鞍山科技大學(xué)外語系賀青一

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BookTwo1UnitSevenMusic2UsefulInformationIMusicisauniversallanguage.Itinfluencespeoplefromallcultures,educationallevels,andsocioeconomicbackgrounds.Itrelatestoourwork,ourplay,andourrelationshipswithoneanother.Itmakesisdance,itcanevenhelpusfallinlove.Theoldestmusicisprobablyvocalmusic.3UsefulInformationIAlmosteveryculturehasworksongs,lullabies,lovesongs,andballadsinitsfolkmusic.Singinganddancinghavealwaysgonetogetherforpeopleofallages.Eventuallyinstrumentalmusicemerged.Someinstruments,suchasthedrum,areveryold.Otherinstruments,suchaselectronickeyboard,areverynew.Eventhepianoisquitenewcomparedtothefluteorthelute.Musiccanbeperformedindividuallyoringroup.Individualvocalistarecalledsoloist.Groupsarecalledduets,trios,quartets,choruses,choirs,etc.Instrumentalgroupsarecalledensembles,bands,ororchestras.4UsefulInformationIVocalistscanperformwithinstrumentalaccompaniment,ortheymayperformacapella（無器樂伴奏地）.Themaincomponentsofmusicaremelody,harmony,andrhythm.Themelodyissometimescalledthetune.Itconsistsofthenotesthatleadmusiciansperformingroup.Harmonyisprovidedbythesupportingmusicians,bytheextranotesonthekeyboard.Rhythmisprovidedbypercussionsinstruments（打擊樂器),bycountingthenotesineachmeasure,orbysuchsimplemethodsasclappingortappingone’sfeet.5UsefulInformationIUntiltheinventionofreadings,musicwasusuallyperformedlivetosmallaudiences.ButnowwehavetapesandCDsofallsorts,andrecordedmusicisoneofthemostpopularradioformats.Withmoderntechnology,liveconcertscannowbeperformedwithhugeaudiencesinauditoriumsandstadiums.Allofthesetechnicalinnovationshavetendedtoincreasetheroleofmusicinmodernlife,andtodiversitythenatureofmusicitself.Todaywestillhaveopera,classicalmusicandfolkmusic,whicharejustasinfluentialasever.EverystudentofmusicmustbefamiliarwithBach,Beethoven,andMozart.6UsefulInformationIWhileeveryanthropologistshouldpaysomeattentiontothefolksongsofvariouscultures.Butnowwealsohavepopmusic,rockmusic,countrymusic,soulmusic,jazz,blues,andmanyotherkinds.Patrioticmusic,religiousmusic,andmilitarymusicarejustasimportantasever.Inadditionwenowhavethemoviesasamediumforthedisseminationofmusic.Someofthemostsuccessfulcontemporarymusic,suchasthethemesongfromTitanic,noworiginatesinthemovies.7UsefulInformationISpacedoesnotpermitcomparisonofmanycultures.Solet’slookatAmericanmusic(comparethistoChinesemusic).TheearliestAmericanmusicwasfolkmusicbroughtbyBritishandEuropeanpeoplefromtheirhomelands.Worksongs,loveballads,andreligious

songsareseveraltypesoffolkmusicfromtheearlyperiod.Thelovesongsareoftensad,endingindeathforoneorbothlovers.DuringandaftertheCivilWarnewtypesofsongsbecamepopular,suchassolidersongsandcampfiresongs.Assettlersmovewestwardtheytookthesesongswiththemandaddednewwords.Inthe1890sragtime(散拍樂)appeared,andhelpedcreatejazz.TheseareuniquelyAmericantypeofmusic.8UsefulInformationIThe1920swereconsideredtheJazzAge,duringwhichwhitecomposerslikeGeorgeGershwinborrowedthemesfromblackmusiciansandcreatedanationalmusicaltrend.Inthe1930sand1940stheBigBandsplayedjazzandswingmusic,andballroomdancingbecamepopular.Meanwhilebluesongsandspiritualsappealedtothelessaffluentblacks,andradiostationsemerged.Livemusicontheradiowaseventuallyreplacedbyrecordedmusic,beginningduringWorldWarIIwhentheBigBandswerebrokenupbymilitaryserviceandgasolineshortages.9UsefulInformationIAfterthewardiskjockeysemerged.SomeappealedtowhitesandfeaturedrecordingsoftheBigBandsorsingerslikeFrankSinatra.Othersappealedtoblacksandfeaturedbluesandspirituals.Inthe1950sdiscjockeysdiscoveredanewmarket:teenagers.Forthefirsttimeyoungpeoplehadthemoneyoftheirowntospendontheradio,records,andotherentertainments.ElvisPresleytooksomeblackbluessongshe’dheardontheradio,recordedthemforwhitaudiences,andbecamethefirstrockstar.Butthephrase“rockandroll”canbefoundinearlierblackrecordings.The1960sstartedwithrock,butsoonfolkmusicmadeabigcomeback.10UsefulInformationIBobDylanwasimportantinboth,andcannotbeclassifiedasoneortheother,

popularoutsidetheSouth,anditspopularityisstillgrowingtoday.Butthediscotrendof1970sbarelylastedinto1980s.Today’spopmusicisamixtureofrock,folk,blues,disco,andcountry.It’softenhardtosaywhichiswhich.MariahCareysoundsalotlikeWhitneyHouston,thoughtheirmusicalbackgroundsareverydifferent.JohnDenvermovedfromfolktocountry,andBobDylanhasaddedcountryandbluestohisfolkandrock.11UsefulInformationIITheLanguageofMusicApainterhangshisorherfinishedpictureonawall,andeveryonecanseeit.Acomposerwritesawork,butnoonecanhearituntilitisperformed.Professionalsingersandplayershavegreatresponsibilities,forthecomposerisutterlydependentonthem.Astudentofmusicneedsaslongasarduousatrainingtobecomeaperformerasamedicalstudentneedstobecomeadoctor.Mosttrainingisconcernedwithtechnique,formusicianshavetohavethemuscularproficiencyofanathleteoraballetdancer.Singerspracticebreathingeveryday,astheirvocalchords12UsefulInformationIIwould

beinadequatewithoutcontrolledmuscularsupport.Stringplayerspracticemovingthefingersofthelefthandupanddown,whiledrawingthebowtoandfrowiththerightarm--twoentirelydifferentmovements.Singersandinstrumentalistshavetobeabletogeteverynoteperfectlyintune.Pianistsaresparedthisparticularanxiety,forthenotesarealreadythere,waitingforthem,andit’sthepianotuner’sresponsibilitytotunetheinstrumentforthem.13UsefulInformationIIButtheyhavetheirowndifficulties:thehammersthathitthestingshavetobecoaxednottosoundlikepercussion,andeachoverlappingtonehastosoundclear.Thisproblemofgettingcleartextureisonethatconfrontsstudentconductors:theyhavetolearntoknoweverynoteofthemusicandhowitshouldsound,andtheyhavetoaimatcontrollingthesesoundswithfanaticalbutselflessauthority.14PartOnePreparation1.Contest--SeeWhoCanNametheMost1)Musicalinstruments:piano,violin,viola,cello,mouthorgan,flute,saxophone,guitar,drum,trumpet,accordion,electronickeyboard,oboe,clarinet,harp.Well-knowncomposers:Beethoven,Bach,Mozart,Gershwin,Chopin,Strauss,Brahms,Schubert,Debussy,Schumann,Mendelssohn,Haydn,Liszt,Tschaikovsky,Dvorak,Verdi,Vivaldi.15PartOnePreparation3)Differentkindsofmusic:classical,country,light,jazz,blues,heavymental,soul,spiritual,rock,pop,folk,rap,ballad,swing,sonata,symphony,patriotic,religious,military.4)Waysthatmusiccanbeperformed:individually(solo),oringroups(duet,trio,quartet,chorus,choir,etc)16LanguagePointsIItcanalsobefollowedbyaclause.Doctorsarenotdoingenoughtowarnthepublicofthedangersofthesepain-killingdrugs.TheAAiswarningdriversgoingnottotraveltodayunlesstheirjourneysareabsolutelynecessary.Warnedagainst/offgoingtotheeastbecauseitwassofulloftourist.WhenIhadmyfirstbaby,friendswarnedmethatchildrenwereexpensive.17LanguagePointsII3.resultin&resultfrom:“Resultin”means“makesthhappen”,while“resultfrom”means“bethecauseofsth”.Carelessnessusuallyresultsinmistakes.Hisdifficultyinwalkingresultsfromachildhooddisease.4.Beyond(line7)means“outsideorafter(astatedlimit)”Fewpeoplelivebeyondtheageofahundred.Thisworkcouldtakeusintotheyear2000andbeyond.Shehadbeenlearningtoswimforfouryearsbuthadnotyetprogressedbeyondthebeginner’sstage.18LanguagePointsIII4.“subject…to”(L19)and“subjectto”Thewordsubjectin“subject...to”isaverbandanadjectivein“subjectto”.“Subject(sborsth)tosth”means“cause(sborsth)toexperiencesth,especiallysthunpleasant”,while“subjectto”means“dependonthestatedthinghappening”.“Ididn’twanttosubjecthimtothelongjourney,”shesaid.Everyoneinterviewedhadbeensubjectedtounfairtreatment.Theprojectwillgoaheadsubjecttotheboard’sapproval.19LanguagePointsIV5.revealing:adj.givingsome,erestingorunexpectedinformationwhichhadbeenunknown坦陳的，揭露性的，揭示內(nèi)情的ShemadesomeveryrevealingcommentswhenIhadaprivatechatwithher.6.Lethal:adj.(havingthepowerof)causingdeath致命的，殺傷性的，（會(huì)）致死的Ahammercanbealethalweapon.Alethaldoseofadrug藥劑的致死量Thatcocktaillooksfairlylethal!那雞尾酒看起來濃度相當(dāng)高。20LanguagePointsV7.revinfmlv.toincreasethespeedof(anengine)增加發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速--Don’trevupyourenginesoloudly--you’llwakethebaby.--Weneedtorevuptheproductionifwearegoingtoreachourtargetforthisyear.--Wecouldhearacarrevvingupinthedriveway.8.lull1)v.Tocausetosleep,rest,orbecomelessactive--Themovementofthetrainlulledmetosleep.--Theirplanwastolulltheiropponentsintoafalsesenseofsecurity,andthenstrike.21LanguagePointsVI2).n.Ashortperiodofreducedactivity暫?；顒?dòng)的一段短時(shí)間alullinthefighting注：lull用于此義后面跟介詞in22SentenceAppraisal1.Musicmaysoothethesavagebreastbutitcanalsodamageyourhealthwhenyouareatthewheel.Thisisaveryvividfigurativesayingcalledmetonymy(借代).Ametonymyconsistsintheuseofthenameofonethingforthenameofanotherwhichiscloselyassociatedwithitorwhichitclearlysuggests.Forexample:Wearetoldtorespectgrayhairs.(=oldpeople)Giveeverymanthineearandfewthyvoice.(yourhearingandfewyourwords)---ShakespeareShelookedoutofherwindowonedayandgaveherheart(=love)tothegrocer’syoungman.---O.Henry23SentenceAppraise2.Soremember,ifmusicbethefoodoflove,doitslowly,especiallyifyou’redriving,thenwecanall“play”on.句中的謂語是be型的虛擬式。有時(shí)在if,whether,whatever,lest等詞引導(dǎo)的從句中使用。--Ifanypersonfoundguilty,hewouldbepunished.--Everyonewasbornequal,whetherhebeblackorwhite.--Whateverbethereason,herefusedtogo.同時(shí)此句還運(yùn)用了修辭手法，metaphor(暗喻)--Sheisreallyaduck;hethought.(Galsworthy)她真是一個(gè)可愛的人，他心里想著。24SentenceAppraiseSomebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(Bacon)Also,hehadmoneyinhispocket,and,asintheolddayswhenapayday,hemadethemoneyfly.(J.London)

還有，當(dāng)他袋里有錢的時(shí)候，象過去發(fā)薪的日子一樣，他揮金如土。25OralWorkshop1.MusicandYou1)Sample--Ipreferlightmusicbecauseitmakesmefeelrelaxed.Lightmusicalsocreatesapeacefulenvironment.--Ipreferrockmusicbecauseitmakesmeexcitedandenergetic.--Iprefercountrymusicbecauseitisbeautifulandputsmeinalightmood.--Ilikepopmusicbecauseitiseasytofollowandiscloselyrelatedtoourdailylife.26OralWorkshop--Ipreferfolkmusicbecauseitoftentellsastoryaboutordinarypeople.--IpreferChinesepopmusicbecauseitismoremeaningfulforme.--Llikelovesongsbecausetheyareromantic.2)Sample--Amongthecomposers,IlikeBeethoventhemost,Ilikehissymphonies,especiallyhisFifthSymphony.Itisthought-provoking.WheneverIfeelunhappyandcan’tfindawayoutofadifficultsituation,I’lllistentohismusic.27OralWorkshop--Amongsingers,Ilike____th