2015考研英語一真題及答案

2015年考研英語一及答Section1UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas"related"asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenome-wideysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,"Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin."Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotastheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13than"functionalkinship"ofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeople's18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.SectionIIReading1、 2、[A]defended [D]advised3、[A]for 4、 [D]5、 [B] 6、[A]Insignificant [C]unreliable 7、[A]visit [C]know [D]seek8、[A]surpass [B]influence [C]favor 9、[A]again [B]also 10、[A] [ [C]

11、[A]about [B]to [C]from 12、[A]limit [B]observe [C]confuse 13、[A]according [B]rather [C]regardless [B]responses 15、[A] [ [C] 16、[A]forecast [B]remember [C]express 17、[A]unpredictable [B]contributory 18、[A]tendency [B]decision 19、[A]political [B]religious [C]ethnic20、[A] [ [C] [D]PartReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TEXTKingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicansleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politiesand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpolitiesthatexplainsmonarchy’scontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain[A]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.[B]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.[C]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly[A]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.[C]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraphTheroleofthenobilityinmodernAristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticThenobility’sadherencetotheirTheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues.[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfutureWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone[C]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats[D]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsTEXTJusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhethercansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundaduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweeruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinesto,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofsmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthrougha’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatdon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing.”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewalofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatesearchfors’mobilephoneswithoutachecks’phonecontentswithoutbeingpreventsfromdeletingtheirphoneprohibitsfromusingtheirmobileTheauthor’sattitudetowardCalifornia’sargumentisoneTheauthorbelievesthatexploringone’sphonecontentiscomparablegettingintoone’shandingone’shistoricalgoingthroughone’sInParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernprinciplesarehardtobeclearlythecourtisgivinglessroomforphonesareusedtostoresensitivecitizens’privacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerr’scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethattheConstitutionshouldbeimplementedNewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.(C)California’sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.ThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannouncedtoday.TheFollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatMistakesindataysisarecontributingtothePublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,theJournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingManuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheJournal’seditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerTheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewtheseAskedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid,“Thecreationofthe‘statisticsboard’wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience’soveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchweGiovanniParmigiani，abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyonadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis“amostestepforward”and“l(fā)ongoverdue,”“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview，andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,”hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalProfessionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch，accordingtoDavidVaux，acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline，“engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.”VauxsaysthatScience’sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit，butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify‘thepapersthatneedscrutiny’inthefirstplace.”ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphI[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataysis.[D]lackofdataysisiscommoninresearchprojects.Thephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningtoGiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay[A]poseathreattoallitspeersmeetwithstrongincreaseScience’scirculation.[D]setanexampleforotherjournalsDavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisngaddstoresearchers’diminishestheroleofhasroomforfurtheristofailintheforeseeableWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreDataysisFindsItsWayontoEditors’StatisticiansAreComingBackwithTwoyearsago.RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,spokeatthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethatthemechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarketwethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued“It’sincreasinglyabsenceofpurpose，ofalanguagewithinernment,could eoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompanies,suchasInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldforehadwithwidespreadillegalephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindingthepredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewidedearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,ithas enormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedAccordigntothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsettheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingcompanies’financiallossduetoimmoralernmentalineffectivenessonmoralthewidemisuseofintegrityamongItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasamorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphoneAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthephonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainTheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrooks’srevealedacunningcenteredontrivialwashardlywaspartofaTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrinegenerallydistortedunfairwealthamarginalizedarigidmoral40WhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastThequalityofwritingsisofprimaryCommonhumanityiscentraltonewsMoralawarenessmattersineditingaJournalistsneedstricterindustrialPartBInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41) Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42) Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43) Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44) Thisdoesn’t,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage—includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumandebatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandHowwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreading Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn’tthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywill erelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofaalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningweperceiveinatext’sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.PartReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration—onethegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces—theimmigrationofpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Duten,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.ButtheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Intheme ,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonerecorderofevents,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.(50)Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.PartYouaregoingtohostaclubreadingsession.Writeanofabout