英美文學(xué)重點(diǎn)作者匯總

早期和中世紀(jì)的英國文學(xué)GeoffreyChaucerii簡介：GeoffreyChauceristhefounderofEnglishpoetryandaforerunnerofhumanism.HewasregardedasthefounderofEnglishrealism.代表作：TroilusandCriseyde《特洛伊斯洛與克瑞西達(dá)》（改變于意大利）；TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》（包括：ThePrologue"《總序》；TheWifeofBath”《巴斯婦人》）。TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》的影響：①Itshowsatrue-to-lifepictureofChaucer'time.（之所以說喬叟是Thefounderofrealism，是因?yàn)樵缙谟膶W(xué)歌頌英雄（Anglo-Saxonpoetry），中期英國文學(xué)歌頌騎士精神（TheRomanee），之后雖然有了pierstheplowman,也不曾直接寫社會不公，直到喬叟真實(shí)描寫中世紀(jì)及各層人民。）②Takingfromthestandofrisingbourgeoisie,ChauceraffirmsmenandopposesthedogmaofasceticismpreachedbytheChurch.③Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime,attackdegenerationofthenoble,thecorruptionoftheChurch.語言特色/貢獻(xiàn)：①HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteintheEnglishlanguage.②HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytheHeroiccouplettoEnglishpoetry.③Heisgoodattheterzarima,whichmakeshislanguageahighstyle.ThomasMoreii簡介：ThomasMoreisanEnglishhumanismchurchman.代表作：Utopia《烏托邦》。評價：①M(fèi)oredaredtofightagainstthefeudalismrulerandhewasahumanist.②But,hewasnorevolutionaryinthesenseofwishingtoarousethepeopleortostartanyrevolutionarymovement.③Thesystemofbondsmensuggestedtosolvetheproblemofsocialproductivitystillremainsthefeaturesofclassexploitation.④Hecouldneverfindthemeansbywhichsocialismcouldberealized.FrancisBacon簡介：HeisthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy,thefirstEnglishessayistandthefounderofEnglishModernScienee.Heistheonewhointroducedessay,theliteraryform,toEngland.代表作：AdvancementofLearning《學(xué)問的演進(jìn)》；NewInstrument《新工具》；TheEssays《隨筆》（58篇）OfStudies”《論學(xué)習(xí)》；OfBeauty”《論美》；OfWisdomforaMan'Self”《論自私》。OfStudies”《論學(xué)習(xí)》：Itsmessageisconveyedwithsweepingeffectandoverwhelmingpower,whichlieintheunityofthemessageandtheconsisteneeofforcefulargumentations.內(nèi)容：Thetextfocusesononecontrollingideastudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.”O(jiān)fBeauty”《論美》：Unlikemanyofhiscontemporaries,Baconmakesfulluseofsomeageravocabularytoexplicatehisgreattheme:thecriterionofbeauty.Hemakesaconclusionthatonlythebeautyofvirtuecan§hine”eternally,beyondtimeandspace.主題/技法：Bacon'essaywritingisclassifiedintoClassicEssay.Theclassicessayisascomprehensiveinsubjectmattersandstylesasinallclassicliterature.Insubjects,theclassicessaydealswithavarietyofthemes:philosophy,literarycriticism,arts,politics,history,socialproblems,travelsandotheraspectsoflife.Instyle,Baconisweightandhighlysententious.Manyofhissentenceshavebecomewiseoldsayings.EdmundSpenser簡介：EdmundSpenserwasrecognizedasthePoet'spoet”.代表作：TheShepherd'sCalendar《牧羊人日歷》；Epithalamion《結(jié)婚曲》；Amoritti《愛情小唱》；TheFaerieQueene《仙后》。TheSpenserianStanza:Itreferstoanine-line-stanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:ababbcbcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterwhichiscalledanalexandrine.TheFaerieQueene《仙后》：①Alongpoemplannedin12books,ofwhichhefinishedonlysix.②ItissetinthemythicalworldofKingArthurandhisknights.③theme:Nationalism,HumanismandPuritanism.地位：①ThepublicationofTheShepherd'CalendarmarkedthebuddingoftheRenaissaneeflowerinthenorthernislandofEngland（lreland）.②ThelanguagehadchangedintoModernEnglishdistinguishedfromtheMiddleEnglishofChaucer'sday.Spenseristhefirstmastertomakethatlanguagethenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions.③HeinventedtheSpenserianstanza,whichbecameapopularverseforminthehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishpoetry.ChristopherMarloweii簡介：ChristopherMarlowewasthemostpreeminentfigureamongthe“universitywits”,aswellasthegreatestplaywrightbeforetheriseofShakespeare.代表作：Tamburlaine《帖木兒大帝》（對權(quán)力的貪婪）；TheJewofMalta《馬耳他的猶太人》（對金錢的貪欲）；DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》。DoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》：Theplaydealswiththemesincludingsin,redemption,anddamnation.ThechieffeatureofFaustus'scharacterisaninsatiablethirstforknowledge.ThetragedyofDoctorFaustusischaracteristicofahumanistintheageofRenaissance.社會意義：①M(fèi)arlowe'playsshowthespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie.Theheroesofhisplaysaretypicalimagesoftheeraoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital.②ThethemeofMarlowe'playsisthepraiseofindividualityfreedfromtherestraintsofmedievaldogmasandlaw.③However,theheroesinMarlowe'splaysaremerelyindividualists.Theirindividualisticambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandsometimestothemselves.文學(xué)成就：①M(fèi)arlowewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.HereformedtheEnglishdramaandperfectedthelanguageandverseofdramaticworks.②HefirstmadeblankversetheprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama.③Althoughhisplayslackofvarietyincharacterizationandconstruction,hewasfamousforhis“mightyline”.WilliamShakespeare簡介：Shakespeareisthemostremarkableplaywrightandpoetallovertheworld.戲劇分期：①1590-1594初期，實(shí)驗(yàn)各種戲劇類型。早期人物塑造不夠豐滿，歷史精確性不夠，以詩劇為主要形式卻無法擺脫押韻詩的死板僵硬。HenryVI《亨利六世》；RichardIll《理查德三世》；TheComedyofErrors《錯中錯》；TheTamingoftheShrew《馴悍記》；Love'sLabour'Lost?愛的徒勞》；RomeoandJuliet《羅密歐與朱麗葉》。②1595-1600成熟期，史劇、十四行詩都很成熟?？傮w上積極向上但已有了些許苦痛，人物成熟飽滿，史料豐富，采用馬洛的無韻詩寫法。RichardII《理查德二世》；HenryIV《亨利四世》；HenryV《亨利五世》；TheMerryWivesofWindsor《溫莎的風(fēng)流娘們》；JuliusCaesar《朱利尤斯?凱撒》；偉大喜劇"GreatComedies”AMidsummerNight'Dream《仲夏夜之夢》，TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》；AsYouLikeit《皆大歡喜》；TwelfthNight《第十二夜》。③1601-1607偉大悲劇時期，由于社會劇變，作品悲觀。All'sWellThatEndsWell《終成眷屬》；MeasureforMeasure《一報還一報》；AntonyandCleopatra《安東尼和克里奧佩特拉》；偉大悲劇"GreatTragedies”Hamlet《哈姆萊特》；Othello《奧賽羅》；KingLear《李爾王》；Macbeth《麥克白》。④傳奇劇時代。Cymbeline《辛白林》；TheWinter'Tale《冬天的童話》；TheTempest《暴風(fēng)雨》；HenryVIII《亨利八世》。⑤詩歌：VenusandAdonis《維納斯和阿多尼斯》；TheRapeofLucrece《魯克麗絲受辱記》；Sonnets《十四行詩集》。BenJonson簡介：BenJonsonwasoneoftheleadingdramatistsoftheRenaissanceperiod.代表作：EveryManinHisHumour《個性互異》；Volpone,ortheFox《福爾蓬奈》（或《狐貍》）；TheAlchemist《煉金術(shù)士》；BartholomewFair《巴梭羅繆市集》。作品特點(diǎn)：①Jonson'scomediesarecomediesofhumours”.Hisportrayalofcharactersisone-sided,flat,andlackingdevelopmentinsteadofbeingroundandflexible.②Jonsontookafirmstandforthethreeunities”（time,placeandaction）andstronglydisapprovedofamixtureofseriousandcomicepisodesinaplay.③Headvocatesatruthfulandrealisticdescriptionoflifeandpeople.HewasaforerunnerofclassicisminEnglishliterature.三、英國資產(chǎn)階級革命時期JohnMilton簡介：JohnMiltonisthethirdgreatestEnglishpoetafterChaucerandShakespeare.早期寫詩歌，中期寫宣傳冊，晚期寫史詩。代表作：Lycidas”《利西達(dá)斯》（悼亡詩）；OnhisDeceasedWife"《致亡妻》；Areopagirica《論岀版自由》；DefeneeoftheEnglishPeople《為英國人民辯護(hù)》（查理二世雇人寫文章討伐英國人民，因?yàn)楫?dāng)年他們支持處死查理一世，米爾頓寫此文為英國人民辯護(hù)。）；ParadiseLost《失樂園》；ParadiseRegained《復(fù)樂園》；SamsonAgonistes《力士參孫》。ParadiseLost《失樂園》：概況：Paradiselost,consistingof12books,naturallydividesintothreeequalpartsoffourbookseach.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheOldTestamentandwritteninblankverse.InthisworkMiltontriedtoanswertheoldquestionchallengingallChristians,namely:ifGodisall-goodandall-powerful,whyistheresomuchsufferingandevilinthisworld?主題：Therearethreestrikingaspectsofhisintentioncanbefeltinthisepic:hisfaithinGod,hisinclinationforclassicism,andhisyearningforreformationandfreedom.人物：①Satan,thoughdefeated,stillsoughtrevenge,isthemoststrikingcharacterinthepoem.Thoughfeeblerinforce,heremainssuperiorinnobility,sinceheprefersindependencetohappyservility.SatanisthespiritofquestioningtheauthorityofGod.②InthepoemGodisnobetterthanaselfishdespot,seateduponathronewithachorusofangelsabouthimeternallysinginghispraises.However,wecannevertakeitforgrantedthatMiltonisattackingGod.TheGodMiltoncursedwas,infact,nottheChristianProvideneebutameresymbolforanythinghebelievedtobebadorimmoral.③AdamandEveembodyMilton'beliefinthepowersofman.貢獻(xiàn)/技法：①M(fèi)iltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.②HewrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HeandShakespearehavealwaysbeenregardedastwopatternsofEnglishverse.③Heisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.④Heisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstyle.（a）.Hisstyleischaracterizedwiththeepicelementsinit.（b）.Healwaysinversethewordorder.（c）.Hiswritingiscircumlocution（累贅的陳述）.（d）.Hisuseofimmenselylongsentencesandtheepanalepsis（語句間隔反復(fù)）⑤Hehasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.四、十八世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)（思想啟蒙時期）AlexanderPope簡介：AlexanderPopewasknownasrepresentativeoftheEnlightenment.HeisoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismintoEngland.Hebelievedinthenecessityofuniversaleducation,especiallythatofsocialmorality,classiccultureandscientificknowledge.Healsoassumedtheroleofchampionoftraditionalcivilization.（為什么說他是啟蒙運(yùn)動的代表）。代表作：EssayonCriticism《論批評》（用英雄雙韻體作）；TheRapeoftheLock《卷發(fā)遇劫記》；TheDunciad《群愚史記》；EssayonMan《人論》（啟蒙主義重要的作品）。成就/局限性：①PopewasanoutstandingenlightenerandthegreatestEnglishpoetoftheclassicalschoolinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.Heusuallywritesintheformofheroiccouplets.②Hisstyleisdirectandcompact.③Hewasathisbestinsatireandepigram.Almostallhisworksaresatires.Heisgoodatsayingbrilliantandtruethingsinasparklingway.Buthelackedthelyricalgift.DanielDefoe（賞析）iiDesertIslandFiction:isaformoffictioninwhicharemoteanduncivilizedislandisusedasthevenueofthestoryandaction.Usuallyitcanbeplacedrightoutsidethereal"worldandmaybeanimageoftheideal,unspoiledorprimitiveexistenee,foritisoftenpresentedasanexampleofinnergoodness,bravery,dignityandnobility,oradolescentinnocenceandpurityuncorruptedbytheevilforceineivilization.寫作技巧：Defoewroteinaplainfactual,almostdocumentarystylewithoutelaborate,romanticextravagancesandencouragedthedevelopmentofrealisticfiction.Hisvocabularyiscolloquial,uncolouredandfree-running,butfirmandconcrete.Thefirst-personnarrationisvivid,authenticandimpressivewithunadornedrealism.Defoecreates,withnosighofdeliberateintent,therealisticfiction——thedominantliteraryformforthefollowingcenturies.內(nèi)容：HereDefoedescribeshowthehero,afteryearsofsolitudeandhardships,managedtoconstructforhimselfahabitableandevenprosperoussettlementbyhisunaidedeffort.殖民主義表現(xiàn)：ActuallyCrusoedidmorethanmeresurvival,forheestablishedaplantation,openedupacolony,andcreatedevenacivilizationinthewilderness.人物精神：DefoepresentshereinCrusoeaheroicimageofthebourgeoisman,amanwhoisdaring,persistent,resourcefulandambitious,adventurous,enterprisingaswell;amanwhorichlyrepresentsthespiritofcapitalism.贊頌了：Theadventureromaneebecomesanoptimisticsongofhumanity,singingofman'abilitytosurvive,hiscouragetostruggleagainstnature,hisambitiontoconquernewland.HenryFielding簡介：HenryFieldingisthefounderoftheEnglishrealisticschoolinliteraturewithSamuelRichardson.代表作：JosephAndrews《約瑟夫?安德魯》；JonathanWild《大偉人喬納森?魏爾德》；TomJones《湯姆?瓊斯》。特點(diǎn)：①FieldingisthefounderoftheEnglishrealisticnovelandsetsupthetheoryofrealisminliterarycreation.②Fielding'wayintellingthestoryofanovelisthestorymaybetoldbytheauthor.③Fielding'wayofsatireistoslashtheevilsofthecorruptrulingclassesasinJonathanWild.JonathanSwift簡介：JonathanSwiftwasanIrishsatirist,essayist,poetandpoliticalpamphleteer.代表作：TheBattleoftheBooks《書戰(zhàn)》；ATaleofaTub《一個木桶的故事》；BickerstaffAlmanac《比克斯塔輔歷書》；Gulliver'Travels《格列夫游記》；TheDrapier'Letters《一個麻布商的來信》；AModestProposal《一個小小的建議》。風(fēng)格：①SwiftisoneofthegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.Hislanguageissimple,clearandvigorous.Hesaid,Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionofastyle.”②Heisamastersatiristandhisironyisdeadly.WilliamBlake（前浪漫主義詩人）簡介：WilliamBlakeisaBritishpoet,painterandengraver.代表作：SongsofInnocence《天真之歌》；SongsofExperienee《經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌》；TheMarriageofHeavenandHell《天堂與地獄的婚姻》。地位：①ThewholetemperofBlake'geniuswasessentiallyopposedtotheclassicaltraditionofthatage.②Hislyricpoetrydisplaysthecharacteristicsoftheromanticspirit.③Blake'revolutionarypassioncamenearthatofShelly.五、英國浪漫主義時期浪漫主義時期的主要特點(diǎn)：時間：Attheturnofthe18thand19thcenturies,romanticismappearedinEnglandasanewtrendinliterature.ItroseandgrewundertheimpetusoftheIndustrialRevolutionandFrenchRevolution.①TheRomanticPeriodisoneofpoeticalrevival.Itisaperiodofpoetry.Emotion,imaginationandintuitionofhumankindarewhattheromanticistsemphasizeintheirworks.②Thegeneralfeatureoftheworksoftheromanticistsisthedissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety.③Theypaymoreattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman.Natureplaysanimportantroleintheirworks.WilliamWordsworth（湖畔詩人，消極浪漫主義詩人，早期浪漫主義詩人）簡介：TherepresentativeofthepassiveRomanticpoets,whoexpressedthedeepestaspirationsofEnglishRomanticism.Hehasinnovatedthetraditionalformofballad.HeandColeridgejointlypublishedtheLyricalBallads《抒情歌謠集》in1798.TheprefacetotheLyricalBallads:（詩歌創(chuàng)作原貝U）①Wordsworthbasedhisownpoeticalprincipleonthepremisethatallgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeeling”.Heappealedtoindividualsensationasthefoundationinthecreationandappreciationofpoetry.②Poetrytakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility”.③詩歌要用普通人的語言寫普通生活中的普通事。代表作："TotheCuckoo"《致杜鵑》；"lWanderedLonelyasaCloud”《我如行云獨(dú)自游》；"SheDweltamongtheUntroddenWays”《獨(dú)自幽居》（LucyPoems中的一首）；“ITravelledamongUnknownMen”《我曾在海外的異鄉(xiāng)漫游》。寫作手法/特色:simplicityandpurityofhislanguage;Histhemeisbacktonature"whichisoriginatedfromhisdissatisfactionwiththesocialrealityundercapitalism;Nearlyallofhisgoodpoetrywaswrittenduringthefirstdecadeofhisliterarycareer.SamuelTaylorColeridge簡介：SamuelTaylorColeridgewasthefirstcriticoftheRomanticschool.代表作：TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”《古舟子詠》；KublaKhan”《忽必烈汗》；BiographiaLiteraria,orSketchesofMyLiteraryLifeandOpinions《文學(xué)傳記或我的文學(xué)生涯和文學(xué)觀點(diǎn)》。貢獻(xiàn)：HisBiographiaLiterariaaffordedthenewRomanticpoetryanewprincipleofcriticism,whosetaskwasnottojudgebuttoappreciateandinterpret.GeorgeGordonByron（晚期浪漫主義詩人，積極浪漫主義時期）簡介：ByronisoneofthegreatestromanticpoetsinEngland.HecreatedtheByronichero”,whichhadagreatinflueneeintheliteraryfield.代表作：ChildeHarold'Pilgrimage《恰爾德?哈羅德游記》；ThePrisonerofChillon《錫隆的囚徒》；DonJuan《唐璜》；SheWalksinBeauty”《她走在美的光影中》；ElegyonThyrza”《賽沙挽歌》（即：AndThouArtDead”《你已經(jīng)長逝》）；Elegy”《挽歌》。AndThouArtDead”《你已經(jīng)長逝》：ItisanelegiacpoemwrittenbyByronwhoattemptstoexpresshisfeelingsoflossuponthedeathofanorientalgirlandalsoshowhisgreataffectiontothisyoungbeautifullady.Byronicheroes（拜倫式英雄）：ItreferstocharactersdescribedinByron'workswhoaremenwithfierypassionsandunbendingwillandexpressthepoet'ownidealoffreedom.缺點(diǎn)：Theseheroesriseagainsttyrannyandinjustice,buttheyaremerelylonefightersstrivingforpersonalfreedomandsomeindividualisticends.PercyByssheShelley簡介：ShelleyandByronarejustifiablyregardedastwogreatpoetsofrevolutionaryromanticisminEngland.Helovedthepeopleandhatedtheiroppressorsandexploiters.Hecalledonthepeopletooverthrowtheruleoftyrannyandinjusticeandprophesiedahappyandfreefutureformankind.代表作：QueenMab《麥布女王》；TheRevoltofIslam《伊斯蘭的起義》；PrometheusUnbound《解放了的普羅米修斯》；TheMasqueofAnarchy《假面的游行》；Adonais《阿多尼》（給濟(jì)慈寫的挽歌）；ADefeneeofPoetry《詩辯》（散文）；OdetotheWestWind”《西風(fēng)頌》；OneWordisTooOftenProfaned”《有一個字常被人褻瀆》；ToaSky-Lark"《致云雀》。QueenMab《麥布女王》：Itisarevolutionarypoem.ItcontainsalmostallShelley'majorsocialandpoliticalideas.缺:However,.ShelleyinthispoemwasmealyaUtopian-socialistinviews,lookingforwardtoahappyfutureformankindbutrejectingthepathofrevolutionbyviolenee.JohnKeats簡介：ArepresentativeofthesecondgenerationEnglishRomanticpoets.代表作：長詩：Endymion《恩底彌翁》（紀(jì)念ThomasChatterton，女神與美麗的牧羊人）；Isabella《伊莎貝拉》（根據(jù)薄卡丘的《十日談》所改，講伊莎貝拉將愛人的頭顱放在花盆里，每天守護(hù)他）；TheEveofSt.Agnes《圣阿格尼斯前夜》（與羅密歐朱麗葉的故事相似，圣阿格尼絲前夜，虔誠的少女可以夢見自己的丈夫）；Lamia《拉米亞》（有點(diǎn)類似《白蛇傳》，蛇女愛上凡人）。短詩："OdetoaNightingale”《夜鶯頌》；OdeonaGrecianUrn”《希臘古甕頌》；ToAutumn”《秋頌》。OdeonaGrecianUrn”《希臘古甕頌》：（部分內(nèi)容賞析）Thoughthesculptureontheurnwerequietforms,thehumanbeautyandlovecapturedinthefiguresonitsfreezecanneverfadeordieastheydoinreallife.Thustheurnremainsforeveratestimonythatbeautyistruth,truthbeauty”，foritssilentlovelinesshastheprofoundstabilityoftheeternal.ToAutumn"《秋頌》：（部分內(nèi)容賞析）Althoughthelaststanzafallsonamixednoteofsubduedjoyandmildmelancholy,thewholepoemgivesusvividanddelightfulscenesoftheruralenvironmentintheautumnseason.Keatscelebratestheworldofnatureintheautumnseason,with“autumnpersonifiedasafigureinvariousautumnallandscapes.Hedescribesthefruitfulnessofautumn,thesoundofautumnandthecolorofautumn.“OdetoaNightingale"《夜鶯頌》：（部分內(nèi)容賞析）Inthisode,Keatsnotonlyexpresseshisrapturesuponhearingthebeautifulsongsofthenightingaleandhisdesiretogototheetherealworldofbeautytogetherwiththebird,burhealsoshowshisdeepsympathyforandhiskeenunderstandingohhumanmiseriesinthesocietyinwhichhelived.手法/特色：①獨(dú)特之處：Hebelongstotheschoolofromanticism,butunlikeByronandShelley,hewasnotactiveintheexpressionofhisradicallypoliticalsympathies.Herestrictedhisapplicationoftheprincipleoflibertytothesphereofartonly.Theartisticaiminhispoetrywasalwaystocreateabeautifulworldofimaginationasopposedtothesordidrealityofhisday.Hewroteforbeauty,hisleadingprincipleis:Beautyintruth,truthinbeauty.”②作詩技巧：Heexpressesthedelightwhichcomesnotonlythroughtheeyeandtheearbutthroughthesensesoftouch,tasteandsmell.SoKeatshasalwaysbeenknownasasensuouspoet.③對藝術(shù)執(zhí)著的原因：Atthebottomofhispoemslieshisdissatisfactionwiththesocietyinwhichhelivedandexperieneedgreatmiseriesandsufferings.英國浪漫主義時期的散文成就時代背景：Inthe19thcenturyperiodicalsincreasedandmodernmagazinessprangup.Theywereinstrumentaltotherapiddevelopmentofessays,bothformalandinformal,whichbecameverypopular.主要的散文家：Underthisencouragementappearedanumberofbrilliantessayists,suchasLamb,Hazlitt,HuntandDeQuincy.時代大事件：Theseprose-writerworkedundertheinflueneeoftheFrenchRevolutioninpoliticsandoftheRomanticMovementinliterature.他們的風(fēng)格：Theydidnotwriteaccordingtotheoldrulesandmodelsofclassicismbutmadetheinformalessayapliablevehicleforexpressingthewriter'ownpersonality,thusbringingintoEnglishliteraturethefamiliaressay（小品文）.ThisnewformofliteratureisbestrepresentedbyLamb.CharlesLamb簡介：CharlesLambwasimportantinEnglishliteratureforhiscontributiontotheessays.代表作：HismostwellknownliteraryworkisTalesfromShakespeare《莎士比亞戲居9故事集》，whichhewrotewithhissister；EssaysofElia《伊利亞隨筆集》。散文特點(diǎn)：A.ThemoststrikingfeatureofLamb'essaysishishumor.Laughterinhisessaysisoftenmingledwithtearsandthereissadnessbehindhishumor.B.Hisessaysarefulloflongandcuriouswords.C.Hewasaromanticist,buthisromanticismwastheromanticistofthecity.HisimaginationwasfiredwiththebusylifeofLondon.WilliamHazlitt①簡介：Hazlitt'firstfamecameasliterarycritic.代表作：LecturesontheEnglishPoets《評英國詩人》；TheEnglishComicWriters《評英國戲劇作家》（對復(fù)辟時期喜劇的評價）；TableTalk《桌邊閑談》；SketchesandEssays《札記與散文》。②浪漫主義文學(xué)批評的特點(diǎn)：HazlittisoneoftherepresentativesofRomanticcriticismwhotookindividualtasteasthefoundationofliterarycriticism,insteadofuniversalreason.WalterScott簡介：WalterScottfatheredthehistoricalnovelinEnglandandEurope.Hischiefachievementwasthe20novelshewrote,whichhavegivenhimauniqueplaceintheliteraryhistory.代表作：Waverley《威弗利》（蘇格蘭史）；RobRoy《羅伯?羅伊》（蘇格蘭史）；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》（英國史）。寫作特征：①Scotthasanoutstandinggiftofvivifyingthepast.②Inhisnovels,historicaleventsarecloselyinterwovenwiththefatesofindividuals.③Scott'literarycareermarksthetransitionfromthromanticismtorealisminEnglishliteratureofthe19century.六、英國批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時期CharlesDickens（賞析）iiProblemnovel:（問題小說）Problemnovel,thetypeofprosefictionthatderivesitschiefinterestfromworkingout,throughcharactersandincidents,somecentralproblem”，isoftenconsideredasub-typeofrealismandnaturalism.Moreorlessitfocusesonsocialrealityoractualexperieneeratherthanpsychologicalpresentation.Problemnovels'exposuresareatmostsatiric,ironicandsometimesexaggeratedtoadramaticextent.背景：HardTimesisperhapsthemostsuccessfulnoveltosatirizetheeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolutioninNorthernEngland”.UnderDickens'pen,Coketown,whichisportrayedasatriumphoffact”andhavingnogreatertaintoffancyinit,”givesastrikingimpressionofpollutednessandmonotonythenegativeeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolution.主題：Thenovelinvestigatesthecentralissuesoftheclashbetweenfactandfancy”andtheneedforahealthyimaginativelifewithaproperbalaneeforworkandplay.”HereDickensaimshiscriticismmainlyatthetheoryofutilitarianismthekeynoteofthenovel,whichconstructsthevalueproblemofthemid-nineteenth-centuryEnglishsocietyaswellasthecentralthemeofHardTimes.工業(yè)化的主要思潮實(shí)用主義對當(dāng)時社會與人們帶來的負(fù)面影響：Thementalityofindustrialization,inDickens'HardTimesatleast,correspondswellwiththeideaofutilitarianism,andasfarasthecityofCoketownisconcerned,hasproduceddevastatingeffects,notonlyuponthecityitself,butalsouponthepeoplewhodwellthere.Foronething,Coketownisturnedintoahelloffilth,lackingdiversityandliveliness;foranother,onegroupofpeoplelikeGradgrindactaccordingtotheirprinciplesofself-interest,devoidoffancy,imaginationandhumancompassions.Anothergroupisrenderedascharactersfilledwithkindness,formingaconspicuouscontrastwiththeutilitarianandselfishpeople.簡介：CharlesDickenswasthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism.代表作：SketchesbyBoz〈〈博茲隨筆》；ThePickwickPapers《匹克威克外傳》；OliverTwist《霧都孤兒》；NicholasNickleby《尼古拉斯?尼克爾貝》；TheOldCuriosityShop《老古玩店》；MartinChuzzlewit《馬丁?瞿述偉》；AChristmasCarol《圣誕頌歌》；TheChimes《鐘聲》；TheCricketontheHearty《爐邊蟋蟀》；Dombeyandson《董貝父子》；DavidCropperfield《大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾》；BleakHouse《荒涼山莊》；HardTimes《艱難時刻》；LittleDorrit《小杜麗》；ATaleofTwoCities《雙城記》；GreatExpectations《遠(yuǎn)大前程》；OurMutualFriend《我們共同的朋友》。作品特色：①Asanovelist,Dickensisrememberedfirstofallforhischaracter-portrayal.Everycharacterhiscreativefingertouchedcomesalive.②AnotherfeatureofDickens'fictionalartishishumourandsatire.③IntermsoftheconstructioninDickens'novels,themainplotisofteninterwovenwithmorethanonesub-plot.④Dickensisrememberednotforonemasterpiecebutforacreativeworld.CharlotteBronte（賞析）iiFeministnovel:Generalspeaking,thetermfeministnovel”referstoworksaboutwomenbywomennovelists.ItfirstappearedinEnglandduringthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyanddevelopedinthe19thandthe20thcenturies.總述：JaneEyreisCharlotteBronte'sbestliteraryproduction.Thenovelisautobiographical,inthatitclearlyleansonCharlotte'sownexperienceasagovernessandthefeelingofhumiliationitproducesinher.Itisanovelofpassion,loveandmystery.人物：EdwardRochesterisaproud,masterful,sardoniccharacter,seeminglyharshandmorose.Janeisplainandslightinbuild,butshehasawillfulnessandspiritednessofherownandcangiveasgoodasshegetsinawarofwords,evenwithherdomineeringmaster.JaneEyre,throughthefirst-personnarrative,becomesanintenselyrealheroine.Fromherspeechaboutlove,wecanlearnthatthehumblestpersonalsohastherighttoaffectionandself-realization,honestyandintegrity.Lovedoesn'tmeananequalityinalegalorpoliticalsense,butanequalityinemotionandspirit.EmilyBronte（賞析）iiWutheringHeightsisnotedforitsintensepsychologicaldescription.題目：“Heights”means“highplace.”“Wuthering”isasignificantprovincialadjectiveusedtodescribethesoundofnorthwindblowinginstormyweather.Theauthorchosethistitleinordertotellthereadersaboutwhathappenedinthisterriblestormyweather.Inthishighplace,there'refewpeople,onlythisterriblesound“wuthering”.敘事手法：Beginningnearthedenouementandtracingbacktotheeventslongbefore,thestoryisunfoldedinanunusualway,andtoldchieflybytwonarrators——LockwoodandNellyDean,withsupplementarymateriallikeCatherine'sdiary.HavingthestoryrelatedtoLockwoodbyNellyremovesthereaderfromdirectcontactwiththewildandimprobableeventsdescribed.Throughthesetwinmediums,theeventsofWutheringHeightsarecredibletothereaders.場景：Thetwohouses,WutheringHeightsandThrushcrossGrange,embodythetwomajorprinciplesoflifeinthisnovel:stormandcalm.TheinhabitantsoftheHeightsseemtobecreatureofthestormandviolenceistheirnaturallanguage.人物名稱：EmilyBronte'spurposeinusingthenameCathyforthefirstCatherine'sdaughteristoshowthedamageonegenerationdoestothesubsequentone.CathymarrieshercousinandbecomesCatherineHeathcliff,thenamehermothermighthavehad.ThenameHeathcliffisthecombinationofheathandcliff,whichmeanssomeweedgrowingonthecliff.OnecanfindthattheroadtoWutheringHeightswascoveredwithheath.ThisnameindicatesHeathcliff'scharacter:stubborn,self-reliance.主題：Thethemeofthisnovelistheextremeloveandhatred.GeorgeEliot簡介：MostofGeorgeEliot'sworksdealtwithmoralproblemsandcontainedpsychologicalstudiesofcharacter.代表作：AdamBede《亞當(dāng)貝德》；TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；SilasMarner《織工馬南》；Middlemarch《米德爾馬鍥》。特點(diǎn)：①Hercharacterswerenotgrotesquetypes,butrealcommonmenandwomen,whosepsychologyEliotrevealedveryskillfullytothereader.②Herworkstosomeextendmarksretrogression:Sheshiftedthecentreofgravityinthenovelfromthesocialproblemstotheproblemsofreligionandmorality.Shecherishedtheillusionthathumanityandlovecoulddoawaywiththeevilsofcapitalism.七、19世紀(jì)中后期的散文家和詩人（維多利亞時期）MatthewArnold簡介：Asapoet,Arnoldprovidesanexampleof“asickindividualinasicksociety”.Apparentlydissatisfiedwiththereflectivepoetryhewaswriting,heturnedtoliteraryandsocialcriticism.代表作：“DoverBeach”《多弗海岸》；EssaysinCriticism《評論文集》；CultureandAnarchy《文化與無政府主義》。文學(xué)批評原^0：①Disinterestedness”isthefirstnecessityinaliterarycritic.②Thefunctionofliterarycriticismistofindandpropagatethebestwhichhasbeenthoughtandsaidintheworld.③Hepaidgreatattentiontothemoralvaluesofpoetry.

社會批評：①Arnold'socialcriticismdealswiththewholestructureofEnglishcivilizationandculture.Accordingtohim,EnglishsocietyofhistimewascomposedofBarbarians,PhilistinesandPopulace”.Arnoldbelievedthattheworldofthefuturewouldbeamiddle-classworldandthemiddleclassescouldbeeducatedtobebetterqualifiedforthetaskofgoverningthecountry.AlfredTennyson簡介：AlfredTennyson,themostimportantpoetoftheVictorianAge.代表作：“Break，Break,Break”《碎了，碎了，碎了》；Maud《莫德》；TheIdyllsoftheKing《國王敘事詩》（根據(jù)亞瑟王）；）；InMemoriam評價：Tennysonwasatypicalpoetoftheself-complacentVictorianmiddle-classes.RobertBrowning簡介：BrowningandTennysonwerethetwomostimportantpoetsoftheVictorianPeriod.代表作：Strafford《斯特拉?！?；PippaPasses《皮帕經(jīng)過》；TheRingandtheBook《指環(huán)與書》；DramaticLyrics《戲居9抒情詩》；DramaticRomancesandLyrics《戲居9浪漫詩與抒情詩》；DramaticPersonae《戲劇人生》。特點(diǎn)：Browning'sprincipalachievementliesinhisintroducingtoEnglishpoetryanewform,thedramaticmonologue.八、八、ThomasHardy（賞析）ii地方色彩小說：角色：TesswaspresentedbyHardyas“apurewoman”.HertragedyexposesthepruderyandhypocrisyofVictoriansocietyandtheinjusticeofsociety'sattitudetowomen.Hertragedy,infact,isatragedyofVictoriansocietywhichrejectedarealhumanbeing.Inthischapter,HardysuccessfullyexposedAngel'spsychologicalinsightandcreatedapersonwhoistornbetweenthetraditionaldogmaandhislovetoTess.Herefusesthetraditionalprinciple,butinhismindhecannotabandonitsfetter.Itishisconflictthatmakeshimasufferinghumanbeingbutalsoinevitablyinflictssufferingonothers.th簡介：ThomasHardyisoneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismattheturnofthe20century.代表作：UndertheGreenwoodTree《綠蔭下》；FarFromtheMaddingCrowd《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》；TheReturnoftheNative《還鄉(xiāng)》；TheMayorofCasterbridge《卡斯特橋市長》；TessoftheD'Urbervilles《德伯家的苔絲》；JudetheObscure《無名的裘德》。主題/人物：①ThemainthemeofHardy'novelsistheconflictbetweenthenecessitytoexpresshonestlywhathumanbeingsareactuallylikeandthetabooondoingsoincontemporaryEnglishsociety.（TessandJudearedestroyedbyVictorianprudery,hypocrisy,andintolerance,that'swhyHardy'snovelswereattackedbythecriticsathistime.）;②AnotherthemeofHardy'novelisonenesswithNature.③ManyofHardy'scentralcharactersweredescribedaspsychologicallydisturbedandspirituallyanguished.Theypursuepassionateemotionandrichspirituallife.Theyaretormentedbythefrustrationinloveandthedifficultyinfindingharmonyofmindandbody.特點(diǎn)：①HisprincipalworksaretheWessexNovels,i.e.,thenovelsdescribingthecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.②AccordingtoHardy'pessimisticphilosophy,mankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostilemysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortuneintohumanlife.JohnGalsworthy（賞析）iiSagaNovels（世家小說）ThesagaisamedievallegendofIcelandandScandinavia,usuallynarratingaboutthelifeofafamousheroorthehistoryofaprominentfamilyoranexpeditionoflegendarykingsandwarriors.人物：TheManofProperty,thefirstnoveloftheForsyteSaga,presentsJohnGalsworthy'sdefinitionofFosytismreferringtothetypicalEnglishkindofbourgeoismoralityandsocialattitudes.Hereby,theauthorcriticizesForsytes'consciousnessonpropertythroughacharacternamesSoamesForsyte,whoisathoroughlymaterialistmanwithacompulsiontoownthings.福爾賽世家代表了：GalsworthysawtheForsytesasarchetypicallyEnglish,andtheirdynasticdevelopmentasamicrocosmofEnglishhistoryinrealtime.TheForsytesagepreservesaviewofthecontemporaryuppermiddleclassinGalsworthy'slife.技法：①Galsworthyisremarkableforhispowerful,brilliantcharacterizationwithdeeppsychologica