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ZaidAliAlsagoffzaid.alsagoff@
Module1:
Introductionto
CriticalThinkingQuestion?WhydoYOUstudyforaDegree?DoYouAgreeWithThisStatement?“Somepeoplestudyalltheirlifeandattheirdeaththeyhave
learnedeverythingexcepttoTHINK”–FrancoisDomergue
Why?DoYouAgree?WhyisImaginationsoImportant?INeedinputfromyou!WhydoesUNITARhavethiscourse?TohelpyouimproveyourThinkingSkillsHOWTOTHINK!Module1:IntroductiontoCriticalThinking1.WhatisThinking?6.BarrierstoCriticalThinking2.TypesofThinking4.CriticalThinkingStandards5.BenefitsofCriticalThinking7.CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinker3.WhatisCriticalThinking?IntroductionWhatisThinking?1.1WhatisThinking?Whydoesn’tSHElikeme?Whydoesn’tHElikeme?Asyoustartaskingquestionsandseekanswers,youareinfactthinking.1.1WhatisThinking?Thinkingisapurposeful,organizedcognitiveprocessthatweusetomakesenseofourworld.TypesofThinking1.2TypesofThinkingProblemSolvingDecisionMakingCriticalThinkingAnalyzingEvaluatingReasoningNewIdeasCreativeThinkingRightLeftWhatisCriticalThinking?1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?WARNING:THISMANISNOTTHINKINGCRITICALLY!!Source:/introwhatis.htm
1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(2)“Criticalthinkingconsistsofamentalprocessofanalyzingorevaluatinginformation,particularlystatementsorpropositionsthatpeoplehaveofferedastrue.Itformsaprocessofreflectinguponthemeaningofstatements,examiningtheofferedevidenceandreasoning,andformingjudgmentsaboutthefacts.”–Wikipedia
“Criticalthinkingistheintellectuallydisciplinedprocessofactivelyandskillfullyconceptualizing,applying,analyzing,synthesizing,and/orevaluatinginformationgatheredfrom,orgeneratedby,observation,experience,reflection,reasoning,orcommunication,asaguidetobeliefandaction.“-MichaelScriven&RichardPaulMoreDefinitions…1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(3)CriticalThinkingisthegeneraltermgiventoawiderangeofcognitiveandintellectualskillsneededto:Effectivelyidentify,analyze,andevaluatearguments.Discoverandovercomepersonalprejudicesandbiases.Formulateandpresentconvincingreasonsinsupportofconclusions.Makereasonable,intelligentdecisionsaboutwhattobelieveandwhattodo.1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(4)ProblemSolvingDecisionMakingCriticalThinkingAnalyzingEvaluatingReasoningRightLeftDon’tneedtomemorizedefinitions!Justunderstandandpracticethecorecriticalthinkingskillsemphasizedinthiscourse.1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(5)CRITICALTHINKINGSKILLSAnalyzingReasoningEvaluatingDecisionMakingProblemSolvingCriticalThinkingStandards1.4CriticalThinkingStandards(CTS)Themostsignificantcritical(intellectual)thinkingstandards:ClarityAccuracyPrecisionRelevanceDepthBreadthLogicFairness1.4CTS-ClarityCouldyouelaboratefurtheronthatpoint?Couldyouexpressthatpointinanotherway?Couldyougivemeanillustration?Couldyougivemeanexample?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Clarityisthegatewaystandard
HelpyouIcan,yes.
1.4CTS–AccuracyIsthatreallytrue?Howcouldwecheckthat?Howcouldwefindoutifthatistrue?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Thischickenweighsover300pounds.AstatementcanbeclearbutnotaccuratePowerfulyouhavebecome,thedarksideIsenseinyou.
1.4CTS–PrecisionCouldyougivemoredetails?Couldyoubemorespecific?
Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Astatementcanbebothclearandaccurate,butnotpreciseSizemattersnot.
YaoMingisTALL!1.4CTS–RelevanceHowisthatconnectedtothequestion?Howdoesthatbearontheissue?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Istudiedhardallsemester,thereforeIshouldgetA+.Astatementcanbeclear,accurate,andprecise,butnotrelevanttothequestionatissue.Youmustunlearnwhatyouhavelearned.
1.4CTS–DepthHowdoesyouransweraddressthecomplexitiesinthequestion?Howareyoutakingintoaccounttheproblemsinthequestion?Isthatdealingwiththemostsignificantfactors?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Gravedangeryouarein.Impatientyouare.Astatementcanbeclear,accurate,precise,andrelevant,butsuperficial.1.4CTS–BreadthDoweneedtoconsideranotherpointofview?Isthereanotherwaytolookatthisquestion?Whatwouldthislooklikefromaconservativestandpoint?Whatwouldthislooklikefromthepointofviewof...?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Thatiswhyyoufail.
Alineofreasoningmaybeclear,accurate,precise,relevant,anddeep,butlackbreadth.Headache!!!Yougot0marksfor“Participation”,becauseyoudidn’tparticipateintheclassdiscussionatall.1.4CTS–LogicDoesthisreallymakesense?Doesthatfollowfromwhatyousaid?Howdoesthatfollow?Butbeforeyouimpliedthisandnowyouaresayingthat;howcanbothbetrue?Source:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Supermanseesthroughanything.Supermanseesthroughwalls.SupermanseesthroughYou.
Whenthecombinationofthoughtsaremutuallysupportingandmakesenseincombination,thethinkingis"logical.“Maytheforcebewithyou.1.4CTS–FairnessCriticalthinkingdemandsthatourthinkingbefair.Open-mindedImpartialFreeofdistortingbiasesandpreconceptionsSource:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
Difficulttoachieve,butyoumusttry!Fair-mindednessisanessentialattributeofaCriticalThinker.
1.4CTS–GoodThinkingis…CLEAR……….....ratherthan........UNCLEARACCURATE…....ratherthan…….INACCURATEPRECISE……....ratherthan…….VAGUERELEVANT…….ratherthan…….IRELEVANTCONSISTENT….ratherthan……INCONSISTENTLOGICAL……….ratherthan……ILLOGICALCOMPLETE……ratherthan……INCOMPLETEFAIR…………….ratherthan…....BIASEDSource:/tresources/content/Ruland-CriticalThinkingStandards.pdf
BenefitsofCriticalThinking1.5BenefitsofCriticalThinkingExamples:AcademicPerformanceunderstandtheargumentsandbeliefsofothersCriticallyevaluatingthoseargumentsandbeliefsDevelopanddefendone'sownwell-supportedargumentsandbeliefs.WorkplaceHelpsustoreflectandgetadeeperunderstandingofourownandothers’decisionsEncourageopen-mindednesstochangeAidusinbeingmoreanalyticalinsolvingproblemsDailylifeHelpsustoavoidmakingfoolishpersonaldecisions.Promotesaninformedandconcernedcitizenrycapableofmakinggooddecisionsonimportantsocial,politicalandeconomicissues.Aidsinthedevelopmentofautonomousthinkerscapableofexaminingtheirassumptions,dogmas,andprejudices.BarrierstoCriticalThinking1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingIfCriticalThinkingissoimportant,whyisitthatuncriticalthinkingissocommon?Whyisthatsomanypeopleincludingmanyhighlyeducatedandintelligentpeoplefindcriticalthinkingsodifficult?1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingLackofrelevantbackgroundinformationPoorreadingskillsPoorlisteningskillsBiasPrejudiceSuperstitionEgocentrismSocio-centrismPeerpressureMindlessConformismMindlessnon-conformismProvincialismNarrow-mindednessClosed-mindednessDistrustofreasonStereotypingUnwarrantedassumptionsandstereotypesRelativisticthinkingScapegoatingRationalizationWishfulthinkingShort-termthinkingSelectiveperception/attentionSelectivememoryOverpoweringemotionsSelf-deceptionFace-savingFearofchangeCommonBarriers1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingFivePowerfulBarrierstoCriticalThinking:Self-centeredthinking
self-interestedthinkingself-servingbiasGroup-centeredthinking
GroupbiasConformismBeliefsthatarepresumedtobetruewithoutadequateevidenceorjustification
Assumption
StereotypingBelievingthatsomethingistruebecauseonewishesitweretrue.Thetruthis“justamatterofopinion”
RelativismSubjectivismCulturalrelativismEgocentrismUnwarrantedAssumptionsSociocentrismRelativisticThinkingWishfulThinkingIamprobablythegreatestthinkersinceSocrates! Ina1989internationalstudyof13-year-olds,KoreansfinishedfirstinmathematicsandAmericansfinishedlast.Yetwhenaskedwhethertheythoughttheywere"goodatmathematics,"only23percentofKoreanssaid"yes,"comparedto68percentofAmericans.WhichcriticalthinkingbarrierdotheAmericanstudentsexhibit:Self-interestedthinkingGroupbiasSelf-servingbiasConformism1.6MiniQuiz–Question11.6MiniQuiz–Question2Whichcriticalthinkingbarrier
doesAlidisplayinthispassage?A)Self-interestedthinkingB)GroupbiasC)Self-servingbiasD)ConformismMuhammadAli[speakinginZaire,Africa]:"There'snocountryasgreatasthesmallestcityinAmerica.Imean[hereinZaire]youcan'twatchtelevision.Thewaterwon'tevenrunright.Thetoiletswon'tflush.Theroads,thecars-there'snothingasgreatasAmerica."1.6MiniQuiz–Question3Whichcriticalthinkingbarrier
doesLeeexhibit?A)Self-interestedthinkingB)StereotypingC)GroupbiasD)ConformismAdam:
MyfriendAndyisa1styearstudentatUNITAR.Heis
cool,loveshangingout,andhasaverylaid-back
personality.
Lee:Ibethe’sfromKL.1.6MiniQuiz–Question4Whichcriticalthinkingbarrier
doesSuzieexhibit?A)StereotypingB)Self-interestedthinkingC)WishfulthinkingD)RelativisticthinkingSuzie:Ican'tbelieveIgotaB-onthismarketingpaper.MyfriendSarah
turnedinthissamepaperinadifferentmarketingclasslastsemester,andshegotanA.
Ali:Don'tyourealizeit'swrongtoplagiarizesomeoneelse'swork?
Suzie:That'syouropinion.What'swrongforonepersonisn'tnecessarilywrongforanother,andIsaythere'snothingwrongwithplagiarism-aslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinker1.7CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinkerAreyouOPENMINDEDaboutotherpeople’sview?AreyouHONESTtoyourself(orothers)whenyouarewrong?DoyouhavetheCOURAGE
andPASSION
totakeinitiativeandconfrontproblemsandmeetchallenges?AreyouAWAREofyourownbiasesandpreconceptions?DoyouWELCOMECRITICISM
fromotherpeople?DoyouhaveINDEPENDENTopinionsandarenotafraidtodisagree?TheForce,Isenseiswithyou.1.7CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinkerCriticalThinkers
UncriticalThinkers
Haveapassionate
driveforclarity,precision,accuracy,relevance,consistency,logicalness,completeness,andfairness.
Oftenthinkinwaysthatareunclear,imprecise,inaccurate,etc.Aresensitivetowaysinwhichcriticalthinkingcanbeskewedbyegocentrism,sociocentrism,wishfulthinking,etc.
Oftenfallpreytoegocentrism,sociocentrism,wishfulthinking,etc.Areintellectuallyhonestwiththemselves,acknowledgingwhattheydon’tknowandrecognizingtheirlimitations.
Pretendtheyknowmorethantheydoandignoretheirlimitations.Listenopen-mindedlytoopposingpointsofviewandwelcomecriticismsofbeliefsandassumptions.
Areclose-mindedandresistcriticismsofbeliefsandassumptions.Basetheirbeliefsonfactsandevidenceratherthanonpersonalpreferenceorself-interest.
Oftenbasetheirbeliefsonmerepersonalpreferenceorselfinterest.Areawareofthebiasesandpreconceptionsthatshapethewaytheyperceivetheworld.
Lackawarenessoftheirownbiasesandpreconceptions.Thinkindependentlyandarenotafraidtodisagreewithgroupopinion.
Tendtoengagein‘groupthink’,uncriticallyfollowingthebeliefsandvaluesofthecrowd.Areabletogettotheheartofanissueorproblem,withoutbeingdistractedbydetails.
Areeasilydistractedandlacktheabilitytozeroinontheessenceofaproblemorissue.Havetheintellectualcouragetofaceandassessfairlyideasthatchallengeeventheirmostbasicbeliefs.
Fearandresistideasthatchallengetheirbasicbeliefs.Lovetruthandcurious
aboutawiderangeofissues.
Areoftenrelativelyindifferenttotruthandlackofcuriosity.Havetheintellectualperseverancetopursueinsightsortruths,despiteobstaclesordifficulties.
Tendtopreservewhentheyencounterintellectualobstaclesordifficulties.GroupActivityBreakintogroupsof4-5,andthendiscuss,identifyandranktheTop10characteristics/traits/behavioursofanEXCELLENT:
LECTURERSTUDENTChooseonememberofyourgrouptotakenotesandbethegroupreporter.10minBrainstormtogetherandidentify10characteristicsforeachitemabove.(e.g.trytorememberthebestlecturer(s)youhaveeverhadandthenidentifytheircharacteristics…)..5minPrioritizeandrankthechosencharacteristicsofeachitemaboveaccordingtoimportance(e.g.Top10).15minGrouppresentation&discussion-TheGroupreportermustsubmittheirfindingsinhardcopyformataftertheclass(usetemplate)orsoft-copyformattothelecturerbeforenextclass.Dr.Yodawasanexcellentteacher,becauseheengagedourmind,hadactivities,etc.Summary1.WhatisThinking?Thinkingisapurposeful,organizedcognitiveprocessthatweusetomakesenseofourworld.2.TypesofThinkingCreative&CriticalThinking3.WhatisCriticalThinking?CriticalThinkingisthegeneraltermgiventoawiderangeofcognitiveandintellectualskillsneededto:Effectivelyiden
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