考研考博-英語-太原學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-太原學院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓練(共50題)1.單選題

Thesoilispartoftheearth,（）theatmosphere.

問題1選項

A.asitis

B.thesameis

C.sois

D.andsois

【答案】D

【解析】asitis

實際上,

事實上,

既然如此；same常用搭配是thesameas；選項C缺少連詞，所以本題選項D。句意：土地是地球的一部分,

大氣也是。

2.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

“孩子是上天送給成人的天使；寵物是成人送給孩子的天使?！睂櫸锟梢猿蔀楹⒆雍芎玫幕锇椋核麄兣c孩子玩耍，同時也與孩子進行著感情的交流。孩子可以對他們傾訴自己的心事，因為他們是最好的傾訴者；孩子受到父母的訓斥或別人的嘲笑時，這些默默無聞的聽者可以帶給他們關(guān)懷和安慰；孩子生病時，寵物可以陪伴他們，給他們撫慰和鼓勵幫助他們勇于面對困難，自強不息。

【答案】Childrenaretheangelsofadultsgivenbygod;petsaretheangelsofchildrengivenbyadults.Petscanbechildren'sgoodfriends.Theyplaywithchildren,aswellasexchangeemotionalfeelingswiththematthesametime.Childrencantelltheirownworriestopetsfortheyarethebestaudient.Whenchildrenarerebukedbyparentsorlaughedatbyothers,thesesilentlistenerscanbringthemcareandcomfort.Petscankeepchildrencompanywhentheyareill,givingthemcomfortandencouragingthemtofacedifficultiesandconstantlystrivingtobecomestronger.

3.單選題

SomeinfluentialfriendshelpedJohntogetagoodjob.

問題1選項

A.capable

B.effective

C.powerful

D.efficient

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項capable“有能力的，有才干的（側(cè)重做某項具體行為的能力）”；B選項effective“有效的，起作用的”；C選項powerful“有權(quán)勢的，有影響力的”；D選項efficient“有效率的，有能力的（一般是在某項工作或任務(wù)上）”。句意：一些有影響力的朋友幫助約翰找到了一份好工作。在本句中，原劃線詞的意思是“有影響力的”，因此他們應(yīng)該是很有話語權(quán)的/影響力，因此C選項符合題意。

4.單選題

Becauseofhisnobleorigin,heclaimed,hewas（）toasocialpositionhighabovethoseofthecommons.

問題1選項

A.provided

B.credited

C.granted

D.entitled

【答案】C

【解析】beprovided被提供；tobecreditedto相信,把...歸功于；begrantedto被授予；有權(quán)；beentitledto有…的資格。句意：他聲稱自己由于出身高貴被授予比一般人高的社會地位。選項C符合句意。

5.單選題

TheBritishconstitutionis______alargeextentaproductofthehistoricaleventsdescribedabove.

問題1選項

A.by

B.at

C.which

D.to

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查固定搭配。句意：英國憲法在很大程度上是上述歷史事件的產(chǎn)物。D選項toalargeextent“在很大程度上”，A選項byalargeextent和B選項atalargeextent非固定搭配，C選項which引導(dǎo)從句。因此D選項正確。

6.單選題

Therearelawstospecifytheperson（s）whowillobtainadeadperson's（）ifnowillexists.

問題1選項

A.heritage

B.fame

C.estate

D.prestige

【答案】C

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。heritage遺產(chǎn);fame名聲;estate房地產(chǎn),財產(chǎn);prestige威望。句意：法律規(guī)定,如果沒有遺囑,誰將獲得死者的遺產(chǎn)。選項C符合句意。

7.單選題

Womenoncedemandedmenwith______socialskills,butthey'renowfocusingon"hisvalues,ifhe’sinterestedinfamily".

問題1選項

A.impeditive

B.colossal

C.blemish

D.impeccable

【答案】D

【解析】impeditive阻礙的,妨礙的;colossal巨大的,龐大的;blemish污點,缺點,瑕疵；impeccable沒有缺點的，無瑕疵的。句意：女性曾經(jīng)要求男性具備無可挑剔的社交能力，但現(xiàn)在她們關(guān)注的是“他的價值觀，他是否熱愛家庭”。選項D符合句意。

8.單選題

TheterroristattacksinLondonThursdayservedasajarringreminderthatintoday’sworld,youneverknowwhatyoumightseewhenyoupickupthenewspaperorturnontheTV.Disturbingimagesofterrorcantriggeravisceralresponsenomatterhowcloseorfarawayfromhometheeventhappened.

Throughouthistory,everymilitaryconflicthasinvolvedpsychologicalwarfareinonewayoranotherastheenemysoughttobreakthemoraleoftheiropponent.Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.

Whetherit’samassiveattackorasinglehorrificact,theeffectsofpsychologicalwarfarearen’tlimitedtothephysicaldamageinflicted.Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.

Therefore,theimpactofpsychologicalterrordependslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedandinterpreted.Butthatalsomeanstherearewaystodefendyourselfandyourlovedonesbyputtingthesefearsintoperspectiveandprotectingyourchildrenfromhorrificimages.

WhatIsPsychologicalTerror?"Theuseofterrorismasatacticispredicateduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisincommensuratewiththeactualthreaten,"saysMiddleEasternhistorianRichardBullietofColumbiaUniversity.“Everytimeyouhaveanactofviolence,publicizingthatviolencebecomesanimportantpartoftheactitself.”

“Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact.Youcanhaveyourimpactbythemagnitudeofwhatyoudo,bythesymboliccharacteroftarget,orthehorrificqualityofwhatyoudotoasingleperson”BulliettellsWebMD.“Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butit’showit’scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect.”Forexample,BullietsaystheIranianhostagecrisis,whichbeganin1979andlastedfor444days,wasactuallyoneofthemostharmlessthingsthathappenedintheMiddleEastinthelast25years.AlloftheU.S.hostageswereeventuallyreleasedunharmed，buttheeventremainsapsychologicalscarformanyAmericanswhowatchedhelplesslyaseachevening’snewscastcountedthedaysthehostageswerebeingheldcaptive.

Bullietsaysterroristsfrequentlyexploitimagesofagroupofmaskedindividualsexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptivestosendthemessagethattheactisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spowerratherthananindividualcriminalact.“Youdon’thavethenotionthatacertainpersonhastakenahostage.It’sanimageofgrouppower,andtheforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized,”saysBulliet.“Therandomnessandtheubiquityofthethreatgivetheimpressionofvastlygreatercapacities.’’

PsychiatristAnsarHaroun,whoservedintheU.S.ArmyReservesinthefirstGulfWarandmorerecentlyinAfghanistan,saysthatterroristgroupsoftenresorttopsychologicalwarfarebecauseit’stheonlytactictheyhaveavailabletothem.“Theydon’thaveM-16s,andwehaveM-16s.Theydon’thavethemightymilitarypowerthatwehave,andtheyonlyhaveaccesstothingslikekidnapping,"saysHaroun,whoisalsoaclinicalprofessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.

“Inpsychologicalwarfare,evenonebeheadingcanhavethepsychologicalimpactthatmightbeassociatedwithkilling1,000oftheenemy,"HarountellsWebMD.“Youhaven’treallyharmedtheenemyverymuchbykillingonepersonontheotherside.Butintermsofinspiringfear,anxiety,terror,andmakingusallfeelbad,you’veachievedalotofdemoralization."

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTamongthereasonsthatchangetherulesofpsychologicalwarfare?（

）

2.AccordingtoRichardBulliet,whydoes"publicizinganactofviolencebecomesanimportantpartofterrorismitself”?（

）

3.TheIranianhostagecrisisshowsthat（

）.

4.Therandomnessandtheubiquityoftheterroristactsbringtothepublictheimpressionthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.Breakthemoraleoftheiropponent.

B.Advancesintechnology.

C.ThepopularityoftheInternet.

D.Prosperityofmedia.

問題2選項

A.Becausepsychologicalterrorismisatactic.

B.Becauseterrorismdependsonaclimateoffearratherthanontheactualthreat.

C.Becausetheuseofterrorismistoinspirefearthatismoredestructivethantheactualthreat.

D.Becausepublicizingtheviolencecanmakemorepeopleknowtheactualthrea

問題3選項

A.theimpactofpsychologicalterrorrelieslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicized

B.therearevariouswaystohavetheimpactofpsychologicalterror

C.theAmericanmediaiseffective

D.thewaysdeterminestheeffect

問題4選項

A.theterroristsareexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptives

B.thethreatisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spower

C.theterroristsarepowerfulandpervasive

D.theforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞psychologicalwarfare定位至第二段第一句,緊接著后面就提出了原因,advancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet和proliferationofnewscoverage,分別對應(yīng)選項B，C，D，只有選項A沒有提及。

2.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞RichardBulliet定位至第五段。第五段指出原因在于恐怖主義的策略就是創(chuàng)造一種和實際并不相符的恐懼氛圍。

3.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Iranianhostagecrisis定位至第六段。選項D與第六段第四句重現(xiàn)。

4.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Therandomnessandtheubiquity定位至第七段，最后一句指出：這種威脅的隨機性和普遍性給人的印象是其破壞能力大大增強。因此選項C正確。

9.單選題

Thepatient’sprogresswasencouraging,ashecould（

）getoutofbedwithouthelp.

問題1選項

A.only

B.nearly

C.hardly

D.badly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析?？崭窈笫莿釉~，因此空格處填入副詞修飾。A選項only“只，僅僅”；B選項nearly“差不多；密切地”；C選項hardly“幾乎不；剛剛”；D選項badly“非常；嚴重地”。句意：病人的進步是令人鼓舞的，因為他……不需要幫助就能下床。由句中“encouraging”可知，此處表示病人“幾乎不需要幫助就可下床”，因此B選項正確。

10.單選題

Peoplewhorefuseto（

）withthelawwillbepunished.

問題1選項

A.obey

B.consent

C.conceal

D.comply

【答案】D

【解析】句意:拒絕遵守法律的人要受到懲罰。

動詞辨析。obey服從，遵守。consent同意，準許;conceal隱藏，隱瞞;comply遵從，服從。A和D都符合句意。但是obey后面直接接賓語。故選D。

11.翻譯題

1.當前和今后一個時期，中國經(jīng)濟將繼續(xù)保持健康發(fā)展勢頭，國內(nèi)需求特別是消費需求將持續(xù)擴大，對外投資也將大幅增加。據(jù)測算，今后5年，中國將進口10萬億美元左右的商品，對外投資規(guī)模將達到5000億美元，出境旅游有可能超過4億人次。

【答案】【參考譯文】

1.Atpresentandinthefutureperiod,Chinawillcontinuetomaintainitshealthygrowthtrend.Itsdomesticdemand,particularlyconsumption-drivendemandwillcontinuetogrowanditsinvestmentinforeigncountrieswillincreasegreatly.Itisestimatedthatinthenextfiveyears,ChinawillimportaboutUS$10trillionofgoods,foreigninvestmentwillreachUS$500billion,andoutboundtourismmayexceed400millionpeople.

12.單選題

Canyouexplainthis（）oftenyearsinyourjobhistorywhichyouhavenotaccountedfor?

問題1選項

A.interruption

B.gap

C.split

D.paring

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析題。interruption"中斷,干擾";gap"缺口,差距,間隔";split"劈裂,裂縫;paring"削皮"。選項中只有g(shù)ap可以表示時間的間隔。句意：你能解釋一下在你的工作經(jīng)歷中你沒有解釋的十年空白期嗎?選項B正確。

13.單選題

Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultiple-earner,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.

Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.

Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,and,hence,whetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequatefortheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.

1.Whichofthefollowingistheprincipaltopicofthepassage?

2.Theauthorcontraststhe1930’swiththepresentinordertoshowthat（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

4.Accordingtothepassage,onefactorthatcausesunemploymentandearningsfigurestoover-predicttheamountofeconomichardshipisthe（）.

5.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,isthebestcriticismoftheauthor’sargumentconcerningwhypovertystatisticscannotproperlybeusedtoshowtheeffectsofproblemsinthelabormarket?

問題1選項

A.Whatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthatresultinsuffering.

B.Whyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpoverty.

C.Howsocialstatisticsgiveanunclearpicture/ofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbylowwagesandinsufficientemploymentopportunities.

D.Whichofthecurrentlyusedstatisticalproceduresarethebestforestimatingtheincidenceofhardshipthatisduetounemployment.

問題2選項

A.unemploymentnowhaslesssevereeffects

B.morepeoplewereunemployedinthe1930’s

C.povertyhasincreasedsincethe1930’s

D.socialprogramsaremoreneedednow

問題3選項

A.Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemploymentandinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering.

B.Considerationshouldbegiventothewaysinwhichstatisticscanactaspartialcausesofthephenomenathattheypurporttomeasure.

C.Thelaborforceshouldberestructuredsothatitcorrespondstotherangeofjobvacancies.

D.Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducethelevelofunemployment.

問題4選項

A.recurrenceofperiodsofunemploymentforagroupoflow-wageworkers

B.possibilitythatearningsmaybereceivedfrommorethanonejobperworker

C.factthatunemploymentcountsdonotincludethosewhoworkforlowwagesandremainpoor

D.establishmentofasystemofrecord-keepingthatmakesitpossibletocompilepovertystatistics

問題5選項

A.Ashort-termincreaseinthenumberofthoseinpovertycanindicateashortageofjobsbecausethebasicnumberofthoseunabletoacceptemploymentremainsapproximatelyconstant.

B.Forthosewhoareinpovertyasaresultofjoblessness,therearesocialprogramsavailablethatprovideaminimumstandardofliving.

C.Povertystatisticsdonotconsistentlyagreewithearningsstatistics,wheneachistakenasameasureofhardshipresultingfromunemployment.

D.Theelderlyandhandicappedcategoriesincludemanywhopreviouslywereemployedinthelabormarket.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章主要討論的內(nèi)容可由第一段結(jié)尾和第二段開頭得知“…sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.（因此貧困統(tǒng)計絕不是勞動力市場病態(tài)的準確指標。然而，我們的社會統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)也在很多方面低估了勞動力市場相關(guān)困難的程度。）”。由此可知文章主要講述了為什么收入估算措施對于知曉貧困程度而言是不精確的。A選項“是什么導(dǎo)致了勞動力市場的病態(tài)，導(dǎo)致了痛苦”；B選項“為什么收入衡量在衡量貧困程度上不精確”；C選項“社會統(tǒng)計如何不清楚地說明低工資和就業(yè)機會不足所造成的困難程度”；D選項“目前使用的統(tǒng)計程序中，哪一種是估計失業(yè)造成的困難發(fā)生率的最佳方法”。因此B選項正確。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段的第四句“Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners（今天失業(yè)造成的影響不及20世紀30年代那般嚴重，那時失業(yè)的都是養(yǎng)家糊口的人）”，由此可推斷出在那個時候失業(yè)對一個家庭而言就意味著吃住問題得不到解決，現(xiàn)在失業(yè)的影響比那時候小得多。A選項“失業(yè)現(xiàn)在的影響不那么嚴重了”正確；B選項“20世紀30年代，更多的人失業(yè)”；C選項“20世紀30年代以來貧困戶增加了”；D選項“現(xiàn)在更需要社會項目”都不符合題意，因此A選項正確。

3.主旨大意題。聯(lián)系71題可知作者提出的問題為“為什么收入估算措施對于知曉貧困程度而言是不精確的”，所以A選項“應(yīng)該制定新的統(tǒng)計指標來衡量失業(yè)和報酬不足造成痛苦的程度”最能回應(yīng)該問題；B選項“應(yīng)該考慮到統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)可以作為他們聲稱要測量的現(xiàn)象的部分原因的方法”；C選項“勞動力結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)調(diào)整，使其與職位空缺范圍相適應(yīng)”；D選項“應(yīng)該建立使用多種方法的創(chuàng)新項目來降低失業(yè)水平”都不符合題意，因此A選項正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段第二句話“Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.（失業(yè)率統(tǒng)計排除了數(shù)百萬完全就業(yè)的工人，他們的工資太低，以至于他們的家庭仍然處于貧困之中。）”，由此可知失業(yè)統(tǒng)計不包括那些低工資工作和仍然貧窮的人的事實。A選項“一群低薪工人失業(yè)期的反復(fù)出現(xiàn)”；B選項“每個工人可能從多個工作中獲得收入的可能性”；D選項“建立一個記錄制度，使匯編貧困統(tǒng)計數(shù)字成為可能”都不符合題意，C選項“失業(yè)統(tǒng)計不包括那些低工資工作和仍然貧窮的人的事實”正確，因此C選項正確。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段的最后一句話“Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.（貧困統(tǒng)計中統(tǒng)計的大多數(shù)人是老年人、殘疾人或因家庭責任而無法進入勞動力市場的人，因此貧困統(tǒng)計絕不是勞動力市場病態(tài)的準確指標。）”。A選項“短期內(nèi)貧困人口數(shù)量的增加可能意味著就業(yè)機會的短缺，因為無法接受就業(yè)的基本人數(shù)大致保持不變”；B選項“對于那些因失業(yè)而陷入貧困的人，有提供最低生活標準的社會項目”；C選項“貧窮統(tǒng)計數(shù)字與收入統(tǒng)計數(shù)字并不一致，因為每一項都被視為衡量失業(yè)造成的困難的指標”都不符合題意，沒有表達作者的批評，D選項“老年人和殘疾人類別包括許多以前在勞動力市場工作的人”符合題意，因此D選項正確。

14.翻譯題

Parentsofwailingbabies,takecomfort:Youarenotalone.Chimpanzeebabiesfuss.Seagullchickssquawk.Buryingbeetlelarvaetaptheirparents’legs.Throughouttheanimalkingdom,babiesknowhowtogettheirparents’attention.Exactlywhyevolutionhasproducedallthisfussing,squawkingandtappingisaquestionmanybiologistsaretryingtoanswer.

(1)Someday,thatanswermayshedsomelightonthemysteryofcryinginhumanbabies.“Itmaypointresearchersintherightdirectiontofindthecausesofexcessivecrying,”saidJosephSoltis,abioacousticsexpertatDisney’sAnimalKingdominLakeBuenaVista,Florida.SoltispublishedanarticleontheevolutionofcryinginthecurrentissueofBehavioralandBrainSciences.

Younganimalsvaryinhowmuchtheycry,squawkorotherwisecommunicatewiththeirparents,andstudieswithmice,beetlesandmonkeysshowthatthisvariationispartlybasedongenes.

Somelevelofcryinginhumans,ofcourse,isbasedongaspainsandmessydiapers.(2)Butasforthegeneticcontribution,youmightexpectthatnaturalselectionwouldfavorgenesfornoisierchildren,sincetheywouldgetmoreattention.

Beforelong,however,thissortofdeceptionmayberuinous.Ifthesignalsofoffspringbecametotallyunreliable,parentswouldnolongerbenefitfrompayingattention.(3)Someevolutionarybiologistshaveproposedthatnaturalselectionshouldthereforefavorso-calledhonestadvertisements.

Somebiologistshavespeculatedthatthesehonestadvertisementsmaynotjusttellaparentwhichoffspringarehungry.Theymightalsoshowtheirparentthattheyarehealthyandvigorousandthereforeworthsomeextrainvestment.

Thebabiesofrhesusmacaquemonkeyscryouttotheirmothersandtendtocryevenmorearoundthetimetheirmotherswean(斷奶)them.Themothers,inresponse,begintoignoremostoftheirbabies’distresscalls,sincemostturnouttobefalsealarms.

“Initially,mothersrespondanytimeaninfantcries,”saidDarioMaestripieri,aprimatologistattheUniversityofChicago,(4)“Butasthecriesincrease,theyrespondlessandless.Theybecomemoreskeptical.Soinfantsstartcryingless.Sotheygothroughthesecycles,adjustingtheirresponses.”

KimBard,aprimatologistattheUniversityofPlymouthinEngland,hasspentmorethanadecadeobservingchimpanzeebabies.“Chimpscancryforalongtimeifsomethingterribleishappeningtothem,butwhenyoupickthemup,theystop,”Bardsaid.“I’veneverseenanychimpanzeesinthefirstthreemonthsoflifebeinconsolable.”

Maestripieriandotherresearcherssaytheseevolutionaryforcesmayhavealsoshapedthecriesofhumanbabies.“Allprimateinfantscry,”Maestripierisaid.(5)“It’saveryconservedbehavior.It’snotsomethinghumanshaveevolvedontheirown.”

【答案】1.有一天，也許這個答案會解開人類嬰兒哭泣之謎。

2.但說到基因方面的原因，你可能會認為自然選擇會傾向于吵鬧的孩子的基因，因為他們會得到更多的關(guān)注。

3.因此，有的進化生物學家提出，自然選擇會傾向于所謂的誠實宣傳。

4.但隨著叫聲越來越多，母親的反應(yīng)也越來越少，因為她們開始懷疑哭聲的真實性。所以嬰兒的嗷叫隨之變少。

5.“這是一種非常保守的行為。這不是人類自己進化出來的。”

15.填空題

Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth:Whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillions（1）areoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases.Obesityisaworldwidephenomenon,affectingchildrenaswellasadultsandforcingallbutthepoorestcountriestodivertscarceresources（2）fromfoodsecuritytotakecareofpeoplewithpreventableheartdiseaseanddiabetes.

Toreversetheobesityepidemic,wemustaddressfundamentalcauses.Overweightcomesfromconsumingmorefoodenergythan（3）expendedinactivity.Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive.Marketeconomiesencouragethis.Theyturnpeoplewithexpendableincomeintoconsumersofaggressivelymarketedfoodsthatarehighinenergybutlowin（4）value,andofcars,televisionsets,andcomputersthatpromotesedentarybehavior.Gainingweightisgoodforbusiness.Foodisparticularlybigbusinessbecauseeveryoneeats.

Moreover,foodissooverproducedthatmanycountries,especiallytherichones,havefar

morethantheyneed---（5）irony.IntheUnitedStates,totakeanextremeexample,most

adultsofallages,incomes,educationallevels,andcensuscategories—areoverweight.TheU.S.foodsupplyprovides3800kilocaloriesperpersonperday,nearlytwiceasmuchasrequiredbymanyadults.Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompete（6）salesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaigns（7）towardchildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.Indeed,itisdifficulttothink（8）anymajorindustrythatmightbenefitifpeopleatelessfood;certainly（9）theagriculture,foodproduct,grocery,restaurant,diet,ordrugindustries.Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployamidesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibit（10）.

A.splendid

B.elegant

C.snobbish

D.prudent

A.hehadagoodopinionoftheStClairfamily

B.hegrantedtheStClairfamilysomecredits

C.heowedsomemoneytotheStClairfamily

D.hewasmorerespectablethansomemembersoftheSt.Clairfamily

A.marryingformoney

B.robbingone'swife

C.makingfortunes

D.sellingtheteethofdeadsoldiers

A.brag

B.possess

C.arrange

D.pluck

A.detached

B.positive

C.cynical

D.liberal

【答案】1.more

2.away

3.is

4.nutritional

5.another

6.for

7.directed

8.of

9.not

10.overeating

【解析】1.考查前后邏輯。空格處所在句子的句意是：當成千上萬的人由于經(jīng)濟不平衡、政治腐敗和戰(zhàn)爭而餓肚子時，還有成千上萬的人超重。前后進行對比，說明超重的人更多，所以more符合題意。

2.考查固定搭配。divertaway“轉(zhuǎn)移”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵悍逝质且粋€世界性的普遍現(xiàn)象，它對大人孩子都有影響，它迫使除了最貧窮的國家外的所有國家把稀有資源從食品安全上轉(zhuǎn)移到了照顧患有可預(yù)防的心臟病和糖尿病的人們。

3.考查動詞的用法。空格處所在句子的句意是：超重源于攝入的食物能量超過了被消耗的能量。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，為了避免重復(fù)，than后面省略了energythat，完整的句子應(yīng)該是energythatisexpended。

4.考查前后邏輯?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵核麄儼丫哂邢M水平的人變?yōu)榀偪褓徺I食物的消費者，這些食物通常能量很高，營養(yǎng)價值很低。nutritional符合題意。

5.考查前后邏輯。空格處所在句子的句意是：此外，食物被過量生產(chǎn)，尤其是發(fā)達國家擁有的食物遠遠超過他們所需要的食物--這又是一件具有諷刺意義的事。前面已經(jīng)提到過一件諷刺的事thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity，因此another符合題意。

6.考查動詞短語?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟鉃椋哼^量的食物使各大公司為銷售而進行競爭。competefor“為……而競爭”。

7.考查后置定語。空格處所在句子的句意是：各大公司為了競爭，采用的手段有：廣告，健康宣言，推出新產(chǎn)品，加量包裝，還有直接針對孩子的活動?？崭裉幩诘膯卧~顯然是用來修飾campaigns這個單詞的，應(yīng)該填一個過去分詞來作后置定語，directtoward表示針對……。

8.考查固定搭配。thinkof“想出”。

9.考查前后邏輯。空格處所在句子的句意是：農(nóng)業(yè)、食品、雜貨店、飯店、減肥業(yè)或制藥業(yè)都不會獲益。所以此處是一個否定的意思，not符合題意。

10.考查動詞的用法?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵喝藗兂缘枚鄷r，所有行業(yè)都會發(fā)展繁榮，所有行業(yè)都花錢請游說者去勸政府不要采取任何措施禁止過度飲食（overeat）。Inhibitdoingsth.“禁止做某事”。

16.單選題

JamesJoycewasanIrishnovelistwhorevolutionizedthemethodsofdepictingcharactersanddevelopingaplotinmodernfiction.Hisastonishingwayof（1）anovel,hisfrankportrayalofhuman

（2）

inhisbooks,andhiscompletecommandofEnglishhave

（3）

himoneoftheoutstandinginfluencesonliteratureinthe20thcentury.Many

（4）

judgethatheissecondonlytoShakespeareinhis

（5）

oftheEnglishlanguage.JoycewasdeeplyinfluencedbyIrelandand

（6）

allhisbooksaboutDublin.

WhenhewasinDublinCollege,he

（7）

languagesandspenthissparetimereadingbooks.He

（8）

totakepartinthenationalist

（9）

likehisfellowstudents,buthebecame

（10）

interestedinliterature.Hewroteoutspoken

（