《全新版大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第2版綜合教程》Unit1TextB課文及譯文

全新版大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程第四冊(cè)Unit1TextBWouldnaturebeonthesideoftheAlliedforcesastheypreparedtoinvademainlandEuropeorwoulditfavourtheGermans?Noonewascertain.大自然會(huì)站在秣馬厲兵準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)攻歐洲大陸的同盟國(guó)一方，還是會(huì)偏袒德國(guó)人？誰(shuí)也說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)。TheNormandyLandings諾曼底登陸1.ThelargestandmostambitiousmilitaryexpeditioninhistorywastheinvasionofNormandyinnorthernFrancebyBritish,AmericanandCanadianforcesthattookplaceinthesummerof1944.Evennatureplayedarole.2.Ittookmorethanayearformilitaryplannerstoorchestrateeverymovementoftroops,artillery,shipsandaircraftandtoseteverythinginplaceforthemovethatwastoopenupasecondfrontinEurope.ThiswouldliberateFranceandwayforthefinalassaultonGermanyitself.歷史上最大最具野心的軍事遠(yuǎn)征是1944年夏天英國(guó)、美國(guó)和加拿大軍隊(duì)在法國(guó)北部發(fā)動(dòng)的諾曼底入侵。甚至自然也發(fā)揮了作用。軍事侵略家精心安排軍隊(duì)、大炮、船艦和飛機(jī)的每一步運(yùn)作，將進(jìn)軍的一切準(zhǔn)備就緒去打開(kāi)在歐洲的第二戰(zhàn)線，這種準(zhǔn)備花了一年多的時(shí)間。這將解放法國(guó)并且為對(duì)德國(guó)的最后攻擊開(kāi)路。3.Everythingwascontrolled;rightdowntotheplacementofmilitarydecoysacrosstheEnglishChanneltofooltheGermansintothinkingtheattackwouldcomefromBritain'sclosestpointtoFranceatPasdeCalaisratherthaninNormandyasplanned.4.Everythingwascontrolled,thatis,excepttheweather.一切盡在掌控之中。軍事誘餌的布置也準(zhǔn)備好橫穿英吉利海峽以欺騙德國(guó)人，使他們誤以為攻擊會(huì)從英國(guó)距法國(guó)最近的那個(gè)位置即加萊海峽而不是按照計(jì)劃在諾曼底登陸。除了天氣，一切盡在掌握之中。5.D-day,thecodenamegiventothedayofinvasion,wasoriginallyscheduledfor5June1944.Thisdatehadbeenarrivedatbyconsideringtwofactors--moonlightandtide.Thehouroftheinvasionwouldneedtobenearsunrise,whentheseabornetroopswouldhavearisingtide.Thiswouldenablethemtolandclosetotheobstaclesthathadbeenplacedtohindertheirlandingwithoutcomingashoreontopofthem.Theparatroopersneededafullmoonforvisibility.Thedayswiththepropertide-moonlightformulaclosesttothetargetdatewere5,6and7June.(1)ThefifthwaschosenforD-Daytoallowasafetymarginincasetheattackneededtobepostponed.入侵日子的代號(hào)，登陸日，最初定在1944年5月1日。這一天在月光和潮汐這兩個(gè)因素的考慮中到來(lái)了。入侵的時(shí)間需要在日出左右，那時(shí)海上運(yùn)輸?shù)能婈?duì)將會(huì)遇到上漲的潮汐。這將使他們接近已經(jīng)設(shè)置好的用來(lái)阻礙他們登陸的障礙物而不用上岸。傘兵部隊(duì)需要一輪明月來(lái)提高能見(jiàn)度。擁有適當(dāng)?shù)某毕?、月光的方案的日子?月6、7日最接近預(yù)定日期。第五天被選作諾曼底登陸日，萬(wàn)一進(jìn)攻需要延期，這樣可以留有安全的余裕。6.Inadditiontomoonlightandfavourabletides,calmseaswereneededforthecrossing.(2)Butanunusuallystormytransitionfromspringtowardsummerthatyearheldourlittlehopethattherewouldbeasuitablebreakintheweather.ItalsomeantthepossibilitythatOperationOverlord,astheinvasionwascalled,mighthavetobepostponeduntillaterintheyearoreventhefollowingyear.除了月光和最合適的潮汐，平靜的海面對(duì)于橫渡也是十分需要的。但是那年從春季到夏季的不平常的猛烈過(guò)渡表明天氣上不會(huì)有一個(gè)合適的間隙，它也意味著這場(chǎng)被稱作霸王行動(dòng)的入侵有可能不得不延期到年后或下一年。7.Withthearrivalof5June,theweatherwassobadthatGeneralEisenhower,supremecommanderoftheinvasionforces,wasforcedtopostponetheinvasionbyoneday.Whenhemetwithhisstafftoreviewtheiroptions,theywerefacedwiththegrimrealitythat6JunedidnotlookmuchbetterthantheoriginalD-Day.Themeteorologicalreportgaveathinrayofhopethatalullinthestormwouldallowenoughtimetolaunchtheinvasion.Consultationswentonlateintothenightonwhethertopressahead.Opinionsweredivided.Finally,Eisenhowermadehisdecision."Iamquitepositivewemustgivetheorder,"hesaid."Idon'tlikeit,butthereitis.Idon'tseehowwecandoanythingelse."Withinhours,anarmadaof3,000landingcraft,2,500otherships,and500navalvesselsbegantoleaveEnglishports.6月5日到了，天氣太糟糕了，入侵軍隊(duì)的最高指揮官艾森·豪威爾將軍被迫延遲一天入侵。當(dāng)他和他的將士回顧他們的選擇時(shí)，他們面臨了殘酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)。6月6日看起來(lái)并沒(méi)有比最初的登陸日好多少。氣象預(yù)報(bào)表明在這場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨中暫停以求得足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)發(fā)動(dòng)入侵幾乎沒(méi)什么希望。關(guān)于是否繼續(xù)進(jìn)行入侵的磋商持續(xù)到很晚，意見(jiàn)發(fā)生了分歧。最后，艾森豪威爾做出了決定?！拔液艽_定我們必須下達(dá)命令，”他說(shuō)，“我不喜歡，但是情況就是這樣。我不知道我們還能怎么做?！睅讉€(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)，由3000艘登陸艇、2500艘其他船只和500艘艦艇組成的無(wú)敵艦隊(duì)開(kāi)始撤出英國(guó)港口。8.Meanwhile,criticalerrorsbytheGermansideallowedthemtobetakencompletelybysurprise.Duetothebadweather,theGermannavycancelleditsusualpatroloftheEnglishChannel.Also,apracticedrillscheduledforJune6wascalledoff.TheGarmanmeteorologicalserviceswereunawareofthebreakintheweather.Ontheeveoftheattack,manyofthetopGermanleaderswereabsentfromtheircommands.Rommel,thegeneralinchargeofthecoastaldefenses,wasinGermanyvisitinghiswifeonherbirthday,andseveralofficersweresomedistanceawayinRennesorontheirwaythereforawar-gameexercise.同時(shí)，德方的關(guān)鍵性失誤令他們大吃一驚，由于天氣糟糕，德國(guó)海軍取消了它在英吉利海峽的正常巡邏。并且，定于6月6日的訓(xùn)練取消了。德國(guó)氣象局沒(méi)有意識(shí)到惡劣天氣的間斷，在攻擊的前一晚，許多德國(guó)的高級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人擅離職守，隆美爾，負(fù)責(zé)海岸防御的將軍，在德國(guó)慶祝他妻子的生日，一些官員在遙遠(yuǎn)的雷思或者在趕到那里參加戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)游戲演戲的路上。9.TheassaultonNormandybeganat12:15a.m.,whenthepathfindersfortheAmericanairborneunitslefttheirplanesandparachutedtoearth.Fiveminuteslater,ontheothersideoftheinvasionarea,theBritishpathfindersmadetheirjump.Thepathfinderswerespeciallytrainedtofindandmarkthedropzones.Themainairborneassaultwastocommencewithinthehour.當(dāng)美國(guó)空降部隊(duì)的探路者離開(kāi)他們的飛機(jī)，跳傘降落時(shí)，在諾曼底的攻擊在上午12點(diǎn)15分開(kāi)始了。5分鐘后，在入侵地區(qū)的另一方，英國(guó)探路者也完成了跳傘。這些探路者經(jīng)過(guò)特殊的訓(xùn)練去找到并標(biāo)記轟擊區(qū)。主要的空降襲擊在幾個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)就要開(kāi)始了。10.Theairborneattackbecameconfusedbecauseofstiffwindsandtheevasiveflyingofthetransportplaneswhentheyencounteredanti-aircraftfire.Asaresult,theparatrooperswerescatteredoverawideareaandmostmissedtheirdropzones,somebyasmuchas20miles.Othercomplicationswerecausedbytheterrain,andtheworstterrainwasontheCotentinPeninsula.TheGermanshadlacedtheopenfieldswithanti-personnelandgliderstakesandfloodedthelowareas.ThefloodingcausedthemosttroublefortheAmericansofthe101stand82ndAirbornedivisions,withmanyofthetroopsdrowned,ladendownbytheirheavyequipment.由于強(qiáng)烈的風(fēng)，加上運(yùn)輸機(jī)遭遇防空工事炮火時(shí)所作的規(guī)避飛行，空中襲擊一片混亂。結(jié)果傘兵的降落點(diǎn)散落在一個(gè)廣闊的范圍，大多數(shù)都沒(méi)有命中降落點(diǎn)，有些偏離了達(dá)20英里遠(yuǎn)。其他的困難由地形導(dǎo)致，且最不利的地形是在科唐坦搬到。德軍在開(kāi)闊地帶綁定了殺傷性的滑翔機(jī)發(fā)射臺(tái)，并且這種武裝充斥了低海拔地帶。這種裝備給美國(guó)空軍101師和82師造成了最大的阻礙，許多士兵溺水身亡，在繁重裝備的重壓之下。11.Theairborneunitsweretosecuretheflanksoftheamphibiousassault.Thatmeantcapturingbridges,crossroadsandcoastalbatteries.Afteraccomplishingthosetasks,theparatroopershadtowithstandanyGermancounterattacks.空降兵各部隊(duì)需要保證此次海陸空突襲的側(cè)翼。這意味著占領(lǐng)橋梁，十字路口和沿海炮臺(tái)。在完成以上任務(wù)之后，傘兵部隊(duì)就需要抵抗德軍的任何反攻。12.Astheairborneunitsstruggledtoachievetheirgoals,thegreatfleetmadeitswayacrossthechanneltoitsappointmentwithdestiny.Leadingthatgrandarmadaweretheminesweepers.Behindthemfollowedavastarrayofnavalvesselsofeveryconceivabletype.Neverbeforehadsuchafleetbeenassembled.Includingthelandingcraftcarriedonboard,thecombinedAlliedinvasionarmadanumberedupto6,000ships.Approximately150,000menweretocrosstheEnglishChannelandlandatassaultbeachescode-named"Utah,""Omaha,""Gold,""Juno"and"Sword."正在空軍部隊(duì)奮力完成任務(wù)的同時(shí)，龐大的聯(lián)軍艦隊(duì)正穿越海峽，奔赴命運(yùn)之約。巨大戰(zhàn)船隊(duì)伍由掃雷艦領(lǐng)航。接著是一個(gè)由你能想到的任何種類的戰(zhàn)船所組成的巨大的海上編隊(duì)。這次集合前無(wú)古人。包括甲板上被運(yùn)載的登陸艦在內(nèi)，聯(lián)合艦隊(duì)共有6000艘戰(zhàn)船在編。大約150000名戰(zhàn)士將穿越英吉利海峽，在指定的海灘登陸。它們的代號(hào)分別是：猶他，奧馬哈，戈德，朱諾，利劍。13.ThefirstareasofFrenchsoilwrestedfromGermancontrolwereagroupofsmallislandslocatedthreemilesoffUtahBeach.Alliedcommanderswereconcernedthattheseislandscouldbeusedassitesforheavyguns.ThemenoftheU.S.4thand24thCavalrysquadronsweredesignatedtotaketheislandspriortothemaininvasion.Theassaultteamsfoundonlylandmines.TheGermanshadlefttheislandsunoccupied.游離于德國(guó)人控制之外的法國(guó)的第一塊土地是一系列小島，正好位于猶他海灘附近三英里處。聯(lián)軍司令官確信這些小島將被〈德國(guó)人〉用作重武器的存放地。美國(guó)第4及第24機(jī)械中隊(duì)被指派在總攻發(fā)起前拿下這些島嶼。突擊部隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這里只有地雷。德軍并沒(méi)有占領(lǐng)這些島嶼。14.Forthemajorityoftheassaulttroops,however,thewarhadnotbegunyet.Afterspendingaslongas48hoursaboardthevarioustransportshipsasaresultofthedelay,manyofthemenweremiserablyseasickandinpoorshapeforthechallengeahead.然而，對(duì)于此次突襲的大多數(shù)士兵來(lái)說(shuō)，戰(zhàn)斗遠(yuǎn)未開(kāi)始。由于戰(zhàn)時(shí)的延誤，大多數(shù)士兵在各種戰(zhàn)艦上生活了48小時(shí)之久，他們嚴(yán)重的暈船，面對(duì)即將到來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)不佳。15.Thenavalbombardmentbeganaround5:45a.m.Theairattackfollowed.Thenavalandairbombardmentsweredesignedtodestroythebeachgunsandobstacles,pindowntheenemyandprovideshelterforthegroundtroopsontheopenbeachesbymakingcraters.Both,however,largelyfailedintheirobjectives.Weatherconditionshadimproved,buttheywerenotperfect.Becauseofpoorvisibilitycausedbylowcloudcover,itwasdecidedthatthebomberswoulddelaythereleaseofbombs30secondstoavoidhittingtheassaultingtroops.Asaresult,thebombsfellinlandandmissedtheirtargets.Althoughthenavalbombardmentwasmoreaccurate,itwasnotmuchmoreeffectiveagainstthehardenedGermangunemplacements.海軍轟炸在清晨5:45開(kāi)始了。然后是空襲。海上和空中襲擊的初衷是徹底摧毀沙灘上的兵力和障礙物，壓制敵人，并通過(guò)炸出彈坑為陸軍提供掩體。然而，這兩個(gè)目標(biāo)都沒(méi)有達(dá)到。天氣狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)，但是并不完美。由于低垂的大霧造成的極低的能見(jiàn)度，炮兵部被命令延遲30秒發(fā)射，以防誤傷突擊士兵。結(jié)果，炸彈降落在了內(nèi)陸，未擊中目標(biāo)。盡管，海軍部隊(duì)的轟炸更加精確，由于德軍已加強(qiáng)武裝，因而還是顯得作用不大。16.Theweatheralsowaspartiallyresponsibleforcausingsomeoftheassaultcrafttomisstheirassignedlandingareas.Additionally,manyofthelandingcraftandamphibioustanksfounderedintheroughsea.IntheOmahaarea,mostofthecraftcarryingartilleryandtanksintendedtosupportthe