān)Outlier異常值Percentile rank 百分位秩Positively associated 正相關(guān)Probability histogram概率直方圖，橫軸為變量大小，縱軸為概率Proportion 比值Categorical data =Qualitative data定性數(shù)據(jù) 用類別描述的數(shù)據(jù)Numerical data=Quantitative data定量數(shù)據(jù) 用數(shù)字描述的數(shù)據(jù)Quartiles四分位秩，即數(shù)據(jù)系列的25%、50%、75%位置的數(shù)據(jù)Range全距，最大值與最小值之差Residual 殘差R

4、esista nt statistic 抗性統(tǒng)計(jì)量Scatterplot 散點(diǎn)圖Skewed歪斜的 非對(duì)稱分布，如Skewed to the right尾部向右延伸Spread離差全部數(shù)據(jù)的分布范圍和離散程度，如全距、四分位距、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差Standard deviation 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差Stemplot （stem-and-leaf plot）莖葉圖Symmetric對(duì)稱的Third quartile第三四分位秩（上四分位秩）Two-way table雙向表，以列表方式表示兩個(gè)（多個(gè)）變量同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的頻數(shù)Uniform均勻分布Uni variate data單變量數(shù)據(jù)Varianee 方差z score

5、（z計(jì)分）某個(gè)數(shù)值到平均值之差與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的比值第二章抽樣和實(shí)驗(yàn)：研究的規(guī)劃與實(shí)施Block區(qū)組（模塊）Block design區(qū)組（模塊化）設(shè)計(jì)Census普查Completely randomized design 完全隨機(jī)化設(shè)計(jì)Confounding variable 混淆變量Double blind 雙盲Experimental units 實(shí)驗(yàn)單位Explanatory variable 說明變量Matched pairs 成對(duì)Matched pairs design 成對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)Nonresponse bias無回應(yīng)偏差，調(diào)查對(duì)象無法或拒絕參加Observational study 觀察研

6、究Observed values 觀測(cè)值Outcome 結(jié)果Parameter （總體的）參數(shù)Placebo安慰劑通常對(duì)對(duì)比組所做處理Placebo effect安慰劑效應(yīng)，通常為正面作用所形成的正向心理暗示Probability sample概率抽樣，一種隨機(jī)抽樣技術(shù)Randomization 隨機(jī)化Random sample隨機(jī)抽樣Replication試驗(yàn)的重復(fù)性Representative sample代表性樣本，具有總體的本質(zhì)屬性的樣本Response bias回應(yīng)偏差，調(diào)查中，問題不客觀或帶有指向性，或者問題涉及到隱私，造成的稱為回應(yīng)偏 差Response variable 反應(yīng)變

7、量Sample space樣本空間，試驗(yàn)中所有可能的互斥結(jié)果Sample survey抽樣調(diào)查Simple random sample簡單隨機(jī)抽樣Statistic （樣本的）統(tǒng)計(jì)量Stratified random sample 分層隨機(jī)抽樣Subjects試驗(yàn)對(duì)象，特指人Survey調(diào)查Treatment variable 處理變量Undercoverage bias 覆蓋面偏差Voluntary response bias 志愿者偏差第三章預(yù)測(cè)模式：用概率和模擬來分析隨機(jī)現(xiàn)象Binomial distribution 二項(xiàng)分布Central limit theorem 中心極限定理Com

8、pleme nt of an eve nt 互補(bǔ)事件Degrees of freedom 自由度Density function 密度函數(shù)Empirical Rule經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則正態(tài)分布中，68%, 95%, 99.7%對(duì)應(yīng)的z-計(jì)分Estimate 估計(jì)Event事件Expected value 期望值Geometric distribution 幾何分布Independent events相互獨(dú)立事件Independent variable 獨(dú)立變量Mutually exclusive events 互斥事件Normal curve正態(tài)曲線Normal distribution 正態(tài)分布Pro

9、bability distribution 概率分布Random phenomenon 隨機(jī)現(xiàn)象Random variable 隨機(jī)變量Sampling distribution of a statistic統(tǒng)計(jì)量（比例或者均值）的抽樣分布Standard normal distribution 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正態(tài)分布t distributi on t 分布t statistic t 統(tǒng)計(jì)量第四章統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷：參數(shù)估計(jì)和假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)Alter native hypothesis 備擇假設(shè) 另：n ull hypothesis 零假設(shè)Chi-square卡方分布Goodness-of-Fit Test 擬合度檢驗(yàn)

10、Con fide nee in terval 置信區(qū)間Con fide nee level 置信水平Critical value 臨界值Homogeneity of proportions 比例的齊次性In fere ntial statistics 推斷統(tǒng)計(jì)Margin of error 誤差范圍On e-sided alter native 單側(cè)對(duì)立假設(shè)One-sided test 單側(cè)檢驗(yàn)p-values P 值Point estimate 點(diǎn)估計(jì)Power of the test推翻錯(cuò)誤零假設(shè)的概率Robust強(qiáng)烈的同strongSignifieanee level 顯著性水平Standard error標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷可靠性指標(biāo)之一Statistic