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CONTENTS第一部份 語(yǔ)法概論TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"第一節(jié)詞類 2第二節(jié) 句子 3第三節(jié) 從句 3第二部份 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)第一節(jié) 名詞 4\o"CurrentDocument"第二節(jié) 冠詞 7\o"CurrentDocument"第三節(jié) 代詞 10\o"CurrentDocument"第四節(jié) 數(shù)詞 15第五節(jié) 介詞 17\o"CurrentDocument"第六節(jié) 連詞 20\o"CurrentDocument"第七節(jié) 形容詞和副詞 24\o"CurrentDocument"第八節(jié) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 27\o"CurrentDocument"第九節(jié) 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) 29\o"CurrentDocument"第十節(jié) 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài) 36第三部份 句子種類 38第四部份 主從復(fù)合句 43第五部份 直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ) 46第一部份語(yǔ)法概論英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法主要分作詞法和句法兩類,換而言之,詞類和句子兩要素在語(yǔ)法中起著關(guān)鍵作用。因此,我們首先必須弄清詞類,句子的基本構(gòu)成、分類及其共性。第一節(jié)詞類1、詞的分類英語(yǔ)中的詞根據(jù)其形式特征、詞義以及句法作用,分成十類:詞類英語(yǔ)名稱縮寫(xiě)形式例詞名詞nounn.Paper,bike代詞Pronounpron.They,everyone動(dòng)詞verbV.Play,learn副詞adverbadv.Often,quite形容詞adjectiveAdj.Great,long數(shù)詞numeralnum.nine,first冠詞articleart.a(an),the介詞prepositionprep.in,on連詞conjunctionconj.but,though感嘆詞interjectionint.oh,aha2、詞類關(guān)系(1)冠詞、介詞、連接詞和感嘆詞不能在句中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)成份,稱為虛詞;名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞能在句中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)成份,稱為實(shí)同。(2)副詞常修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞本身。(3)代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞和冠詞常修飾名詞,形容詞也n修飾某些代詞(如不定代詞),但要后置。第二節(jié)句子1、句子分類
句子具有一定的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),比單詞和詞組復(fù)雜,能表達(dá)相對(duì)獨(dú)立和完整的意義。簡(jiǎn)單句Tomusuallyplaysfootballinafternoon句湯姆經(jīng)常下午踢足球。子并例句Heistallbut1amshort.結(jié)他高可是我矮。構(gòu)主從復(fù)合句Itisobviousthathedidthatthing.他顯然做了件事。陳述句Shehasnothadherlunch.句她還沒(méi)吃早餐。疑問(wèn)句Canyougivemeapieceofpaper?你能給我一張紙嗎?子功祈使句Lefsgoswimming.能讓我去游泳吧。感嘆句Whataninterestingstoryitis.多么有趣的故事?。?、句子成分英語(yǔ)的句子成分可由單詞、詞組或從句構(gòu)成,具體劃分與漢語(yǔ)相差較大,需特別注意。英語(yǔ)的句子成分可由單詞、⑴主語(yǔ)(TheSubject)⑴主語(yǔ)(TheSubject)(3)賓語(yǔ)(TheObject)(5)表語(yǔ)(ThePredicative)(7)狀語(yǔ)(TheAdverbial)(2)謂語(yǔ)(ThePredicate)(4)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(TheComplement)(6)定語(yǔ)(TheAttribute)第三節(jié)從句從句有以下兒種:分類例句主語(yǔ)從句Whetherhe'scomingornotdoesn'tmattertoomuch.他是否來(lái)無(wú)關(guān)緊要。表語(yǔ)從句Thatiswhathemeant.這是他的意思。賓語(yǔ)從句Sheaskedmewhich1likebest.她問(wèn)我喜歡哪一個(gè)。
定語(yǔ)從句TheletterwhichIreceivedyesterdaywasfrommymother.昨天我收的信是我的母親來(lái)的。狀語(yǔ)從句Wemusthurryofflestweshouldmissthetrain.我們是趕快走了,以免誤了火車。同位語(yǔ)從句Thefactthatyoutoldalieisunforgiveable.你撒謊這一事實(shí)不可原諒。第二部份 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)第一節(jié)名詞名詞是表示人或物名稱的詞,它分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。具體情況見(jiàn)下表:普通名詞(commonnoun)專有名詞如:China,LiHua,London個(gè)體名詞如:student,computer集體名詞如:team,family,class物質(zhì)名詞如:water,milkenergy(精力)抽象名詞如 :information,anger?般可數(shù),有單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般不可數(shù),沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)形式一、可數(shù)名詞1.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化A)名詞直接加s變復(fù)數(shù);B)以s,x,sh,o結(jié)尾的單詞加es變復(fù)數(shù);如bus,watch,fish,tomato,potato等。注意:zoo,radio,photo直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。C)輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞,把y改為i再加es:如baby,factory,library等。D)以f或以結(jié)尾,去掉f或fe,變v再加es;如knife,wife,leaf,life,shelf等。2.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化。A)改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母,如:Foot—?feet man—?mentooth—?teethmouse—miceB)在詞尾加-en,如:Child—>Childrenox—>oxen(公牛)有少數(shù)名詞是單復(fù)數(shù)同形,如:SheepfishpeopleC)表示“某國(guó)人”的單復(fù)數(shù)變化①單復(fù)數(shù)同形,如:Chinese,Japanese②詞尾力口?s,如:German->GermansAmerican—>AmericansRoman->Romans③變-man為-men,如:Englishman—>EnglishmenD)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化:①變中心詞,如:Ason-in-law—>sons-in-law②在最后加-s,如:agrow-up—>agrowups.③前后名詞都變,如:woman-doctor->womendoctors@boy/girl在前時(shí),變后面的詞,如:aboy-student—>boystudents二、不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞用[U]表示,包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞,?般只有單數(shù)形式,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但它們也有以下特殊形式。.物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞借助單位詞表示一定的數(shù)量,如:Acupofteaasheetofpaperaloafofbreadapieceofadvice.有些物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)后意義有所不同,如:air->airs神氣good—>goods商品paper—?papers考卷time-^times時(shí)代三、常用國(guó)籍的單、復(fù)數(shù)名稱總稱(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))一個(gè)人二個(gè)人中國(guó)人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese法國(guó)人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen英國(guó)人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen澳大利亞人theAustraliansanAustraliantwoAustralians俄國(guó)人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians美國(guó)人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans德國(guó)人theGermansaGermantwoGermans歸納記憶:中國(guó)人和日本人單復(fù)數(shù)相同,英國(guó)人和法國(guó)人把a(bǔ)改為e,其余的在后面加-So四、名詞所有格A)名詞所有格用于人或動(dòng)物的名詞詞尾,以及表示時(shí)間、距離、國(guó)家、城內(nèi)等無(wú)生命的名詞后。Tom'spens,LucyandLily*sroom(共同所有),Lily'sandLucy*sroom(各自所有),Children'sDay,twentyminutes,walk,Guangzhou'sbuilding.B)當(dāng)表示兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)人共同所有的人或物時(shí),只在最后一個(gè)人或物后加's。C)of所有格(名詞+of+名詞):常用來(lái)表示無(wú)生命的名詞所有關(guān)系。如:Thewindowsofthehousethephotoofthefamily aplanofJim'sD)有些名詞如診所、家、店鋪所有格后加's后,可以省去名詞。如:Thedoctor's(醫(yī)生診所)atWhite's(在懷特先生家)thebook-sellers(書(shū)店)一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.September10isDay.A.Teacher'sB.Teachers,C.theteachers*D.theteacher's()2.Everymorninghetakesatohisoffice.A.20minuteswalkB.20-minute,swalkC.20minutes*walkD.20-minutewalk()3.Thereisonlyonedoctorandthreenurseshere.A.man;womanB.man;womenC.men;womanD.men;women()4.Howmanyarethereinthose?A.tomatos;photosB.tomatoes;photosC.tomatoes;photoD.tomato;photos()5.Haveyouseenatthefootofthehill?A.anysheepB.somesheepsC.anysheepsD.somesheep()6.1amthirsty.Wouldyoubringme,please?A.somebreadB.somewaterC.somecakesD.someeggs()7.Ifthesearetoobig,buyasmallerpair.A.trouser B.trousersC.trouseres D.trouserses()8.Thispairofshoes much.A.costB.costs C.costesD.costed()9.Thenews_ formyfather.A.wereB.are C.beD.is()10.What_ badweathertoday!A.anB.aC.theD./()11.MyEnglishteachergaveus .A.aadviceB.anadviceC.someadviceD.someadvices()12.Thereissomilkintheglass.A.muchB.manyC.lotofD.few()13.Mr.Kingisafriendof.A.Mr.Wang*sB.Mr.WangsC.theWangsD.Mr.Wang()14.Heoftengivesusbye-mail.A.agoodinformation B.someinformationsC.somegoodinformationD.somegoodinformations()15.workhasbeendonetoday.A.Agreatdealof B.AlotC.ManyD.Alargenumberof第二節(jié)冠詞冠詞的定義:冠詞是一種虛詞,用在名詞或名詞詞組的前面,表示名詞是特指或泛指。冠詞可分為不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種形式。①不定冠詞的用法1,不定冠詞a,an的用法:A)冠詞a和an都用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前,表示某一類人或事物中的一個(gè),或第一次提到的人或事,如:LiPinghasanappleinherhand.李平手里拿著?個(gè)蘋(píng)果。Therearetwelvemonthsinayear.一年有十二個(gè)月。B)冠詞用a在以輔音開(kāi)始的名詞或名詞詞組之前,而冠詞an則用在以元音開(kāi)始的名詞或名詞詞組之前,如:aphoto,aking,anexample,anEnglishclass.注意:上面講的冠詞an在以元音開(kāi)始的名詞或名詞詞組之前,指的是“元音”而不是“元音字母”,因此以元音字母u開(kāi)始的名詞之前只能用a而不用an(字母u的發(fā)音是/ju:/,它的第一個(gè)音素/j/是輔音而不是元音)。有些詞雖然不是以元音字母開(kāi)始,但如果它的第一個(gè)音是元音音素則用不定冠詞an,關(guān)鍵是以發(fā)音為準(zhǔn)。如:auniversity,anhour等。C)一些固定搭配必須帶不定冠詞a,如:haveawalk散步 haveameeting開(kāi)會(huì) havealook看一下 havearest休息一下 haveatalk談心 haveaparty舉行晚會(huì)alotof許多 apieceof一片的 apairof一雙的abottleof一瓶的 acupof一茶杯的 aglassof-水杯的aboxof一箱的 haveafever發(fā)燒haveaheadache頭疼haveagoodtime過(guò)得快活②定冠詞的用法
定冠詞the有this,that,these,those等意義,用于單數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。主要用來(lái)特指。使一個(gè)或幾個(gè)事物區(qū)別于所有其他同名的事物。.定冠詞特指某(些)人或某(些)事物,以區(qū)別于同類中其他的人或事物。Isthisthebookyouarelookingfor?這是你要找的書(shū)嗎?.定冠詞用來(lái)指上文中已提到過(guò)的人或事物。Isawafilmyesterday.Thefilmwasendedateighto'clock.我昨天看了一場(chǎng)電影。電影八點(diǎn)鐘結(jié)束的。.定冠詞用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或用于自然界現(xiàn)象或方位名詞之前。thesun/themoon/theearth/thesky/theworld/thewinternightthesunisbiggerthanthemoon.太陽(yáng)比月亮大。.定冠詞與單數(shù)名詞連用,表示毫米一類人或物。Thedogisnottoodangerous.狗不太危險(xiǎn)。5.定冠詞與某些形容詞連用,5.定冠詞與某些形容詞連用,therich富人theyoung年輕人thenew新和事物thetrue真的東西使形容詞名詞化,表示某一類人。thepoor窮人thesick病人theright正確的東西thebeautiful美的東西.用在序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí)的表示方位的名詞前。Thisisthemostinterestingbookonmyhand.這是我手中最有趣的一本書(shū)。.定冠詞用在演奏樂(lè)器的名稱的文藝活動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)所的名稱前。Thearegoingtothecinematonight.他們今晚要去影院看電影。.定冠詞用在江河,海洋,山脈,群島的名稱之前。TheChangjiangRiveristhebiggestoneinChina.長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最大的河。.定冠詞用有姓名復(fù)數(shù)之前,表示一家人。TheGreensareverykindtous.格林一家人待我們很好。③不定冠詞(零冠詞)的場(chǎng)合.在交通工具、學(xué)科名稱的名詞前不加冠詞,如:ByplanebyboatChineseAmericanhistory.在節(jié)日、假日、星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前不加冠詞,如:NationalDayMondayspringOctober.在一日三餐、體育類等名詞前不加冠詞,如:Heprefersmilkandeggforbreakfast.他寧可早餐吃雞蛋,喝牛奶。Icookedsomenoodlesforsupper.我晚餐煮了一些面條。一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.IsCanadaEnglishspeakingcountry?TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA.a B.an C.the D./()2.CanadaisEnglishspeakingcountry?A.a B.an C.the D./()3.1canseealittlewhitesheepinthefield.sheepisNancy's.A.A B.The C.An D./()4.Thatisusefulbook.A.a B.an C.the D./()5.Thereis"s”intheword“bus”.A.a B.an C.the D./()6.Mybrotherisdriver.A.a B.an C.the D./()7.elephantismuchheavierthanahorse.A.AB.An C.The D./()8.Whenhewasintroubleyesterday,youngmangavehimahand.A.a B.an C.the D./()9.Heranattwokilometershour.A.a B.an C.the D./()10.TheboyonbikeisJim.A.a B.an C.the D./()11.TheYellowRiverissecondlongestriverinChina.A.a B.an C.the D./()12.moongoesroundearth,andearthgoesroundsun.A.A;a;a;aB.An;an;an;an C.The;the;the;theD./;/;/;/()13.Thereiseggontheplate.eggisforyou.A.a;AB.an;AnC.an;The C.an;An()14.Onemorninghefoundabag.Therewas"s"onthecornerofbag.D.an;theA.a;aB.a;theC.an;a()15.Peopleoftengoswimminginsummer.D.an;theA./ B.a C.an D.the()16.--IstheremapofChinaonthewall?--Yes,thereis.A.aB.an C.the D./()17.--一Haveyouhadlunchyet.--No,notyet.A./ B.a C.the D.an()18.appleonthetableisWeiFang's.A.AnB.A C./ D.The()19.Whatcanyouseebythelake?Icanseeoldmansittingonthechair.A.aB.an C.the D./()20.SeptemberisTeachers*Day.A.ThetenB.ThetenthC.Theten'sD.Ten第三節(jié)代詞①代詞的分類名詞的表示人,事物和抽象概念的詞類。根據(jù)名詞表達(dá)的意義和用法,常見(jiàn)名詞可做以下分類:名稱單詞人稱你詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格Me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them物主代詞形容詞性單數(shù):My,your,his,her,its復(fù)數(shù):our,your,their名詞性單數(shù):Mine,yours,his,hers,its,復(fù)數(shù):Ours,yours,theirs.反身代詞單數(shù):myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself復(fù)數(shù):ourselves,yourselves,themselves指示代詞this,that,these,those,such疑問(wèn)代詞Who,whom,whose,which,what不定代詞Some,something,somebody,someone,any,anything,no,noone,every,everything,each,much,many,little,other,another,all,none,one,both,either,neither.關(guān)系代詞Who,whom,whose,which,that.As相互代詞Eachother,oneanother連接代詞What,which,who,that下面是部分代詞的用法:Few,little;afew,alittle的用法:Few和little表示沒(méi)有多少,含否定意義:afew和aHttle表示有一些,有幾個(gè),含肯定意義。另外,F(xiàn)ew和afew修飾可數(shù)名詞;little和alittle修飾不可數(shù)名詞。他們?cè)诰渲谐W鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。如:HeknowsalittleEnglish.(定語(yǔ))FewofthemcouldspeakEnglish.(主語(yǔ))knowlittleaboutJapanese.(賓語(yǔ))other和another的用法Other泛指“另外的”,作定語(yǔ),常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞連用:但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,none,one,or以及形容詞性物主代詞時(shí),則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。例如:Otherboys,allotherbeauty,nootherway,theotheroneanyotherplant,everyotherday,someotherreason等。Others是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式泛之“別的人或物”(但不是全部)。例如:Somearecarrywater,otherarewateringthetrees.Theother指"兩者中的另一個(gè)",常與one連用,作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),表示另一方中的“全部其全余的"。例如:Heheldabowinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Theothers是theother的復(fù)數(shù)形式,特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如:Ihavegottenpencils.Twoofthemarered,theothersareblue。Another指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中的“任何一個(gè)”,“再一……別一個(gè)”;作代詞或形容詞。例如:Ihavefinishedthisnovel,pleasegivemeanother.One...theother指兩個(gè)人或物構(gòu)成的一組中的個(gè)體;one…another指同一組內(nèi)的兩個(gè)個(gè)體。例如:Herearetwobooks.OneisforMary,theotherisforJack.Onepersonmayliketospendhisholidayattheseashore,while,anothermaypreferthemountains.all和both的用法這兩個(gè)詞都表示整體,但both指兩個(gè)人或物,而all指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物;要句中都可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例如:Allofusshouldworkhard.(主語(yǔ))Webothliketogo.(同位語(yǔ))Welikebothofthebooks.(賓語(yǔ))Thatisallfortoday.(表語(yǔ))All表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Both和all加否定是部分否定,如果要表示全部否定,分別用neither和none。例如:Bothofusarenotteachers.我們倆不都是老師。(部分否定)Neitherofusisateacher.我們倆都不是老師。(全部否定)neither和either的用法ne計(jì)her表示兩者都不:either表示兩者中的任何一個(gè);兩個(gè)詞都表示單數(shù),在句中可作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。如:Neitheroftheanswersiswrong.(主語(yǔ))Eithersentenceisright.(定語(yǔ))Youmaytakeeitherofthebooks.(賓語(yǔ))It的主要用法Whatisthis?Itisaharvester.(剛提到的事物)Whoismakingthenoise?Itmustbethechildren.(指未明身份的人或物)Itwillbelovelyintheparktoday.(環(huán)境情況等,天氣等自然現(xiàn)象)Itis6o'clock.(時(shí)間,季節(jié))ItisaboutfivemilestotheSummerPlace.(距離)Itisfoolishofyoutobestillworryingaboutit.(形式主語(yǔ))Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.HefounditdifficulttolearnEnglish.(形式主語(yǔ))Hemadeitclearinhisspeechthathetooknointerestinpolitics.It'sthoughstrugglethatwelearnthistruth.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)ItwastheWorldtradeTowersthattheterroristsattackedonSept.11th,2001.強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成:Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(或人或物,或主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ))+who/that+其它部分。一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.Shehaslostpen.Willyoulendher.A.her;youB.hers;yourC.her;yoursD.hers;yours()2.Isthiscarfor?A.weB.myC.meD.mine()3.WhoteachesFrench?A.weB.ourC.usD.ours()4.1sawplayinginthestreetatthattime.A.themB.theyC.theirD.theirs()5.Mikelostnewwatchwhilehewasplayingfootballatachool.A.hisB.heC.himD.himself()6.bookisnewandisnew,too.A.Our;heB.Ours;his C.My;hisD.My;her()7.Theyaregoingtoseeateacherof.A.themB.theirC.theirs D.themselves()8.Thisroomisours,andthatoneis.A.theyB.themC.theirs D.their()9.1likethiskindofcolorTV,soIwanttobuy.A.itB.oneC.thisD.that()10.Twofriendsofwouldgotohelpyou.A.IB.me C.mineD.my()11.Thereisn*tpaperinthebox.Willyougoandgetforus?A.some;muchB.any;manyC.any;muchD.any;some()12.Therearethirtystudentsintheclass.Somearegirls,areboys.A.anotherB.other C.others D.theother()13.--HaveyouanyMends(改進(jìn))hereinGuangdong?——Yes,Ihave.A.littleB.alittleC.fewD.afew()14.ofthemknewabouttheaccidentbecauseitwaskeptasecret.A.EachB.AnyC.All D.None()15.WehavefounddifficulttolearnJapanese.A.itB.itsC.thatD.this二、在空格處填上適當(dāng)?shù)姆瓷泶~。I'mlearningEnglishallby.Helptosomechicken,children.MaryandJackallenjoyedintheparklastSunday.Heistooyoungtotakecareof.MissLisaidtous,“Theworkishard,butyoumustfinishitMylittlesistercandressnow.Thestoryisveryinteresting,butLiLeididn'ttellitwell.Wecan*trepairtheradio.第四節(jié)數(shù)詞①數(shù)詞的分類名稱例詞基數(shù)詞Eight,nine,nineteen,fourthousand,amillion序數(shù)詞Eighth,ninth,nineteenth,fourthousandth,amillionth特殊數(shù)詞類分?jǐn)?shù)2/3twothirds百分?jǐn)?shù)6%sixpercent小數(shù)0.5zeropointfive.基數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞相當(dāng)于名詞,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。如:Threeofthemwillplaybasketball.他們中三個(gè)人要去打籃球。Iameighteenthisyear.今年我18歲了。.序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞除了幾個(gè)特殊形式外,其余的在基數(shù)詞后加后綴?th構(gòu)成,也可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。如:Hewasthesecondtoleave.他是第二個(gè)離開(kāi)的。OctoberthefirstisNationalDay.10月1號(hào)是國(guó)慶節(jié)。順口溜:“一二三”特殊記,“?th”從“四”加起,怎么加?很容易,八去T,九去“e”,f來(lái)把“ve”替,“ty”改為tie,若是遇到“幾十幾”,只變個(gè)位就可以。②數(shù)詞的用法.可以表示年、月、日。在表示年、月、FI時(shí),“年”用基數(shù)詞,“IT用序數(shù)同。如:2007-6-8:June24,2007或Juneeighth,2007.數(shù)詞可以表示時(shí)刻。如:Sixo'clock6點(diǎn)整aquarterpastsix6點(diǎn)一刻aquartertosix6點(diǎn)差一刻.基數(shù)詞hundred,thousand和million前面有數(shù)字時(shí)所表示的是實(shí)數(shù)意義,詞尾不得加S。反之可加S。如:Threehundredpeople三百人 Hundredsofpeople數(shù)以百計(jì)的人Twothousandpeople兩千人Thousandsofpeople成千上萬(wàn)的人.分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法。如:分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,分子大于一,分母加S,如:1/6:one-fifth2/6:two-fifths.倍數(shù)表示法。如:表示三以上的倍數(shù)用time,表示兩倍時(shí)用twice。如:twinsThreetimesthreeisnine.3乘3得9。Thisroomistwiceasthatone.這個(gè)房間有那個(gè)房間兩個(gè)大。Theearthis49timethesizeofthemoon.地球有49個(gè)月球那么大。.幾個(gè)與數(shù)目有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)。如:Half一半 several,afew幾個(gè)Adozen一打 somedozen十幾Ascore二十 dozens幾十Severalhundred幾百一、單詞拼寫(xiě)。
Rosehas(三只)dogs.Thereare(I?五個(gè))windowsinthatbuildings.Thefishcostabout(|-)yuan.Wearegoingtostudy(第九)lessontomorrow.Lesson(九)isverydifficult.Thereare(四十三)classesinourschool.Wehavelearned(六百五十四)Englishwords.Whoisthegirlinthe(第二)row.Thereare(成千上萬(wàn))ofpeopleinthestreet.Hebought(二百)stampslastweek.二、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.HunMeiandLucyaregoodfriends.Theyarein.A.ClassThreeThreeClassB.ClassThirdD.Thirdclass()2.--Howfarisit,please?--Ifsaboutaway.A.ClassThreeA.hundredofmetres B.ahundredofmetreshundredsofmetres D.hundredsofmetre()3.Peteroftengetsupat.A.halfpastsixB.halfpastfiveC.aquartertosixD.aquartertofive()4.Samsaidwewouldmeetatinfrontofthemuseum.D.onepasthalfD.SecondthreeD.onepasthalfD.Secondthree()5.ofthestudentsaregirlsinourclass.A.Twothree B.Twothrees C.Twothirds()6.Aboutoftheworkersintheclothesfactoryarewomen.A.thirdfifthsB.thirdfifthC.threefifthsD.threefifth()7.He'sbeenasoldierfornearly.A.halfandtwoyears B.twoandhalfyearC.twoyearsandahalf D.twoyearsandhalfayear()8.Thebuildingismorethanhigh.A.20-metreB.20-metresC.20metresD.20metre()9.InMarxbegantolearnRussian.A.1870B.1870sC.theyearof1870 D.the1870,s()10.WhenMr.Linwas,hebecameafamouswriter.A.onhisthirties B.inhisthirtiesC.inthetwenty D.inhistwenty第五節(jié)介詞介詞是虛詞,不能單獨(dú)做句子的成分,其后面一般有名詞、代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語(yǔ)做它的賓語(yǔ)。介詞與動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞常有比較固定的搭配。一、介詞的種類.簡(jiǎn)單介詞:at,in,off,on,about,under,of,over,past,after,before.合成介詞:into,inside,onto,without,outside.短語(yǔ)介詞:accordingto,becauseof,infrontof,outof,insteadof二、下面是部份常用介詞的用法:?表示時(shí)間時(shí):at強(qiáng)調(diào)“點(diǎn)鐘”,on強(qiáng)調(diào)“日"和“某日的早、中、晚“,in強(qiáng)調(diào)“段”,與表示月份、季節(jié)、年等詞連用。例:Helefthomeonacoldwinterevening.WecametoGuangzhouinJuly,1992.Shegotupatsixo'clockthismorning.?表示在?段時(shí)間之、時(shí),“in+時(shí)間段”用于將來(lái)時(shí),“after+時(shí)間段”用于過(guò)去時(shí)。例:Hewillbebackintwoweeks.Shewentshoppingafterhissupper.?表示“直到…”或表示“…才”時(shí),用節(jié)ll(until)+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”。Not...until是"直到…才…工例:Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhefinishedhishomework.?"During+時(shí)間段”是表示“在…期間”,而“by+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”表示“到…為止”,“在???之前”例:Mydaughterwantshimtogivehersomeworktododuringtheholiday.?表示“延緩的段時(shí)間”,用for+時(shí)間段,表示將來(lái)時(shí)間,而since+過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。例:HehasbeeninGuangzhouin1995.?表地點(diǎn)時(shí),at表示在“范圍較小的地方”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“點(diǎn)”;in表示“范圍較大的地方”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“空間”或“范圍”。例:一WhendidyourfatherarriveinChina?—HegottoShenzhenonthemorningofthe4thofApril.?"across+表面”表示“橫過(guò)”;“through+空間”表示“穿過(guò)";over表示從上面“越過(guò)”例:Thebirdisflyingthroughthewindow.?表示“之間”時(shí),between表示“在兩者之間”,而among表示“三者或三者以上之中”。?在與方位名詞”east,west,south,north”連用時(shí),“on”強(qiáng)調(diào)“接鄰”;“in”表示“在內(nèi)部”,而“to”則表示“在外部”例:JapanliestotheeastofChina.日本位于中國(guó)東部。?表示“用”時(shí),“with+手段”,“by+交通工具”,“in+語(yǔ)言。?“in+顏色”如:inred,inablueshirt”,“on+電器”,如onTV,ontheinternet,onthetelephone.?to,of,for,with接人稱代詞,表示不同意義,to強(qiáng)調(diào)方位轉(zhuǎn)移,of本身,for為,with和。?above表示“高出,在……之上(位置)”,“以上,超過(guò),高于(數(shù)量、年齡等)。常用的介詞短語(yǔ):★帶about的短語(yǔ):talkabout(談?wù)?,議論,討論),throwabout(到處扔),thinkabout(考慮,回想),worryabout(擔(dān)心),whatabout...(怎樣)?,beexcitedabout(對(duì)某事感到興奮)?!飵ith的短語(yǔ):talkwith(與…交談,想說(shuō)服),agreewith(同意),quarrelwith(跟…吵架,不同意)comeupwith(趕上,提出),help...With(幫助某人),catchupwith(趕上,逮捕,處罰),beangrywith(對(duì)某人生氣),befilledwith(充滿著),befedupwith(厭煩),bepleasedwith(對(duì)…喜歡,滿意于),getonwellwith(融洽相處)。★帶over的短語(yǔ):goover(復(fù)習(xí)),allover(全部結(jié)束,到處),tripover(絆倒),lookover(從...上面看,察看,調(diào)查),comeover(過(guò)來(lái),抓?。?turn…over(打翻,周轉(zhuǎn),移交給,翻閱)。★帶down的短語(yǔ):sitdown(坐下),getdown(從...)下來(lái),cutdown(砍倒),turndown(向下折轉(zhuǎn)),slowdown(使)慢下來(lái),shutdown(關(guān)閉),falldown(倒下),comedown(下來(lái),病倒),writedown(寫(xiě)下),upanddown(上下地),put(something)down(放下某物)。一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.Hewillcomeaweek.A.inB.onC.atD.for()2.Sheoftenhelpsourmaths.A.with B.on C.at D.in()3.TheTVplayhavebeenontwohours.A.forB.toC.in D.at()4.WeusuallybegintowatchTVsevenSunday.A.in;inB.at;inC.in;onD.at;on()5.Tmgladtomakefriendsyou.A.aboutB.for C.byD.with()6.Haveyouheardyourmother?D.fromA.in B.with C.by()7.Whafswrongyou.A.withB.aboutC.forD.byD.from()8.Hew川giveusareportthehistoryofourtown.A.in B.on C.at D.for()9.Sheishertwenties.A.onB.atC.inD.for()10.Summercomesspring.A.beforeB.behind C.withD.after()11.Eatingtoomuchisbadyourhealth.A.withB.toC.of D.for()12.Thereisatalltreethehouse.A.onfrontofB.beforeC.afterD.infrontof()13.CanyouwritealetterEnglish?A.withB.by C.at D.in()14.Thankyougivingmesomuchhelp.A.forB.to C.on D.with()15.Wouldyouliketogoawalk?A.forB.to D.over D.about()16.Whenhewasaboy,hewasinterestedscience.A.inB.at C.withD.about()17.It'sfoolishyoutogiveupwhatyoushouldhave.A.ofB.withC.at D.to()18.TomorrowmorningwellleaveBeijing.A.fromB.toC.overD.for()19.Payattentionyourspelling.A.forB.byC.ofD.to()20.Howdoyougotowork,footorbus?A.on;withB.with;onC.by;on D.on;by二、用of,to,for,in填空。Theywentintoashopclothes.Haveyoufoundthekeytheroom.Hereisaletteryou,Rose.Thereisahospitalattheendtheroad.Pleaselookatthenotesthetext.Sheaskedme"What'shomeworktoday?Itsverykindyoutocomehere.Itsquitegoodyoutogoonmorningswimming.Itseemsimpossiblemetofinishsuchajobwithouthelp.Whichisthewaythepostoffice?第六節(jié)連詞含義:連詞是一種虛詞,它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞,短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)及句子與句子的作用。按其意義可分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩大類:種類功能連詞并列連詞連接平行的同、詞組及句子。And,but,or,aswellas,both...and,notonly...butalso,either...or,neither...nor.等。從屬連詞引導(dǎo)從句That,if,whether,when,after,assoonas,since,nowthat,sothat等。下面是關(guān)于從屬連詞的種類說(shuō)明:①引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:as,when,whenever,while,before,after,till,until,assoonas...Example:Thedaysgetlongerwhenspringcomes.②引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:if,unless(除非),as/solongas,incase(萬(wàn)一)…Example:Pleasetellmeifheisathome.Weshallgotheretomorrowunlessitrains.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.注意:條件狀語(yǔ)從句和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí);用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)。Example:Ifyouleaveat6o'clocktomorrowmorning,you'dbettergettobednow.Youcannotleaveuntilyouhavefinishedyourhomework.③引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:that,sothat,inorderthat,lest二forfearthat(唯恐,以免),…Example:IshallwritedownyourphonenumberthatImaynotforget.Wewilltellyouthetruthsothatyoucanjudge(判斷)foryourself.④引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:sothat,so...that,such...that,...注意so...that和such...that的區(qū)別:Example:Itissuchaninterestingnovelthatallofuswanttotreadit.(such是形容詞,后接名詞)。=ltissointerestingnovelthatallofuswanttoreadit.(so是副詞,后接形容詞或副詞)。⑤引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連同:because,as,since,nowthat,...Example:IdonotwanttogobecauseIamtiredofanyparty,(betiredof厭煩)Ashedidn*tknowmuchEnglish,helookedupthewordinthedictionary.注意:①英語(yǔ)中because和s。兩者不能并用,二者只可用其一。②because,for,since和as作為連詞,都有“因?yàn)椤钡囊馑?,都可以用?lái)作為?個(gè)動(dòng)作或情況提供原因或理由,但它們從用法上是有區(qū)別的:Because是從屬連詞,接表示直接原因的從句,往往放在句末(有時(shí)也放在句首,宜接明白地說(shuō)明因果關(guān)系。因此,在回答why的提問(wèn)時(shí)或原句的just,only,not...butall等副詞強(qiáng)調(diào)原因時(shí)必須用because.For是并列連詞,接表示間接原因的并列分句,所說(shuō)的理由是一種補(bǔ)充。說(shuō)明For引導(dǎo)的句子一般放在句尾。③as和since是從屬連詞,說(shuō)明的是已為人們所知的理由。Since的語(yǔ)氣比Because弱,但比as強(qiáng)。as和since弓I導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開(kāi)頭。⑥引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連同:though,although(雖然),evenif(即使),eventhough(即使),while,whether...or,however,nomatterhow/what/who,...Example:Iwillnottrustyoualthoughyouhavetoldmethetruth.Wewerenottiredthough(although)wehadworkedallday.注意:“雖然……但是”是中文中常用的結(jié)構(gòu),但在英文中“雖然(though,although)叫旦是(but)”兩者不能并用,二者只可用其一。⑦弓I導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:as,justas(正象),asif(好象),asthough(好象...似的),theway(方式,意愿),…Example:IwasneverallowedtodothingsthewayIwantedtodothem.他們從不讓我按自己的意愿行事。Shelooksasifsheisill.看上去她好像是生病了。⑧引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:where,wherever,...Example:Wherethereiswaterthereislife.哪里有水,哪里就有生命。Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.你可以隨意到你喜歡的任何地方去。⑨引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞:as...as...,notas/so...as,thesame...as,such...as,...Example:Maryisasoldasmysister.Mary和我姐姐一樣大。并列連詞的種類:.并列連詞and和or:Example:Weweresinginganddancingallevening..表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折的連同:but,yet:Example:IwouldliketocomebutIamsobusy..表示因果關(guān)系的連詞:for,so,therefore:Itrained,thereforethegamewascancelled.一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.Ourhouseissmall,ifsquitewarmandclean.A.andB.soC.or D.but()2.Hedidn*tgotoschool,hewasill.A.forB.butC.and D.so()3.Thatwasourfirstlesson,shedidn*tknowallournames.A.forB.butC.so D.or()4.Workhard,you*llcatchupwithothers.A.orB.andC.but D.because()5.Mygrandfathercouldreadwritebecausehewastoopoortogotoschoolintheolddays.A.either...or B.neither...nor C.both...and D.notonly...butalso()6.Johntoldtheshopkeeperthattheshoesweretoobigtoosmall.Sohecouldn'tbuythem.A.neither;orB.either;norC.not;notD.either;or()7.Youshouldhelpeachotherlearnfromeachother.A.neither...norB.notonly...butalso C.either...or D.both...and()8.Illgivethenotetohershecomesback.A.untilB.assoonasC.beforeD.since()9.youeatbadfood,youmaybeill.A.BeforeB.Why C.IfD.Which()10.TmbusygettingreadyforChristmasIhavenotimetowritetoyou.A.not;untilB.too;toC.so;thatD.neither;nor()11.HeknewnothingaboutthematterMarytoldhimyesterday.A.becauseB.if C.until D.since()12.Mr.ReadhastaughtinthatsmalltownheleftCanadain1988.A.whenB.after C.for D.since()13.Heislisteningtothemusicheiswashingclothes.A.afterB.beforeC.thatD.while()14.--WhydidLiPingborrowherapencil?--:hispenwasbroken.A.Because B.When C.Until D.If()15.CanyoutellmetheRedStarHospitalis?A.what B.whichC.where D.how()16.Alicewantstoknowhergrandmalikedthepresent.A.thatB.if C.whichD.what()17.1don'tknowJanewaslateforclassthismorning.A.whoB.whatC.whom D.why()18.Mr.GreenaskedmeIwasgoingtospeakatthemeetingandIsaid"Yes”.A.how B.when C.whether D.why()19.MymotherwascookingIcamein.A.whenB.whatC.why D.where()20.----Isthataboyswimminginthelake?——Ican'tfindoutit'saboyagirl.A.if;andB.that;and C.whether;orD.either;or第七節(jié)形容詞和副詞.形容詞修飾名詞,副詞修飾動(dòng)詞。形容詞用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征,在句中可以做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。副詞用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其它副詞或全句,在句中可以作狀語(yǔ)。.形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成?!飭我艄?jié)的在詞尾加-er和-est?!镫p音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞,在詞前加more和most。★不規(guī)則及不雙寫(xiě)字母。Little,well等常用形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的形式是不規(guī)則的,需要重點(diǎn)記。New,slow,few等詞不雙寫(xiě)w,因ow和ew是"字母組合音節(jié)",而不是“閉音節(jié)”。如果一個(gè)單詞是重讀閉音節(jié),但詞末是兩輔音字母,也不雙寫(xiě)最后字母,而直接加?er和-est。Good/well—better—best,bad/badly—worse-worst,many/much—more—most,little-less—least,far—farther/further—farthest/furthest,old-older/elder-oldest/eldestlate-later/latter-latest/last..形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞Anybody,anyone,anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,none,nothing時(shí),應(yīng)放在復(fù)合不定代詞之后。Example:SuddenlyLilycameinandsaidhehadsomethingimportanttotelltheclass..Enough放在后面。形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞前;但enough作副詞時(shí),它必須放在它所修飾的形容詞或副詞之后。Example:Iwasnotcarefulenoughwiththeknife.Icutmyself..原級(jí)。Very,quite,enough后接原級(jí),as+原級(jí)+as(和…-樣);notso/as原級(jí)+as(不如…)句型也用原級(jí)。Example:YoushouldstudyashardasTom..★兩者比較用比較級(jí)。Than,or(連接兩個(gè))表示“較…一些”等兩者之間的比較用比較級(jí)形式?!锶呋蛉咭陨嫌米罡呒?jí)。表示“在…中最…”用最高級(jí)形式。常與in,of,among,or(連接三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上)短語(yǔ)連用。"thesecond/thirdbiggest...”也用最高級(jí)。.降級(jí)less/theleast+原級(jí)。降級(jí)比較時(shí),無(wú)論是單音節(jié)詞還是雙音節(jié)詞、多音節(jié)詞,無(wú)論是規(guī)則詞還是雙音節(jié)不規(guī)則詞,一律用“l(fā)ess+原級(jí)+than從句”表示“不如…”,用“theleast+原級(jí)+in/of/among”等短語(yǔ)表示“最不…”。.在比較級(jí)前邊,可以使用一個(gè)副詞或短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示程度。如:alittle,abit,alot,far,much,even,still,fouryears等。Example:Nowtheairinourhometownismuchworsethanitwasbefore..句型“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”或者“moreandmore+比較級(jí)”,表示越來(lái)越…,說(shuō)明本身程度的改變。.句型“the+比較級(jí)…the+比較級(jí)…”表示“越…越…,說(shuō)明隨著前面條件的變化而變化。Example:Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwillmake.一、單項(xiàng)選擇。()1.Thiskindofshirtlooksandsells.A.nice;wellB.nice;goodC.well;wellD.good;nice
()2.--Canyouunderstandme?——Sorry,Icanunderstandyou.A.hardlyB.almostC.nearlyD.ever()3.Whichonedoyoulike,thisoneorthatone?A.well B.goodC.bestD.better()4.Thisradioisofthethree.A.cheapB.cheaperC.cheapestD.thecheapest()5.ThisisthethirdcityinEngland.A.largestB.largerC.largeD.thelarge()6.Shedoesn*tfell,thoughsheis.A.alone;lonelyB.lonely;lonesomeC.lonely;aloneD.alone;lone()7.Itwasreallyawonderthatlittlefoodsavedmanylives.A.so;suchB.so;soC.such;soD.such;such()8.Whostudiesinyourclass?A.hardestB.harder C.hardD.theharder()9.Shedidn'tfeellastnight,butshe'snow.A.good;muchwellB.well;muchwellC.good;morewellD.well;muchbetter()10.Hissistercandrawanartist(藝術(shù)家).A.aswellas
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