地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)在電力系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用

地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）在電力系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用隨著配電網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)模的日益發(fā)展，電力企業(yè)作為技術(shù)密集和設(shè)備密集型企業(yè)，其資產(chǎn)設(shè)備數(shù)量大、品種多、自動化程度高、對設(shè)備的完好率及連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)可利用率要求高。海量的數(shù)據(jù)與信息，給生產(chǎn)、管理人員提出了越來越高的要求，面對如此復(fù)雜的生產(chǎn)管理任務(wù)，從電網(wǎng)的安全性及生產(chǎn)管理效率等方面考慮，僅僅由人工操作或傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理方式，已經(jīng)無法滿足生產(chǎn)管理和提高供電服務(wù)質(zhì)量的要求，必需建立一個企業(yè)級的配電網(wǎng)管理信息系統(tǒng)。地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)在配電管理系統(tǒng)和配電自動化中有著重要的應(yīng)用。它可以將地圖、圖像和屬性數(shù)據(jù)有機地結(jié)合起來進行綜合管理，可以在地圖上檢索和顯示電力設(shè)備的線路圖和相應(yīng)的屬性數(shù)據(jù)、圖紙和圖像等。它實現(xiàn)了數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)與圖形操作的緊密聯(lián)系，利用地理信息系統(tǒng)解決了電網(wǎng)臺帳的綜合管理，為電力部門信息的可視化管理提供了有力的工具。以實際地理位置為背景的電力設(shè)備分布圖,不僅能在設(shè)備管理上為用戶增加設(shè)備空間位置的信息,而且通過實時信息能準(zhǔn)確地反映配電網(wǎng)的實時工作狀況。在運行管理方面，在將電網(wǎng)的臺帳、系統(tǒng)，將使對電網(wǎng)生產(chǎn)運行的管理更加科學(xué)化，大大提高了工作效率。在用電GIS系統(tǒng)對負(fù)荷、業(yè)擴、電能、電費和用戶都可以進行管理，為提高供電用電服務(wù)質(zhì)量上GIS系統(tǒng)可以通過儲存的配電網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)臺帳資料自動提供線路的長度和導(dǎo)線參數(shù)，對提高線損和可靠性的計算效率發(fā)揮重大作用，SCADA系統(tǒng)相聯(lián)，還能提供配電網(wǎng)的實時運行參數(shù)，更好地提高計算的準(zhǔn)確性；在電網(wǎng)運行中，在地理信息系統(tǒng)中可以顯示電網(wǎng)調(diào)度中電網(wǎng)拓?fù)鋱D、潮流圖、負(fù)荷狀況，因此可應(yīng)用于電網(wǎng)調(diào)度、控制和電網(wǎng)運行管理中。階段，發(fā)揮了相當(dāng)?shù)淖饔?。?dāng)前,國際上電力信息化建設(shè)出現(xiàn)幾個重要轉(zhuǎn)變:化建設(shè)從研究階段向工程建設(shè)階段轉(zhuǎn)變;信息化從企業(yè)電力生產(chǎn)自動化向企業(yè)管理、經(jīng)營、決策全方位信息化轉(zhuǎn)變;信息化從企業(yè)內(nèi)部管理向為企業(yè)市場環(huán)境下的市場競爭和經(jīng)濟效益服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變;信息系統(tǒng)從分散向集中轉(zhuǎn)變,信息平臺、實現(xiàn)企業(yè)資源共享轉(zhuǎn)變;信息化建設(shè)從注重硬件環(huán)境建設(shè)向企業(yè)信息資源的深層應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)變。近幾年來國外在配電信息化的研究和應(yīng)用上又取得了不少成果，一是由多島自動化向開放式、綜合集成的方向發(fā)展；二是隨電力市場的發(fā)展不斷提高需求側(cè)的管理水平。發(fā)達國家電力信息化水平尤以美國、德國和日本電力信息化水平為代表。美國在電力信息化領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、自動化系SCADA統(tǒng)、電網(wǎng)分析系統(tǒng)的完全集成，在電子商務(wù)方面也實現(xiàn)了網(wǎng)上招標(biāo)、BBZ電力交易等。實踐表明，電力信息化，尤其是電力管理信息化，在降低成本、提高管理效率、適應(yīng)市場變化、增強決策水平等方面發(fā)揮出了巨大的綜合性作用。電力營銷是供電企業(yè)的核心業(yè)務(wù),電力營銷工作的質(zhì)量關(guān)系到供電企業(yè)自身的生存和發(fā)展。目前，發(fā)達國家的電力營銷已進入職能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的時代，營銷內(nèi)容已由傳統(tǒng)的抄表、核算、收費、計量業(yè)務(wù)，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐钥蛻魹橹行?、以促銷為目的、以服務(wù)為主要業(yè)務(wù)的新的工作體系，在很多方面值得我國電力企業(yè)借鑒。國外電力企業(yè)在電力市場放松管制后，把電力營銷重點放在市場銷售上，并將客戶服務(wù)與市場營銷緊密地結(jié)合在一起，客戶服務(wù)體系亦進行相應(yīng)的變革，加強與客戶的交流，更加注重為客戶服務(wù)的能力，對客戶服務(wù)中心進行更加科學(xué)的定位，提高客戶滿意度；更加注重智能技術(shù)和設(shè)備的采用，充分利用自動抄表、智能電表、GIS技術(shù)、GPS技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、呼叫中心技術(shù)、Web技術(shù)，使得相應(yīng)更快，服務(wù)更好；電力營銷管理信息系統(tǒng)實行最佳營銷業(yè)務(wù)流程重組，創(chuàng)新服務(wù)方式，強化監(jiān)督管理水平；以企業(yè)效益為中心開展工作，提倡人性化管理企業(yè)。當(dāng)前我國的電力營銷管理與國外發(fā)達國家相比仍有較大差距，還不能適應(yīng)配電系統(tǒng)營銷工作面臨的新形勢，主要體現(xiàn)在：營銷組織體系不完善，還未真正形成以市場為導(dǎo)向，以經(jīng)濟效益為中心；因長期投入不足造成營銷方面的裝備和手段總的來看還比較落后，仍然滿足不了當(dāng)前的需要；市場分析工作缺乏應(yīng)有的深度，缺少客戶資料的有效積累，沒有成熟的理論和應(yīng)用工具；信息化應(yīng)用水平相對較低，信息不能共享，無法實現(xiàn)對營銷管理全過程進行監(jiān)控、管理和電能營銷數(shù)據(jù)的定量定性分析。今后，我國的電力營銷工作應(yīng)朝如下幾個方面發(fā)展。“以市場為導(dǎo)向，以效益為中心，以滿足客戶各項需求為出發(fā)點”的現(xiàn)代企業(yè)經(jīng)營理念，構(gòu)筑“有利于優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)”的新型電力營銷體系，并且重組業(yè)務(wù)流程，完善管理制度，推行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理。突出市場開發(fā)工作的地位和作用，做好電力市場調(diào)查、分析和預(yù)測工作，搞“大營銷”工作的中心任務(wù)。一口對外，拓寬服務(wù)的廣度和深度，把服務(wù)融于營銷工作的全過程。GISWeb、工作質(zhì)量管理等先進技術(shù)和先進觀念，使?fàn)I銷系統(tǒng)的自動化水平與新形勢下營銷工作的需要相適應(yīng)。參考文獻：地理信息系統(tǒng)在配電網(wǎng)中的應(yīng)用[3]配電管理信息技術(shù)分析[4]配電自動化的新技術(shù)應(yīng)用[5]國外配電管理系統(tǒng)AdvantageofDMSDesignApproachUsingKnowledgeEngineeringADVANCEDMANAGEMENTTECHNOLOGIESFORDISTRIBUTIONPLANNINGANDOPERATION—APORTUGUESE-BRAZILIANCOOPERATIONPROJECTKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENT:ANEWDEMANDFORPUBLICUTILITIESOFELECTRICDISTRIBUTIONSESSION[10]美國電網(wǎng)企業(yè)配電管理[11]供電企業(yè)電力營銷管理的現(xiàn)狀及對策[12]淺談電力營銷系統(tǒng)建設(shè)與應(yīng)用電力營銷的數(shù)字化建設(shè)[15]淺談精細(xì)化電力營銷管理[16]電力營銷向加拿大學(xué)什么[17]LiteratureReviewWiththeincreasingdevelopmentofthedistributionnetworksize,powercompaniesasatechnology-intensiveandequipment-intensiveenterprises,capitalequipmentinlargequantities,varieties,highdegreeofautomationequipmentingoodorderandcontinuousoperationandavailabilityrequirements.Vastamountsofdataandinformation,totheproduction,managementever-increasingdemands,inthefaceofsuchacomplexproductionmanagementtasksfromthepowergridsafetyandproductionmanagementandefficiencyconsiderations,onlybymanualoperationoratraditionaldatabasemanagementmethods,hasbeenunabletomeettherequirementsofproductionmanagementandimprovethequalityofelectricityservices,managementinformationsystemsnecessarytobuildanenterprise-classdistributionnetwork.Geographicinformationsystem(GIS)hasimportantapplicationsinthedistributionmanagementsystemsanddistributionautomation.Itcanbemaps,images,andattributedatatoacomprehensivemanagementcircuitdiagramoftheelectricalequipmentandthecorrespondingattributedata,drawingsandimagescanberetrievedanddisplayedonthemap.Itimplementsadatabaseandgraphicsoperationiscloselylinkedtotheuseofgeographicinformationsystemtosolvetheintegratedmanagementofthegridaccounting,providesapowerfultoolforvisualmanagementoftheelectricitysectorinformation.Theactuallocationoftheelectricalequipmentdistributionmaps,notonlycanincreasethedeviceinformationofthespatiallocationontheDeviceManager,andthroughreal-timeinformationtoaccuratelyreflectthereal-timestatusofthenetwork.Intheoperationandmanagement,gridaccounting,technicaldata,drawingsandotherstaticdataandgridproductiontechnologytoproducetheactualdataentryGISsystem,willmakemanagementmorescientificgridoperation,greatlyimprovingtheworkefficiency.Electricityloaddatawiththeuserwiththespatiallocationofclosecontactwiththeload,businessexpansionthroughtheGISsystem,power,electricity,anduserscanmanage,asteptoimprovethequalityofsupplyofelectricityservices.GISsystemcanbestoredintheplanningofelectricitydistributionnetworkbasisofaccountinginformationautomaticallyprovidedthelinelengthandconductorparametersplayamajorroletoimprovethecomputationalefficiencyofthelinelossesandreliability,withthedistributionSCADAsystem.alsoprovidesreal-timeoperatingparametersofthedistributionnetworktoimprovetheaccuracyofthecalculation;ingeographicinformationsystemscanbedisplayedingridoperation,gridschedulingnetworktopologydiagram,flowdiagram,loadconditions,canbeappliedtothegridschedulingcontrolandgridmanagement.Foreignpowerindustry,especiallyinsomedevelopedcountries,capitalandtechnologyinvestmenthasbeenrelativelystrongdistributionnetworkmonitoringsystemhasdevelopedarelativelycompletedistributionnetworkanalysissoftware,hasenteredthepracticalstage,playedaconsiderablerole.Atpresent,theinternationalconstructionofthepowerofinformationseveralimportantchanges:theconstructionofinformationtechnologyfromtheresearchstagetotheprojectconstructionphase;informationtechnologyfromtheenterprise'spowerproductionautomationtobusinessmanagement,businessdecision-makingall-roundtransition;informationtechnologyfromtheenterpriseinternalmanagementtotheenterprisemarketenvironment,marketcompetitionandeconomicefficiencyofservice;informationsystemsfromdecentralizedtocentralized,enterprise-classunifiedmessagingplatformtoachievethetransformationofenterpriseresourcesharing;theconstructionofinformationtechnologytotheenterprisefromafocusontheconstructionofthehardwareenvironmentinformationresourcesofthedeepchange.Inrecentyearsabroadinthedistributionofinformationtechnologyresearchandapplicationachievedalotofresults,onebythemulti-islandautomationtoopenandintegrateddirection;withthedevelopmentoftheelectricitymarkettoimprovedemand-sidemanagementlevel.Thelevelofdevelopedcountries,thepowerofinformationespeciallyinthepowerofinformationtechnologyintheUnitedStates,GermanyandJapan,thelevelofrepresentatives.Aworldleaderinthepowerfieldofinformationtechnologyinfrastructurenetworks,automationsystems,managementinformationsystems,etc.,thebasicSCADAandmanagementinformationsystemsgridanalysissystemisfullyintegratedine-commerce,onlinebidding,BBZelectricitytrading.Practiceshowsthatthepowerofinformationtechnology,especiallythepowermanagementinformation,reducecosts,improvemanagementefficiency,adapttomarketchanges,enhancedecision-makingplayahugerole.PowerMarketingisthecorebusinessofthesupplycompanies,powermarketingqualityoftheworkrelatedtothepowerenterprisesurvivalanddevelopment.Atpresent,thepowermarketingindevelopedcountrieshavetheeraofthefunctionsandnetworkmarketinghasbeenthetraditionalmeterreading,accounting,charging,meteringbusinessintoacustomer-centricpromotionalpurposes,toserveasthemainbusinessthenewsystem,inmanyrespectsworthyofChina'spowerenterprisesdraw.Foreignpowercompaniesintheelectricitymarketderegulation,thepowermarketingfocusonmarketingandcustomerserviceandmarketingclosertogether,thecustomerservicesystemtomaketheappropriatechangestostrengthenthecommunicationwithcustomers,paymoreattentiontoabilitytoserveclientsmorescientificorientationtocustomerservicecentertoimprovecustomersatisfaction;paymoreattentiontotheintelligentuseoftechnologyandequipment,fulluseofautomaticmeterreading,smartmeters,GIStechnology,GPStechnology,networktechnology,callcentertechnology,Webtechnology,makingthecorrespondingfaster,service;powermarketingmanagementinformationsystemtoimplementthebestmarketing,businessprocessreengineering,innovativeservices,andstrengthensupervisionandmanagementwork;enterpriseefficiencyasthecenter,topromotethehumanemanagementofenterprises.Currentcomparedtoourpowermarketingandmanagementindevelopedcountriesthereisstillalargegapstillcannotmeetthenewsituationfacingthemarketingeffortsofthedistributionsystem,mainlyreflectedin:marketingorganizationsystemisimperfect,hasnotyetbeenformedtomarket-oriented,cost-effectiveness;underinvestmentcausedbytheequipmentandmeansofmarketingOverallstillrelativelybackward,stillcannotsatisfythecurrentmarketanalysisofthelackofdepth,thelackofaneffectiveaccumulationofcustomerdata,thereisnomaturetheoryandtools;relativelylowlevelofapplicationofinformationtechnology,informationcannotbeshared,cannotachievethewholeprocessofmarketingmanagement,monitoring,managementandpowermarketingdata,quantitativeandqualitativeanalysis.Inthefuture,China'selectricpowermarketingeffortstowarddevelopmentofthefollowingaspects.deepenthestructuralreformandadjustmentofmarketingagency,reallyestablisha"market-oriented,focusonefficiency,tomeetcustomers'variousneedsasastartingpoint"ofmodernenterprisemanagementconcepts,andbuild"isconducivetomarketdevelopment,qualityservicenewpowermarketingsystem,andthereorganizationofbusinessprocesses,improvemanagementsystems,implementationofstandardizedmanagement.thestatusandroleoftheprominentmarketdevelopment,goodinvestigation,analysisandforecastingoftheelectricitymarket,dogoodjobinmarketingstrategy,establishtheconceptofmarketing,marketdevelopment,theincreaseforexpansionofsalesasamarketingcentertask.Focusoncustomersqualityservice,unityandspecificationofpowerenterprises,foreignservice,therealoneexternal,tobroadenthebreadthanddepthofservices,financialservicesmarketingefforts.Vigorouslytotheadoptionofnewtechnologies,newmeanstopromotethenewtechnologyofautomaticmeterreading,GIS,andcallcenter,advancedtechnologyandadvancedconceptsofcomprehensiveapplicationworkflow,datawarehousing,middleware,theWeb,thequalityofworkmanagementandmarketingsystemadapttothelevelofautomationandthemarketingneedsoftheirworkunderthenewsituation.目前，發(fā)達國家的電力營銷已進入職能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的時代，營銷內(nèi)容已由傳統(tǒng)的抄表、核算、收費、計量業(yè)務(wù)，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐钥蛻魹橹行?、以促銷為目的、以服務(wù)為主要業(yè)務(wù)的新的工作體系，在很多方面值得我國電力企業(yè)借鑒。當(dāng)前我國的電力營銷管理與國外發(fā)達國家相比仍有較大差距，還不能適應(yīng)配電系統(tǒng)營銷工作面臨的新形勢，主要體現(xiàn)在：營銷組織體系不完善，還未真正形成以市場為導(dǎo)向，以經(jīng)濟效益為中心；因長期投入不足造成營銷方面的裝備和手段總的來看還比較落后，仍然滿足不了當(dāng)前的需要；市場分析工作缺乏應(yīng)有的深度，缺少客戶資料的有效積累，沒有成熟的理論和應(yīng)用工具；信息化應(yīng)用水平相對較低，信息不能共享，無法實現(xiàn)對營銷管理全過程進行監(jiān)控、管理和電能營銷數(shù)據(jù)的定量定性分析。Atpresent,thedevelopedcountryelectricpowermarketinghasenteredthefunctionsandthenetworkera,marketingcontenthasbeenchangedfromthetraditionalmeterreading,calculation,charge,measurementservice,totakethecustomerasthecenter,topromoteforthepurpose,toserveasthemainbusinessofthenewworkingsystem,inmanyaspectsofourcountryelectricpowerenterprisetodrawlessonsfrom.Thecurrentourcountryelectricpowermarketingmanagementandphotographofforeigndevelopedcountrytostillhavebiggerdifference,stillcannotgetusedtopowerdistributionAtpresent,thedevelopedcountryelectricpowermarketinghasenteredthefunctionsandthenetworkera,marketingcontenthasbeenchangedfromthetraditionalmeterreading,calculation,charge,measurementservice,totakethecustomerasthecenter,topromoteforthepurpose,toserveasthemainbusinessofthenewworkingsystem,inmanyaspectsofourcountryelectricpowerenterprisetodrawlessonsfrom.Thecurrentourcountryelectricpowermarketingmanagementandphotographofforeigndevelopedcountrytostillhavebiggerdifference,stillcannotgetusedtopowerdistributionsystemofmarketingworkfacesthenewsituation,mainlyreflectedin:marketingorganizationsystemisnotperfect,hasnotyetformedtrulyitiswiththemarketoriented,itisacenterwitheconomicbenefits;becauseoflong-terminsufficientinvestmentinequipmentandcausemarketingmeansingeneralisrelativelybackward,stillcannotmeetthecurrentneedsofmarketanalysis;lackofdepth,thelackofcustomerinformationeffectiveaccumulation,nomaturetheoryandapplicationtool;informationapplicationlevelisrelativelylow,theinformationcannotbeshared,cannotbeachievedonthemarketingmanagementtomonitortheentireprocess,managementandpowermarketingdataqualitativeandquantitativeanalysis.Atpresent,thepowermarketingindevelopedcountrieshaveenteredtheeraofthefunctio