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基于模糊理論的圖像分割算法研究(四)
6.4實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論本文所討論的基于遺傳算法的圖像分割算法,采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)遺傳算法作為計(jì)算流程,但對(duì)其中的選擇算子進(jìn)行了改變,用高級(jí)選擇函數(shù)select代替了傳統(tǒng)的單一選擇算子,使得在每次選擇運(yùn)算后所得的父輩更為健壯,更好的保持了第一代父輩的表現(xiàn)型,使得分割更加精確。通過設(shè)計(jì)變異概率,使得每次迭代遺傳運(yùn)算后,子代的表現(xiàn)型略有改變,從而更以獲得最優(yōu)的表現(xiàn)型(即最優(yōu)閾值),減少了迭代尋優(yōu)次數(shù),降低了程序運(yùn)行時(shí)間。同時(shí)考慮到過多迭代不利于降低程序運(yùn)行時(shí)間,以及在尋優(yōu)過程中的最佳值收斂問題,指定迭代次數(shù)為50次時(shí)即跳出整個(gè)程序,通過反編碼求得最優(yōu)閾值,并通過變量調(diào)用,直接應(yīng)用于下面的分割程序,達(dá)到了整個(gè)算法的自動(dòng)完成。相對(duì)于灰度直方圖雙峰法,本方法對(duì)圖像的先驗(yàn)信息要求不高,不需要像灰度直方圖法那樣,先通過獲得圖像的灰度直方圖取得分割閾值后再對(duì)圖像處理,整個(gè)程序的自動(dòng)化程度高,且對(duì)于那些灰度直方圖不呈雙峰分布的圖像,本算法程序一樣可以處理,這就擴(kuò)大了本算法程序的靈活性,從而更具有實(shí)際意義。而且,由于灰度直方圖雙峰法的閾值是通過人眼觀察獲得,其誤差必然大于機(jī)器迭代運(yùn)算所取得的最優(yōu)閾值,而普通的閾值分割法,如ostu法,雖然實(shí)現(xiàn)了閾值的自動(dòng)選擇,但其運(yùn)算時(shí)間與本算法相比偏長,實(shí)時(shí)性差于本算法。因此,在圖像分割算法中,基于遺傳算法的圖像分割算法更優(yōu)于其它傳統(tǒng)的圖像分割算法。通過上述討論,以及兩種方法的處理結(jié)果圖片的對(duì)比,基于遺傳算法的最大類間方差法分割后圖像與直方圖雙峰法分割后的圖像像比,效果更明顯,且無須事先測(cè)量圖像的灰度直方圖,更加靈活,更加精確。其相關(guān)試驗(yàn)結(jié)論列于下表:基于遺傳算法的圖象分割實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論總表:分割方法自動(dòng)化程度閾值灰度直方圖計(jì)算時(shí)間分割結(jié)果灰度直方圖法無法自動(dòng)完成——基于遺傳算法的Ostu法高閾值自動(dòng)指定,閾值M=162,短于普通Ostu法普通Ostu法高閾值自動(dòng)指定偏長參見參考文章[25]參考文獻(xiàn)[1]張兆禮,趙春暉,梅曉丹.現(xiàn)代圖像處理技術(shù)及MAThAB實(shí)現(xiàn).北京:人民郵電出版社,2001.1[2]陳傳波,金先級(jí).數(shù)字圖像處理[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.[3]夏德深,傅德勝等.現(xiàn)代圖象處理技術(shù)與應(yīng)用[M].南京:東南大學(xué)出版社,1997.[4]章毓晉.圖象工程(上冊(cè))圖象處理和分析.北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,1999.[5]王小平,曹立明.遺傳算法理論、應(yīng)用與軟件實(shí)現(xiàn).西安:西安交大出版社,2002.[6]徐立中,數(shù)字圖像的智能信息處理。北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,2001[7]王耀南,李樹濤,毛建旭,計(jì)算機(jī)圖像處理與識(shí)別技術(shù),北京:高等教育出版社,2001[8]雷英杰,張善文,李緒武,周創(chuàng)明.MATLAB遺傳算法工具箱及應(yīng)用,西安:西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社[9]何新貴.模糊知識(shí)處理的理論與計(jì)算,國防工業(yè)出版社,1999[10]徐建華.圖像處理與分析,北京:科學(xué)出版,1992.[11]阮秋琦.數(shù)字圖象處理學(xué),電子工業(yè)出版社,2001[12]王博等.圖像平滑與邊緣檢測(cè)的模糊向量描述,小型微型計(jì)算機(jī)統(tǒng),Vol.20(3),1999[13]吳謹(jǐn),李娟,劉成云,基于最大熵的灰度閾值選取方法,武漢科技大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),Vol.27,No.1,Mar,2004[14]李鑒慶,左坤隆,圖像閾值選取的一種快速算法.計(jì)算機(jī)與現(xiàn)代化,2001年第6期[15]魏寶剛,魯東明,潘云鶴等.多顏色空間上的互式圖像分割[J].計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)報(bào),2001,24(7):770-775[16]杜亞勤,基于模糊集的圖像邊緣檢測(cè)技術(shù)研究:[碩士學(xué)位論文].西安:西安工業(yè)學(xué)院,2004年4月[17]王保平,基于模糊技術(shù)的圖像處理方法研究[博士學(xué)位論文],西安:西安電子科技大學(xué),2004,9[18]杜亞娟,潘泉,周德龍等,圖像多級(jí)灰度非線性模糊增強(qiáng)算法研究,數(shù)據(jù)采集與處Vo1.14No.2[19]RussJC,Theimageprocessinghandbook.NewYork:CRCPress,1994[20]LAZadeh.FuzzySets[J].InformationandContro1,1965,(8):338-353[21]LotfiA.Zadeh,Afuzzy-set-theoreticinterpretationoflinguistichedges,JournalofCybernetic,1972,64(2):4-34[22]S.K.Pal,R.A.King.ImageEnhancementUsingFuzzySets.Electron.Lett.,198016(9):376-378.[23]S.K.PaI,R.:A.King,OnEdgeDetectionofR-RayImagesUsingFuzzySets.IEEETrans.Patt.AnalandMachineIntell.1983,PAMI-5(1):69-77.[24]OtsuN.AThresholdSelectionMethodFromGrayLevelHistograms.IEEETransonSystManCybernet,1979,SMC-9:62-66附錄附錄一灰度直方圖雙峰法分割源代碼clear,closeallB=imread('2.jpg');
%讀入原始jpg格式圖像figure(1);imshow(B),title('原始jpg格式圖像');I1=rgb2gray(B);%將原圖像轉(zhuǎn)化為灰度圖象figure(2);imshow(I1),title('灰度格式圖像');[I1,map1]=gray2ind(I1,255);
%將灰度圖像轉(zhuǎn)化為索引圖像figure(3),imhist(I1)%畫出灰度直方圖,以判斷域值I1=double(I1);%將unit8數(shù)組轉(zhuǎn)化為double型數(shù)組Z=I1%將double型數(shù)組I1轉(zhuǎn)存到Z中[m,n]=size(Z);fori=1:mforj=1:nifZ(i,j)>240%灰度值大于域值時(shí)是白色Z(i,j)=256;endendendfigure(4)
%畫出分割后目標(biāo)圖像image(Z),title('分割后圖像');colormap(map1);圖像I圖像格式轉(zhuǎn)化及灰度直方圖雙峰法分割源代碼clear,closeallB=imread('she.jpg');
%讀入原始jpg格式圖像shefigure(1);imshow(B),title('原始jpg格式圖像');I1=rgb2gray(B);%將原圖像轉(zhuǎn)化為灰度圖象figure(2);imshow(I1),title('灰度格式圖像');[I1,map1]=gray2ind(I1,255);
%將灰度圖像轉(zhuǎn)化為索引圖像figure(3),imhist(I1)
%畫出灰度直方圖,以判斷域值I1=double(I1);
%將unit8數(shù)組轉(zhuǎn)化為double型數(shù)組Z=I1
%將double型數(shù)組I1轉(zhuǎn)存到Z中[m,n]=size(Z);fori=1:mforj=1:nifZ(i,j)>240
%灰度值大于域值時(shí)是白色Z(i,j)=256;endendendfigure(4)
%畫出分割后目標(biāo)圖像image(Z),title('分割后圖像');colormap(map1);圖像II圖像格式轉(zhuǎn)化及灰度直方圖雙峰法分割源代碼clear,closeallB=imread('she.jpg');
%讀入原始jpg格式圖像月亮figure(1);imshow(B),title('原始jpg格式圖像');I1=rgb2gray(B);%將原圖像轉(zhuǎn)化為灰度圖象figure(2);imshow(I1),title('灰度格式圖像');[I1,map1]=gray2ind(I1,255);
%將灰度圖像轉(zhuǎn)化為索引圖像figure(3),imhist(I1)
%畫出灰度直方圖,以判斷域值I1=double(I1);
%將unit8數(shù)組轉(zhuǎn)化為double型數(shù)組Z=I1
%將double型數(shù)組I1轉(zhuǎn)存到Z中[m,n]=size(Z);fori=1:mforj=1:nifZ(i,j)>240
%灰度值大于域值時(shí)是白色Z(i,j)=256;endendendfigure(4)
%畫出分割后目標(biāo)圖像image(Z),title('分割后圖像');colormap(map1);附錄二Crtbp函數(shù)源代碼:(由謝菲爾德大學(xué)AndrewChipperfield編寫)%CRTBP.m-Createaninitialpopulation%%Thisfunctioncreatesabinarypopulationofgivensizeandstructure.%%Syntax:[ChromLindBaseV]=crtbp(Nind,Lind,Base)%%InputParameters:%%Nind
-Eitherascalarcontainingthenumberofinpiduals%
inthenewpopulationorarowvectoroflengthtwo%
containingthenumberofinpidualsandtheirlength.%%Lind
-Ascalarcontainingthelengthoftheinpidual%
chromosomes.%%Base
-Ascalarcontainingthebaseofthechromosome%
elementsorarowvectorcontainingthebase(s)%
ofthelociofthechromosomes.%%OutputParameters:%%Chrom
-Amatrixcontainingtherandomvaluedchromosomes%
rowwise.%%Lind-Ascalarcontainingthelengthofthechromosome.%%BaseV
-Arowvectorcontainingthebaseofthe%
chromosomeloci.%Author:AndrewChipperfield%Date:19-Jan-94function[Chrom,Lind,BaseV]=crtbp(Nind,Lind,Base)nargs=nargin;%Checkparameterconsistencyifnargs>=1,[mN,nN]=size(Nind);endifnargs>=2,[mL,nL]=size(Lind);endifnargs==3,[mB,nB]=size(Base);endifnN==2if(nargs==1)Lind=Nind(2);Nind=Nind(1);BaseV=crtbase(Lind);elseif(nargs==2&nL==1)BaseV=crtbase(Nind(2),Lind);Lind=Nind(2);Nind=Nind(1);elseif(nargs==2&nL>1)ifLind~=length(Lind),error('LindandBasedisagree');endBaseV=Lind;Lind=Nind(2);Nind=Nind(1);endelseifnN==1ifnargs==2ifnL==1,BaseV=crtbase(Lind);else,BaseV=Lind;Lind=nL;endelseifnargs==3ifnB==1,BaseV=crtbase(Lind,Base);elseifnB~=Lind,error('LindandBasedisagree');elseBaseV=Base;endendelseerror('Inputparametersinconsistent');end%Createastructureofrandomchromosomesinrowwiseorder,dimensions%NindbyLind.Thebaseofeachchromosomeslociisgivenbythevalue%ofthecorrespondingelementoftherowvectorbase.Chrom=floor(rand(Nind,Lind).*BaseV(ones(Nind,1),:));%Endoffile附錄三Bs2rv函數(shù)源代碼:(由謝菲爾德大學(xué)AndrewChipperfield編寫)%BS2RV.m-Binarystringtorealvector%%Thisfunctiondecodesbinarychromosomesintovectorsofreals.The%chromosomesareseenastheconcatenationofbinarystringsofgiven%length,anddecodedintorealnumbersinaspecifiedintervalusing%eitherstandardbinaryorGraydecoding.%%Syntax:
Phen=bs2rv(Chrom,F(xiàn)ieldD)%%Inputparameters:%%
Chrom
-Matrixcontainingthechromosomesofthecurrent%population.Eachlinecorrespondstoone%inpidual'sconcatenatedbinarystring%
representation.LeftmostbitsareMSband%
rightmostareLSb.%%
FieldD-Matrixdescribingthelengthandhowtodecode%
eachsubstringinthechromosome.Ithasthe%
followingstructure:%%[len;(num)%lb;(num)%ub;(num)%code;
(0=binary
|1=gray)%scale;(0=arithmetic|1=logarithmic)%lbin;
(0=excluded|1=included)%ubin];(0=excluded|1=included)%%
where%len-rowvectorcontainingthelengthof%eachsubstringinChrom.sum(len)%shouldequaltheinpiduallength.%lb,%ub
-Lowerandupperboundsforeach%variable.%code-binaryrowvectorindicatinghoweach%substringistobedecoded.%scale-binaryrowvectorindicatingwhereto%usearithmeticand/orlogarithmic%scaling.%lbin,%ubin-binaryrowvectorsindicatingwhether%ornottoincludeeachboundinthe%representationrange%%Outputparameter:%%
Phen
-Realmatrixcontainingthepopulationphenotypes.%%Author:CarlosFonseca,Updated:AndrewChipperfield%Date:08/06/93,Date:26-Jan-94functionPhen=bs2rv(Chrom,F(xiàn)ieldD)%Identifythepopulationsize(Nind)%
andthechromosomelength(Lind)[Nind,Lind]=size(Chrom);%Identifythenumberofdecisionvariables(Nvar)[seven,Nvar]=size(FieldD);ifseven~=7error('FieldDmusthave7rows.');end%Getsubstringpropertieslen=FieldD(1,:);lb=FieldD(2,:);ub=FieldD(3,:);code=~(~FieldD(4,:));scale=~(~FieldD(5,:));lin=~(~FieldD(6,:));uin=~(~FieldD(7,:));%Checksubstringpropertiesforconsistencyifsum(len)~=Lind,error('DatainFieldDmustagreewithchromosomelength');endif~all(lb(scale).*ub(scale)>0)error('Log-scaledvariablesmustnotinclude0intheirrange');end%DecodechromosomesPhen=zeros(Nind,Nvar);lf=cumsum(len);li=cumsum([1len]);Prec=.5.^len;lb(scale)=log(abs(lb(scale)));ub(scale)=log(abs(ub(scale)));delta=ub-lb;Prec=.5.^len;num=(~lin).*Prec;den=(lin+uin-1).*Prec;fori=1:Nvar,idx=li(i):lf(i);ifcode(i)%GraydecodingChrom(:,idx)=rem(cumsum(Chrom(:,idx)')',2);endPhen(:,i)=Chrom(:,idx)*[(.5).^(1:len(i))'];Phen(:,i)=lb(i)+delta(i)*(Phen(:,i)+num(i))./(1-den(i));endexpand=ones(Nind,1);ifany(scale)Phen(:,scale)=logsgn(expand,:).*exp(Phen(:,scale));end附錄四適應(yīng)度函數(shù)target源代碼:functionf=target(T,M)
%適應(yīng)度函數(shù),T為待處理圖像,M為域值序列[U,V]=size(T);W=,,length(M);f=zeros(W,1);fork=1:WI=0;s1=0;J=0;s2=0;
%統(tǒng)計(jì)目標(biāo)圖像和背景圖像的像素?cái)?shù)及像素之和fori=1:Uforj=1:VifT(i,j)<=M(k)s1=s1+T(i,j);I=I+1;endifT(i,j)>M(k)s2=s2+T(i,j);J=J+1;endendendifI==0,p1=0;elsep1=s1/I;endifJ==0,p2=0;elsep2=s2/J;endf(k)=I*J*(p1-p2)*(p1-p2)/(256*256);end附錄五選擇函數(shù)Select源代碼:(由謝菲爾德大學(xué)HartmutPohlheim編寫)%SELECT.M(universalSELECTion)%%Thisfunctionperformsuniversalselection.Thefunctionhandles%multiplepopulationsandcallsthelowlevelselectionfunction%fortheactualselectionprocess.%%Syntax:SelCh=select(SEL_F,Chrom,F(xiàn)itnV,GGAP,SUBPOP)%%Inputparameters:%
SEL_F
-Nameoftheselectionfunction%
Chrom
-Matrixcontainingtheinpiduals(parents)ofthecurrent%population.Eachrowcorrespondstooneinpidual.%
FitnV
-Columnvectorcontainingthefitnessvaluesofthe%inpidualsinthepopulation.%
GGAP
-(optional)Rateofinpidualstobeselected%ifomitted1.0isassumed%
SUBPOP
-(optional)Numberofsubpopulations%ifomitted1subpopulationisassumed%%Outputparameters:%
SelCh
-Matrixcontainingtheselectedinpiduals.%Author:
HartmutPohlheim%History:
10.03.94
filecreatedfunctionSelCh=select(SEL_F,Chrom,F(xiàn)itnV,GGAP,SUBPOP);%Checkparameterconsistencyifnargin<3,error('Notenoughinputparameter');end%Identifythepopulationsize(Nind)[NindCh,Nvar]=size(Chrom);[NindF,VarF]=size(FitnV);ifNindCh~=NindF,error('ChromandFitnVdisagree');endifVarF~=1,error('FitnVmustbeacolumnvector');endifnargin<5,SUBPOP=1;endifnargin>4,ifisempty(SUBPOP),SUBPOP=1;elseifisnan(SUBPOP),SUBPOP=1;elseiflength(SUBPOP)~=1,error('SUBPOPmustbeascalar');endendif(NindCh/SUBPOP)~=fix(NindCh/SUBPOP),error('ChromandSUBPOPdisagree');endNind=NindCh/SUBPOP;%Computenumberofinpidualspersubpopulationifnargin<4,GGAP=1;endifnargin>3,ifisempty(GGAP),GGAP=1;elseifisnan(GGAP),GGAP=1;elseiflength(GGAP)~=1,error('GGAPmustbeascalar');elseif(GGAP<0),error('GGAPmustbeascalarbiggerthan0');endend%Computenumberofnewinpiduals(toselect)NSel=max(floor(Nind*GGAP+.5),2);%SelectinpidualsfrompopulationSelCh=[];forirun=1:SUBPOP,F(xiàn)itnVSub=FitnV((irun-1)*Nind+1:irun*Nind);ChrIx=feval(SEL_F,F(xiàn)itnVSub,NSel)+(irun-1)*Nind;SelCh=[SelCh;Chrom(ChrIx,:)];end%Endoffunction附錄六交叉函數(shù)recombin的源代碼:(由謝菲爾德大學(xué)HartmutPohlheim編寫)%RECOMBIN.M
(RECOMBINationhigh-levelfunction)%%Thisfunctionperformsrecombinationbetweenpairsofinpiduals%andreturnsthenewinpidualsaftermating.Thefunctionhandles%multiplepopulationsandcallsthelow-levelrecombinationfunction%fortheactualrecombinationprocess.%%Syntax:NewChrom=recombin(REC_F,OldChrom,RecOpt,SUBPOP)%%Inputparameters:%
REC_F
-Stringcontainingthenameoftherecombinationor%crossoverfunction%
Chrom
-Matrixcontainingthechromosomesoftheold%population.Eachlinecorrespondstooneinpidual%
RecOpt
-(optional)Scalarcontainingtheprobabilityof%recombination/crossoveroccurringbetweenpairs%ofinpiduals.%ifomittedorNaN,1isassumed%
SUBPOP
-(optional)Numberofsubpopulations%ifomittedorNaN,1subpopulationisassumed%%Outputparameter:%
NewChrom-Matrixcontainingthechromosomesofthepopulation%afterrecombinationinthesameformatasOldChrom.%Author:
HartmutPohlheim%History:18.03.94
filecreatedfunctionNewChrom=recombin(REC_F,Chrom,RecOpt,SUBPOP);%Checkparameterconsistencyifnargin<2,error('Notenoughinputparameter');end%Identifythepopulationsize(Nind)[Nind,Nvar]=size(Chrom);ifnargin<4,SUBPOP=1;endifnargin>3,ifisempty(SUBPOP),SUBPOP=1;elseifisnan(SUBPOP),SUBPOP=1;elseiflength(SUBPOP)~=1,error('SUBPOPmustbeascalar');endendif(Nind/SUBPOP)~=fix(Nind/SUBPOP),error('ChromandSUBPOPdisagree');endNind=Nind/SUBPOP;%Computenumberofinpidualspersubpopulationifnargin<3,RecOpt=0.7;endifnargin>2,ifisempty(RecOpt),RecOpt=0.7;elseifisnan(RecOpt),RecOpt=0.7;elseiflength(RecOpt)~=1,error('RecOptmustbeascalar');elseif(RecOpt<0|RecOpt>1),error('RecOptmustbeascalarin[0,1]');endend%SelectinpidualsofonesubpopulationandcalllowlevelfunctionNewChrom=[];forirun=1:SUBPOP,ChromSub=Chrom((irun-1)*Nind+1:irun*Nind,:);NewChromSub=feval(REC_F,ChromSub,RecOpt);NewChrom=[NewChrom;NewChromSub];end%Endoffunction附錄七變異函數(shù)mut源代碼:(由謝菲爾德大學(xué)AndrewChipperfield編寫)%MUT.m%%Thisfunctiontakestherepresentationofthecurrentpopulation,%mutateseachelementwithgivenprobabilityandreturnstheresulting%population.%%Syntax:
NewChrom=mut(OldChrom,Pm,BaseV)%%Inputparameters:%%OldChrom-Amatrixcontainingthechromosomesofthe%
currentpopulation.Eachrowcorrespondsto%
aninpidualsstringrepresentation.%%Pm-Mutationprobability(scalar).Defaultvalue%
ofPm=0.7/Lind,whereLindisthechromosome%
lengthisassumedifomitted.%%BaseV
-Optionalrowvectorofthesamelengthasthe%
chromosomestructuredefiningthebaseofthe%
inpidualelementsofthechromosome.Binary%
representationisassumedifomitted.%%Outputparameter:%%NewChrom-AMatrixcontainingamutatedversionof%
OldChrom.%%Author:AndrewChipperfield%Date:25-Jan-94functionNewChrom=mut(OldChrom,Pm,BaseV)%getpopulationsize(Nind)andchromosomelength(Lind)[Nind,Lind]=size(OldChrom);%checkinputparametersifnargin<2,Pm=0.7/Lind;endifisnan(Pm),Pm=0.7/Lind;endif(nargin<3),BaseV=crtbase(Lind);endif(isnan(BaseV)),BaseV=crtbase(Lind);endif(isempty(BaseV)),BaseV=crtbase(Lind);endif(nargin==3)&(Lind~=length(BaseV))error('OldChromandBaseVareincompatible'),end%createmutationmaskmatrixBaseM=BaseV(ones(Nind,1),:);%performmutationonchromosomestructureNewChrom=rem(OldChrom+(rand(Nind,Lind)<Pm).*ceil(rand(Nind,Lind).*(BaseM-1)),BaseM);附錄八基于遺傳算法的最大類間方差法對(duì)JPG格式圖像分割的程序源代碼:clear,closeallB=imread('she.jpg');%讀入原始jpg格式圖像figure(1);imshow(B),title('原始jpg格式圖像');I1=rgb2gray(B);%將原圖像轉(zhuǎn)化為灰度圖象figure(2);imshow(I1),title('灰度格式圖像');BW1=edge(I1,'sobel');BW2=
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