第11課：英語文化習(xí)俗資料漢譯

第六單元第11課：英語文化習(xí)俗資料漢譯BritishPubEtiquetteandCustoms(Excerpt)[1]VisitorstoBritainmayfindthebestplacetosamplelocalcultureisinatraditionalpub.Butthesefriendlyhostelriescanbeminefieldsofpotentialgaffesfortheuninitiated.英國酒吧的禮儀與習(xí)俗(節(jié)選)[1]到英國旅游的人會發(fā)現(xiàn)，傳統(tǒng)的酒吧是最能領(lǐng)略當(dāng)?shù)匚幕牡胤?。但對于初來乍到的外國人來說，這些友好的酒吧卻可能是一些讓人失禮的“雷區(qū)”。[2]AnanthropologistandateamofresearchershaveunveiledsomeofthearcaneritualsofBritishpubs一startingwiththedifficultyofgettingadrink.Mostpubshavenowaiter一youhavetogotothebartobuydrinks.AgroupofItalianyouthswaitedfor45minutesbeforetheyrealizedtheywou1dhavetofetchtheirown.Thismaysoundinconvenient,butthereisahiddenpurpose.[2]一位人類學(xué)家和一組研究人員從外國人買酒時所遇到的困難入手，揭示了英國酒吧某些鮮為人知的老規(guī)矩。大多數(shù)英國酒吧都沒有服務(wù)員，你得自己到吧臺去買酒。一伙意大利年輕人等了45分鐘才明白他們得自己去買酒。這聽起來似乎很不方便，但卻有著深刻的內(nèi)涵意義。[3]Pubetiquetteisdesignedtopromotesociabilityinasocietyknownforitsreserve.Standingatthebarforserviceallowsyoutochatwithotherswaitingtobeserved.ThebarcounterispossiblytheonlysiteintheBritishIslesinwhichfriendlyconversationwithstrangersisconsideredentirelyappropriateandreallyquitenormalbehaviour."Ifyouhaven'tbeentoapub,youhaven'tbeentoBritain.”Thistipcanbefoundinabooklet,PassporttothePub:TheTourists'GuidetoPubEtiquette,acustomers,codeofconductforthosewantingtosampleBritishlifeandculture.[3]在以寡言少語而知名的英國社會里，酒吧儀俗的形成是為了促進社會交往。在酒吧排隊時可以和其他等著買酒的人閑聊幾句。在英倫諸島上，把與陌生人親切交談看作是完全適宜和正常行為的唯一場所可能就是吧臺了?！澳闳绻麤]去過酒吧，那就等于沒到過英國。”這個忠告可在一此題為《酒吧護照：旅游者酒吧儀俗指南》的小冊子中找到。對那些想要領(lǐng)略英國生活與文化的人來說，這本小冊子就是他們的行為準(zhǔn)那么。[4]Thetroubleisthatifyoudonotfollowthelocalrules,theexperiencemayfallflat.Forexample,ifyouareinabiggroup,itisbestifonlyoneortwopeoplegotobuythedrinks.Nothingirritatestheregularcustomersandbarstaffmorethanagangofstrangersblockingallaccesstothebarwhiletheychatandditheraboutwhattoorder.[4]問題是如果你不入鄉(xiāng)隨俗的話，你將一無所獲。譬如說，你們假設(shè)是團體前往，那最好是派一個或兩個人前去買酒。酒吧常客和酒保最膩味的事，就是一大伙陌生人一邊閑聊一邊又拿不定主意喝什么酒好，把通往吧臺的路給堵住。[5]AmazinglyfortheBritish,wholovequeues,thereisnoformalline-up;thebarstaffareskilledatknowingwhoseturnitis.[5]就愛排隊的英國人而言，在酒吧里看不到正式的排隊，這令人感到驚訝。酒保有本事知道該輪到誰了。[6]Youarepermittedtotrytoattractattention,buttherearerulesabouthowtodothis.Donotcallout,tapcoinsonthecounter,snapyourfingerorwavelikeadrowningswimmer.Donotscowlorsighorrollyoureyes.Andwhateveryoudo,donotringthebellhangingbehindthecounter一thisisusedbythelandlordtosignalclosingtime.Thekeythingistocatchthebarworkerseyes.Youcouldalsoholdanemptyglassorsomemoney,butdonotwavethemabout.Doadoptanexpectant,hopeful,evenslightlyanxiousfacialexpression.Ifyoulooktoocontentedandcomplacent,thebarstaffmayassumeyouarealreadybeingserved.[6]你可以設(shè)法引起酒保的注意，但這是有規(guī)可循的。不能大聲嚷嚷、用錢幣敲打吧臺、叭叭地彈手指或者像快溺水的人那樣揮動手臂，也不要繃著臉、唉聲嘆氣或翻白眼。還有一件事千萬得注意，不要搖晃掛在吧臺后面的鈴，那是酒吧老板用的，表示打烽的時間到了。關(guān)鍵是要引起酒保的注意。你可以舉著空杯子或錢，但不要來回?fù)u晃。臉上要流露出期待、滿懷希望甚至略帶焦急的表情。你如果顯得太心滿意足的樣子，酒保會誤以為已經(jīng)為你提供服務(wù)了。[7]Alwayssay“please”andtrytoremembersomeoftheBritishbarstaffs'pethates.Theydonotlikepeopletokeepotherswaitingwhiletheymakeuptheirminds.Theydon'tlikepeoplestandingidlyagainstthebarwhentherearealotofcustomerswantingforservice.AndtheydonotlikepeoplewhowaituntiltheendoftheorderbeforeaskingforsuchdrinksasGuinnessstoutwhichtakeconsiderablylongertopourthanotherdrinks.[7]要把“請”字掛在嘴邊，并盡量記住英國酒保最厭惡的一些事。他們不喜歡酒客點酒時因拿不定主意而讓別人等候，不喜歡在好多客人等著買酒時有人卻圍著吧臺閑站著，也不喜歡有人在點單最后才說要喝像健力士烈性黑啤酒那樣的酒，因為比起別的酒來，倒這種酒的時間要長得多。[8]OneDutchtouristwhospentsixmonthsvisiting800ofBritain's61,000pubsandinterviewing50publicansandbarworkersandmorethan1,000customerssaid:“IcannotunderstandhowtheBritishevermanagetobuythemselvesadrink."Buttheydo,andifyoufollowthesetipsyoushouldbeabletodoso,too.[8]一位荷蘭游客曾經(jīng)用半年時間去了英國61,000家酒吧中的800個，還訪談了50位酒吧老板和酒保以及1,000多個酒客。他說「我就搞不明白英國人是怎么給自己買到酒的J可事實上他們就能，而且只要你按著本文所給的忠告去做，你也能如愿以償?shù)刭I到酒。[9]Speakingoftips,youshouldneverofferthebarstaffacashgratuity.Thecorrectbehaviouristoofferthemadrink.Pubspridethemselvesontheiregalitarianatmosphere.Atipincashwouldbeareminderoftheirservicerole,whereastheofferofadrinkisafriendlygesture.[9]說到小費，你可千萬別給酒?，F(xiàn)金作為賞錢。正確的做法是請他們喝一盅。英國酒吧為自己的平等氣氛而感到自豪。現(xiàn)金小費會使人聯(lián)想到酒保是伺候人的，而請他們喝一杯那么是友好的表示。[10]Sonowyouhaveadrink,butwhataboutmeetingthelocals?Pub-goerswillindicateinunspokenwaysiftheyareinterestedinchatting.Concentrateonthosewhohaveboughtdrinksandarestillloiteringatthebar.Thosewhohavemovedtositattablesareprobablynotseekingcompany.Lookforpeoplewith“open"bodylanguage,facingoutwardsintotheroom.Don'teverintroduceyourselfwithanoutstretchedhandandabigsmile.Nativeswillcringeandsquirmwithembarrassmentatsuchbrashness.TheBritish,quitefrankly,donotwanttoknowyournameandshakeyourhand—atleastnotuntilaproperdegreeofmutualinteresthasbeenwellestablished(likemaybewhenyoumarrytheirdaughter).[10]現(xiàn)在你學(xué)會了怎樣買酒喝，可又該怎樣與當(dāng)?shù)厝私佑|呢？當(dāng)?shù)鼐瓶腿绻信d趣交談的話，就會用一些非言語方式表現(xiàn)出來。注意看那些已經(jīng)買了酒可還在吧臺前晃蕩的人。那些已經(jīng)離開吧臺并找到椅子坐下的人可能只想獨斟。要找那些用形體語言說明“可接觸”的人，他們往往臉朝外，目光朝向屋里的人。千萬不要伸出手來笑容滿面地自我介紹。對于這種輕率魯莽，當(dāng)?shù)厝藭驅(qū)擂味鴳?zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢，坐立不安。坦率地說，英國人不想知道你的姓名，也不想跟你握手一一至少在相互間尚未形成某種共同利益關(guān)系(譬如你娶他們的女兒為妻)之前不會。第12課：漢語文化習(xí)俗資料英譯中西節(jié)日文化內(nèi)涵被抽空(節(jié)選)[1]中國社會調(diào)查事務(wù)所的一份調(diào)查顯示，53.6%的年輕人過“洋節(jié)”是為了“找個快樂的理由”；對于“洋節(jié)與中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日有何區(qū)別”，57.1%的男性認(rèn)為“中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日停留在吃、穿等物質(zhì)享受5層面上，而洋節(jié)更注重精神的交流”，60.7%的女性認(rèn)為“洋節(jié)輕松自在，中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日過得累”。CulturalConnotationsAreTakenAwayfromBothChineseandWesternFestivals(Excerpt)AninvestigationmadebyChina'sSocialSurveyOfficeshowsthat53.6%oftheyoungpeoplecelebrateWesternfestivalsjustforthepurposeof“findinganexcuseforfun”.Asfor“thedifferencebetweenWesternandtraditionalChinesefestivals”,57.1%ofthemalesthinkthattraditionalChinesefestivalsarelimitedtomaterialenjoyment,suchasdeliciousfoodandfineclothes,whileWesternfestivalslaymorestressonspiritualexchange.And60.7%ofthefemalesholdthattheyarecarefreewhencelebratingaWesternfestival,butareexhaustedduringatraditionalChinesefestival.[2]我們的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日大都與古代的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)緊密相連。當(dāng)我們告別農(nóng)耕社會奔赴工業(yè)社會之后，傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日在工業(yè)大生產(chǎn)時代功能開始式微，西學(xué)東漸，西節(jié)也迅速在這片土地上枝葉繁茂起來，甚至有喧賓奪主之勢。圣誕節(jié)、情人節(jié)、復(fù)活節(jié)、萬圣節(jié)、感恩節(jié)似乎已經(jīng)成了光輝的“中國節(jié)”，商家的精明造勢加上年輕一代的推波助瀾一一傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日漸行漸遠，西方節(jié)日大行其道。Mostofourtraditionalfestivalsarecloselyrelatedtoancientfanningactivities.Afterthereplacementofaagrariansocietybyanindustrialone,thefunctionoftraditionalfestivalsbegantodeclineinatimeofindustrialmassproduction.AsWesternlearningwasintroducedintoChina,Westernfestivalssoonbloomedonthisland,evenwithatendencyofovershadowingthenativefestivals.ItseemsthatChristmas,SaintValentine,sDay,EasterSunday,AllSaints'DayandThanksgivingDayhaveallbecomeglorious“Chinesefestivalsv.Duetothepromotionoftheshrewdbusinessmenandthewillingassistanceoftheyoungergeneration,traditionalChinesefestivalsaregraduallyrecedingfromuswhileWesternfestivalsarebecomingmoreandmorepopular.[3]西方節(jié)日來勢兇猛，但硬要說它們像當(dāng)年的堅船利炮那么可怕或許有點夸大其詞。西方世界的節(jié)慶文化雖然在基督教誕生之前就開始萌芽，其真正壯大那么是在基督教興盛之后。自利瑪竇于萬歷十年(公元1582年)利用儒學(xué)經(jīng)典在中國傳播圣經(jīng)算起，基督教來中國已經(jīng)四個多世紀(jì)了。AlthoughWesternfestivalsarecomingtousinanirresistiblemanner,itmaysoundexaggerativetoinsistthattheyareasdreadfulasthearmoredshipswithbiggunsinthosedaysoftheOpiumWar.ThecultureoffestivalcelebrationintheWesthadbuddedbeforetheemergenceofChristianity.However,itdidn'tbecomepowerfuluntiltheprosperityofthereligion.Eversincethe10thyear(1582AD)ofWanli(titleofthereign(1573-1620)ofZhuYijun,the13themperoroftheMingDynasty),whentheItalianmissionaryMatteoRiccitookadvantageofConfucianteachingstopreachtheBibleinChina,Christianityhasbeenhereforoverfourcenturies.[4]相比之下，中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日卻沒有得到有力保護。1949年以后，大多數(shù)節(jié)日都被視為封建剩余而廢除，幸存下來的也只有春節(jié)、端午和中秋，其中只有春節(jié)被列入了法定假日。1949年以來我們的全民放假日只有7天，直至1999年國務(wù)院發(fā)布《全國節(jié)日及紀(jì)念日放假方法》才增至10天。這與中國宋代的69天、日本的15天、韓國的16天和美國的23天相比，明顯過于短暫。傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的受冷落與洋人節(jié)日的受追捧構(gòu)成了這個時代最戲劇化的景象。Incontrast,traditionalChinesefestivalshaven'tbeenwellpreserved.After1949,mostofthemwereabolishedasfeudalistvestiges.SurvivalsaretheSpringFestival,theDragonBoatFestivalandtheMid-AutumnDay,withtheSpringFestivalbeingtheonlyonethatislistedinourlegalholidays.China'sofficialholidayshadbeennomorethan7dayseversince1949.Itwasn,tuntil1999,whentheStateCouncilissuedtheuSolutiontotheHolidayProblemofFestivalsandAnniversaries^,ourholidayswereincreasedto10days.Comparedwiththe69daysduringtheSongDynasty,15daysinJapan,16daysinSouthKoreaand23daysintheUS,oursareobviouslytooshort.ThecoldtreatmentoftraditionalChinesefestivalsandthehotpursuitofWesternfestivalsconstituteamostdramaticsceneofthisage.[5]節(jié)日不僅僅是日常生活的調(diào)劑，更是維系民族認(rèn)同感的紐帶。巧合的是，聯(lián)合國教