考研考博-英語-宿遷澤達(dá)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-宿遷澤達(dá)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Atfirst,theresultsoftheexperimentseemed（）butfinallyapatternemerged.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fine

B.grave

C.genuine

D.haphazard

【答案】D

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：起初，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果似乎是偶然的，但最終出現(xiàn)了一種模式。因此選D。

2.單選題

Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered（）ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.indistinctly

B.separately

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】句意:語言，文化和個(gè)性也許會(huì)被認(rèn)為在思想上是相互獨(dú)立的，但事實(shí)上他們是密不可分的。

考查副詞辨析。indistinctly不清楚地，模糊地；separately分別地，個(gè)別地；irrelevantly不相干地，不合適地；independently獨(dú)立地，其形容詞形式independent搭配of，表示獨(dú)立于…的。根據(jù)后文的but以及theyareinseparable(他們是密不可分的)可知空格處應(yīng)該填入與之相對(duì)比的詞，即可知D項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Despitethegeneralnegativefindings,itisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonality,characteristics,ageatthetimeofdivorce,andgender.Intermsofpersonality,whencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasy-going,childrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorce,asindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stress,suchasthatfoundindisruptedfamilies,seemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundings,thegreatertheamountofstress,thelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrast,amoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasy-going,relaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.

Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.Asthechildgrowsolder,thegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelings,anunderstandingofthosefeelings,andarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbedistributedtoanyonesimplecause.Self-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6,fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8,andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshame,anger,andself-reflection.

Genderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorce.Theimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressive,lesscompliant,havegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationships,andexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermore,theadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedout,andareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.However,newproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.Howcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplained?Thegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermore,boysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-control,aswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finally,boysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsare,andafterthebreakup,boysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothers,teachers,orpeers.

1.Itishardfortemperamental,irritablekidstoadapttoparentaldivorcebecause（）.

2.ThefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT（）.

3.Whydoesparentaldivorcehavegreatereffectsonboysthanongirlsaccordingtotheauthor?

4.Whatdoesthepassagemainlyconveytothereaders?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theyaretoomuchdisruptedbythelifechange

B.thefamilybreakupmakesthemfeelverysensitive

C.thegreatstressoftheirfamiliesdiminishestheirability

D.theyencountermoreparents’fightsthantheeasy-goingchildren

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.asix-year-oldboymayfeelbeingdesertedbyhisparents

B.divorceisusuallycausedbymorethanonereason

C.ayounggirlmayfeelmoreshamefulonparentaldivorcethananolderboy

D.asthekidsgrowolder,theyhaveabetterunderstandingofdivorce

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Becauseallculturestoleratemaleaggressionandnoncompliance.

B.Becauseboysarebasicallymoreself-disciplinedthangirls.

C.Becausemalesareusuallyviewedasthemodelsinself-control.

D.Becauseboysarealwaysinvolvedintheirparents’fights.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Kidsofdifferentagesbehavedifferentlyfacingparentaldivorce.

B.Theimpactofdivorceonkidsvariesinpersonality,ageandgender.

C.Boysmaybecomemoreaggressivethangirlsindisruptedfamilies.

D.Parentaldivorcehasanegativeeffectonchildrenallthroughtheirlives.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第一段第三句“...childrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorce,asindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.”喜怒無常和易怒的孩子更難以面對(duì)父母離異，因?yàn)樗麄兇_實(shí)更難以適應(yīng)生活的變化。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第二段最后一句“theconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshame,anger,andself-reflection.”年幼孩子的困惑和恐懼被年長孩子的羞愧、憤怒和自我反省所取代。選項(xiàng)C正好與之相反，所以不正確。

3.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，父母離異對(duì)男孩的影響比女孩大是因?yàn)樵谖覀兊奈幕?，容忍和鼓?lì)男性具有攻擊性和桀驁不馴，選項(xiàng)A中的“allcultures”表述不正確;此外，男孩可能特別需要樹立一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的自律的男性形象，也需要父母嚴(yán)格自律；最后，男孩比女孩更容易受到父母爭吵的影響，而在父母離異后，男孩比女孩更不容易得到母親、老師或同齡人的同情和支持。選項(xiàng)B在文中沒有提及;選項(xiàng)D不符合原文，只有選項(xiàng)C符合原文，所以本題選C。

4.結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知，首段一二句為本文的主旨句，所有經(jīng)歷過父母離異的孩子會(huì)有不同的行為方式，具體的行為取決于孩子的個(gè)性、特征、父母離異時(shí)的年齡和性別。選項(xiàng)B正確。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

4.單選題

Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.Unfortunately,however,superbrawingredientsareoftenminedfromthekitchensothattheycometothetablewithoutanyofthenaturalflavorandgoodness.

ThisbadreputationdiscouragesalotofpeoplefromeatinginanEnglishrestaurant.Iftheydogotoone,theyareusuallyfullofprejudiceagainstthefood.Itisapity,becausethereareexcellentcooksinEngland,excellentrestaurants,andexcellenthome-cooking.How,then,hasthebadreputationbeenbuiltup?

PerhapsonereasonisthatBritain’sIndustrialRevolutionoccurredveryearly,inthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Asaresult;thequalityoffoodchangedtoo.ThiswasbecauseBritainstoppedbeingalargelyagriculturalcountry.Thepopulationofthetownsincreasedenormouslybetween1840and1870,andpeoplecouldnolongergrowtheirownfood,orbuyitfleshfromafarm.Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.

Thislackoffreshnesswasdisguisedby“dressingup”thefood.Therichmiddleclassesate16ngelaboratemealswhichwerecookedforthembyFrenchchefs.Frenchbecame,andhasremained,theofficiallanguageofthediningroom.Out-of-seasondelicacieswereservedinspiteoftheirexpense,fortherewerealargenumberofextremelywealthypeoplewhowantedtoestablishthemselvessocially.The“l(fā)ook”ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.

Inthe1930s,thesupplyofservantbegantodecrease.Peoplestilltriedtoproducecomplicateddishes,however,buttheyeconomizedonthepreparationtime.TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.Asaresult,thereweremanywomenwhoneverhadtheopportunitytochooseapieceofmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher’sshop,butwerecontentandgratefultoacceptanythingthatwasofferedtothem.

FoodrationingcontinuedinBritainuntiltheearly1950s.Itwasonlyafterthishadstopped,andbutter,eggsandcreambecamemoreplentiful,anditwaspossibletotravelabroadagainandtasteotherwaysofpreparingfood,thattheEnglishdifferencetoeatingbecamereplacedbyanewenthusiasmforit.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,itisdifficulttoexplain（）.

2.ThenegativeeffectofBritain’sIndustrialRevolutiononEnglishcookingisthat（）.

3.AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,（）.

4.TheSecondWorldWarworsenedtheproblembecause（）.

5.AnewenthusiasmforeatingemergedinBritain（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whyexcellentingredientsarespoiledintheprocessofcooking

B.whypeopledonotlikeEnglishcooking

C.whyBritishfoodoftenhasanaturalflavor

D.whypeoplepreferhome-cookingtoreadymadefood

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thepopulationinthecountrysidedecreaseddramatically

B.peoplenolongergrewtheirownfoodontheirownfarms

C.thefreshnessoffoodwaslostonthewaytothecities

D.Britainwasnolongeranagriculturalcountry

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.moreattentionwasgiventothelookofthefood

B.FrenchbecametheofficiallanguageinEnglishrestaurants

C.alargenumberofextremelywealthypeopleateinFrenchrestaurants

D.out-of-seasondelicaciesbecameveryexpensive

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.therewasanincreasingdemandforservants

B.therewasalackofrawingredientsupply

C.manywomenrefusedtochoosemeatfrombutcher’sshops

D.FrenchchefsdominatedEnglishrestaurants

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.whenmanywomenfinallyhadtheopportunitytopurchasefleshmeatfromawell-stockedbutcher’sshop

B.whenbutter,eggsandcreambecameavailable

C.whenpeoplestartedtravelingtoothercities

D.aftertheearly1950s

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的一二句“Britishfoodhasagoodreputation,butEnglishcookinghasabadone.Itisdifficulttoexplainthereasonforthis.”可知，很難解釋的是為什么人們不喜歡英國的烹飪。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“IndustrialRevolution”定位到第三段，根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，英國工業(yè)革命對(duì)英國烹飪產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)負(fù)面影響是“Hugequantitiesoffoodhadtobetakentothetowns,andalotofitlostitsfreshnessontheway.”大量的食物被運(yùn)到城鎮(zhèn)，食物在運(yùn)輸?shù)倪^程中不再新鮮。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第四段最后一句“The“l(fā)ook”ofthefoodwasmoreimportantthanitstaste.”工業(yè)革命使得人們更注重食物的外觀而不是口感。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

4.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“TheSecondWorldWar”定位到倒數(shù)第二段第三句“TheSecondWorldWarmadethingsevenworsebymakingrawingredientsextremelyscarce.”二戰(zhàn)使得原材料極度匱乏，情況更加糟糕。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

5.根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，在1950年以后，英國出現(xiàn)了一種新的飲食熱潮。選項(xiàng)D正確。

5.單選題

Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealties.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.

Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirsnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutedtheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback-aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.

Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen-andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent-andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance-havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.

Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.

1.Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat（）

2.AsaresultofPresentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave（）

3.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill（）

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared.

B.theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased.

C.theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance.

D.theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ahighersenseofsecurity.

B.lesschancetoinvest.

C.lesssecuredpayments.

D.aguaranteedfuture.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.helpreducethecostofhealthcare.

B.popularizeamongthemiddleclass.

C.increasethefamilies’investmentrisk.

D.compensateforthereducedpensions.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks.

B.financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems.

C.themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenge.

D.financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheMiddleClassontheAlert

B.TheMiddleClassinConflict

C.TheMiddleClassontheCliff.

D.TheMiddleClassinRuins.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問“現(xiàn)如今這種雙收入家庭面臨更大財(cái)務(wù)危險(xiǎn)的原因”。由原文前兩段可知：由于經(jīng)濟(jì)原因，現(xiàn)在夫妻雙方都要出去找工作。而以前，妻子一般在家操持家務(wù)，即使丈夫萬一生病或失業(yè)了，妻子也可以出去找工作幫助家庭度過難關(guān)。但現(xiàn)在這種備選方案無用了，因此雙收入家庭更容易受到家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)變化的影響。故本題正確答案為D選項(xiàng)。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)原文第三段可知，在去年的大多數(shù)時(shí)間里，布什總統(tǒng)一直致力于將社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)體制轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N儲(chǔ)蓄存款賬戶模式，要求退休人員將大多數(shù)或全部有保障的收入變成必須依靠投資收益的收入，對(duì)年輕家庭來說情況也好不到哪去。醫(yī)療的絕對(duì)費(fèi)用和家庭必須承擔(dān)的份額都在上升。所以，退休人員的可靠收入可能更少。故本題正確選項(xiàng)為C項(xiàng)。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第三段“...newlyfashionablehealth-savingplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare”可知，醫(yī)療費(fèi)用節(jié)約計(jì)劃將增加家庭投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，可判斷C項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)在原文中并未提及，屬于無中生有。原文提到這個(gè)計(jì)劃正在從上層立法院大廳到底層沃爾瑪超市員工之間廣泛開展，但并不能得出在中產(chǎn)階級(jí)中間得以推廣，故B項(xiàng)不正確。因此本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問由最后一段可以看出什么。由最后一句“Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.”可知，作者認(rèn)為（美國）經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)開始滑落，那政治上的滑落應(yīng)該也不遠(yuǎn)了。因此可以推斷，作者認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)問題可能會(huì)引發(fā)政治問題。故本題正確答案為B。

5.主旨判斷題。題干詢問哪一項(xiàng)最適合作為文章題目。文章第一段介紹了中產(chǎn)階層可能在幾個(gè)月之內(nèi)衰敗成一個(gè)新的貧困家庭，后文隨即介紹了造成這種現(xiàn)狀的原因，所以本文主要講述的是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)面臨窮困問題的現(xiàn)象。因此，本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

Thecitywasvirtuallyparalyzedbythetransitstrikeforbetterwages.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.subjectively

B.imaginably

C.positively

D.practically

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞辨析。Virtually表示“事實(shí)上，幾乎”；A項(xiàng)subjectively“主觀地，臆想地”，B項(xiàng)imaginably“可想象地”，C項(xiàng)positively“積極地”，D項(xiàng)practically“實(shí)際上，幾乎”。句意：因?yàn)楣卉囁緳C(jī)要求漲薪的大罷工，這座城市陷入癱瘓。根據(jù)句意可知D項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Today,houseworkhasbeenmademucheasierbyelectrical（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.facilities

B.appliances

C.instruments

D.equipment

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)facility（其復(fù)數(shù)形式為facilities）“設(shè)施；設(shè)備；容易”；B選項(xiàng)appliances“器械，裝置；家用電器”；C選項(xiàng)instrument“儀器；工具”；D選項(xiàng)equipment“設(shè)備，裝備；器材”。句意：如今，家務(wù)已因家用電氣而變得更容易。根據(jù)句中“housework家務(wù)”可知“家用電器”符合語境，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Theshipwas（

）inastormoffJamaica.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.drowned

B.immerged

C.wrecked

D.submitted

【答案】C

【解析】drown淹死，溺死；immerge浸入，浸沒；wreck失事；submit使服從。句意：這艘船在離開牙買加的時(shí)候，在暴風(fēng)雨中失事了。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

9.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofsocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroup,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon；rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT

3.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraphtwo,theauthorismakingthepointthat

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraphtwo?

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment.

B.formalelectionprocess.

C.specificleadershiptraining.

D.traditionalculturalpatterns.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders'

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderofanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationship.

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers.

C.identifyingnewleaders.

D.achievingagoal.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一句，“thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofsocial…”，開篇點(diǎn)題，在美國有很多種方式成為某個(gè)團(tuán)體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。所以主要闡述不同領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者在社會(huì)中的角色。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，在家庭、友誼小組或更大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的方式不相同，探討了每一種團(tuán)體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生方式。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”，數(shù)十年都沒有充足的證據(jù)來證明存在“天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.信息推斷題。考查對(duì)第二段文意的理解。文中提到只要一個(gè)人有特定的資質(zhì)就能成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。根據(jù)文章“anypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup”，可以成為特定團(tuán)體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“…maydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.”，“…iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,…”根據(jù)這兩句可以得出，工具性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者更加注重目標(biāo)一些。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

10.單選題

Thenewtechnologywillgreatly（）foodproductioninChinatofeedmorepeopleonsuchdenselypopulatedland.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.boom

B.bound

C.boost

D.bounce

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。C選項(xiàng)boost“促進(jìn)”正確；A選項(xiàng)boom“使興旺”；B選項(xiàng)bound“界限”；D選項(xiàng)bounce“跳”。本句表示“這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)將大大提高中國的糧食產(chǎn)量，在人口如此密集的土地上養(yǎng)活更多的人”糧食產(chǎn)量需要提高和促進(jìn)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.翻譯題

貫穿我們整個(gè)歷史，我們一直在考察星星，思考人類是否是唯一的高級(jí)生命，還是也許在黑暗的夜空某一處，還有其他生命，宇宙中同輩思想家，也和我們一樣在思考和在懷疑。這類生命可能不同于我們看待他們自己和宇宙。那里也許會(huì)有異乎尋常的生物學(xué)、技術(shù)和社會(huì)。在這人們難以想象的廣袤而古老的宇宙蒼穹中，我們是有點(diǎn)孤寂，我們思考著我們小而精微的藍(lán)色星球的最終意義，假如有意義的話。探索來自外星的信息就是為人類探索能接受的宇宙淵源背景。從深層意義上說，探索外星的信息就是探索我們自己。隨著人們?cè)絹碓酵渡碛谶@一嚴(yán)肅的探索事業(yè)，一個(gè)稍帶否定含義但很有趣的音符出現(xiàn)了。最近，有一些科學(xué)家提出一個(gè)難以解釋的問題：如果外星來的信息量很大，那我們?yōu)槭裁礇]有看出其表現(xiàn)的形式呢？

【答案】【參考譯文】

Throughallofourhistory,wehaveponderedthestarsandmusedwhetherhumanityisuniqueorifsomewhereelseinthedarkofthenightsky,thereareotherbeingswhocontemplateandwonderaswedo,fellowthinkersinthecosmos.Suchbeingsmightviewthemselvesandtheuniversedifferently.Theremightbeveryexoticbiologyandtechnologyandsociety.Inacosmicsettingvastandoldbeyondordinaryhumanunderstanding,wearealittlelonely,andwepondertheultimatesignificance,ifany,ofourtinybutexquisiteblueplanet.Thesearchforextraterrestrialintelligenceisthesearchforgenerallyacceptablecosmiccontextforthehumanspecies.Inthedeepestsense,thesearchforextraterrestrialintelligenceisasearchforourselves.Alongwiththegrowingdedicationtoaserioussearch,aslightlynegativenotehasmergedwhichisneverthelessveryinteresting.Afewscientistshavelatelyaskedacuriousquestion:ifextraterrestrialintelligenceisabundant,whyhavewenotalreadyseenitsmanifestations?

12.單選題

SectionA

Theroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.

SectionB

Noactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.

SectionC

Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.

SectionD

Governmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.

Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.

Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.

SectionE

Inpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoun