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用量子理論推導(dǎo)康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)中的相對(duì)論“質(zhì)速關(guān)系”作者:邱旭濱摘要:1923年,美國物理學(xué)家康普頓用經(jīng)典電磁理論來解釋康普頓效應(yīng)時(shí)遇到了困難,康普頓借助于愛因斯坦的光子理論及相對(duì)論“質(zhì)速關(guān)系”對(duì)此實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了圓滿的解釋,但并未揭示質(zhì)速關(guān)系的真相。經(jīng)重新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)用量子理論便可得到合理的解釋,“質(zhì)速關(guān)系”是光電效應(yīng)量子化的結(jié)果,是一種量子效應(yīng)。這一規(guī)律的發(fā)現(xiàn),是對(duì)量子理論的必要補(bǔ)充,為解釋微觀領(lǐng)域相對(duì)論現(xiàn)象提供全新的視角。關(guān)鍵詞:康普頓散射實(shí)驗(yàn);相對(duì)論;經(jīng)典理論;質(zhì)速關(guān)系;量子理論前言量子理論作為近代新興的物理科學(xué)理論在描述與解釋物理世界取得過輝煌的成績(jī),也成為近現(xiàn)代物理大廈的重要支柱,在未來亦必將繼續(xù)肩負(fù)起物理及相關(guān)科學(xué)發(fā)展的重任。但量子理論是在發(fā)展中不斷完善的,它的完善離不開各種新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),康普頓效應(yīng)蘊(yùn)含著重要的量子效應(yīng)規(guī)律,這一規(guī)律與質(zhì)速關(guān)系緊密相關(guān),可以更好的解釋光電效應(yīng),必然對(duì)量子理論的完善發(fā)展有著重要價(jià)值。一、康普頓散射實(shí)驗(yàn)介紹1923年,美國物理學(xué)家康普頓在研究X射線通過物質(zhì)發(fā)生散射的實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)新的現(xiàn)象,即散射光中除了有原波長(zhǎng)λ0的X光外,還產(chǎn)生了波長(zhǎng)λ>λ0的X光,其波長(zhǎng)的增量隨散射角的不同而變化。這種現(xiàn)象稱為康普頓效應(yīng)(ComptonEffect)。用經(jīng)典電磁理論來解釋康普頓效應(yīng)時(shí)遇到了困難,康普頓借助于愛因斯坦的光子理論及相對(duì)論,從光子與電子碰撞的角度及相對(duì)論質(zhì)速關(guān)系對(duì)此實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了圓滿地解釋。簡(jiǎn)述如下:根據(jù)光子理論,X射線的散射是單個(gè)光子和單個(gè)電子發(fā)生彈性碰撞的結(jié)果。在固體如各種金屬中,有許多和原子核聯(lián)系較弱的電子可以看作自由電子。由于這些電子的熱運(yùn)動(dòng)平均動(dòng)能(約百分之幾電子伏特)和入射的X射線光子的能量(104~105eV)比起來極小可略去不計(jì),因而這些電子在碰撞前可以看作是靜止的。一個(gè)電子的靜止能量為me0c2,動(dòng)能為0。設(shè)入射光的頻率為f0,它的一個(gè)光子就具有能量hf0,動(dòng)量hf0·e0。再設(shè)彈性碰撞后,電子的能量變?yōu)閙ec2,動(dòng)量變?yōu)閙eu;散射光子的能量為hf1,動(dòng)量為hf/c·e,散射角為φ,e0、e分別為碰撞前和碰撞后的光子運(yùn)動(dòng)方向上的單位矢量(如下圖): 圖1光子與靜止的自由電子的碰撞分析矢量圖按照能量和動(dòng)量守恒,同時(shí)考慮反沖電子速度可能很大,質(zhì)量m取相對(duì)論質(zhì)速關(guān)系,由此得出康普頓散射公式。從量子力學(xué)角度重新解釋康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)歷史上,在對(duì)康普頓電子散射實(shí)驗(yàn)的計(jì)量研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),引入相對(duì)論的質(zhì)速關(guān)系,所得計(jì)量結(jié)果與實(shí)驗(yàn)相符。但歷史上對(duì)康普頓電子散射的解釋,并未揭示質(zhì)速關(guān)系與量子理論的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。實(shí)際上,經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),康普頓效應(yīng)用量子理論便可得到合理的解釋,質(zhì)速關(guān)系只是光電效應(yīng)量子化的結(jié)果??灯疹D實(shí)驗(yàn)中涉及的相對(duì)論“質(zhì)速關(guān)系”是光電效應(yīng)量子化的結(jié)果根據(jù)現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)可知,電子湮滅成為光能量的事實(shí),可知電子的質(zhì)能與光量子的關(guān)系為mec2=hf。粒子的質(zhì)能,有人認(rèn)為mc2本身就是相對(duì)論的產(chǎn)物,其實(shí)是誤解。比照熱力學(xué)原理可知,一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中以速度u運(yùn)動(dòng)的粒子,其能量為Mu2。從量子論的角度可知,構(gòu)成粒子的要素與光量子是同源同質(zhì)的,其質(zhì)量為m,其速度為c,則顯然系統(tǒng)的能量為mc2。正因?yàn)槿绱耍朋w現(xiàn)出電子是光量子mlc2的粒子化:hf=mlc2=mec2??梢姡|(zhì)能mc2并不是相對(duì)論的專利。由于電子實(shí)際上是光量子的粒子化,必然有其固有的頻率與波長(zhǎng):由于光量子都是由一份份最小能量|h|J(J焦耳)所組成,即:可知對(duì)應(yīng)的基本質(zhì)量子(以mh表示,下標(biāo)h為普朗克常數(shù)符號(hào))為:故對(duì)于任何的光量子有:那么,對(duì)于入射光、靜電子、出射光就有:即: 考慮出射光量子能量大小與出射角度φ有關(guān)(出射角與反沖能量大小相關(guān)),且實(shí)驗(yàn)中入射光與出射光的波長(zhǎng)差與(1-cosφ)有關(guān),故把它引入到等式兩邊。雖然(1-cosφ)是根據(jù)后來實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果得知的,但這不妨礙我們把它當(dāng)作一種預(yù)設(shè)引入到等式兩邊。一是引入的(1-cosφ)在方程的左右兩邊,沒有破壞方程的平衡,二是在這一預(yù)設(shè)下,得出的結(jié)果必須與實(shí)驗(yàn)相符合且由結(jié)果反向推導(dǎo)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)其它解,故可知它是充分必要的條件,是排它的。下文的演繹過程事實(shí)上都滿足這一要求。即有:因?yàn)閙e0cλe0=h中的波長(zhǎng)λe0實(shí)質(zhì)即為康普頓波長(zhǎng)λc,所以波長(zhǎng)差為:康譜頓為了找出滿足實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的條件,預(yù)設(shè)了實(shí)驗(yàn)與質(zhì)速關(guān)系相關(guān),并加上動(dòng)量守恒及能量守恒,得出了符合實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的波長(zhǎng)差公式;本文在量子力學(xué)的關(guān)系式左右兩邊同時(shí)加上與實(shí)驗(yàn)相關(guān)的(1-cosφ)項(xiàng),也是作了預(yù)設(shè),得出了符合實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的波長(zhǎng)差公式。從上述的推導(dǎo)中可以看出,決定這一結(jié)果的其實(shí)只是入射光的質(zhì)量、靜電子的質(zhì)量、出射角度,及一條重要的條件,即電子質(zhì)能量子化me0c2=hf。下面具體探討一下,為什么質(zhì)量與角度φ決定了出射光的波長(zhǎng)。由于電子質(zhì)能量子化,而光量子又是由基本質(zhì)量子mh與頻率構(gòu)成,故有:從這里可以發(fā)現(xiàn),康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與光量子及靜電子自身的振動(dòng)周期有關(guān)(注意靜電子能量振動(dòng)周期Tc與康普頓波長(zhǎng)相應(yīng)λc,Tc不是電子繞原子核的振動(dòng)周期)。出射光的振動(dòng)周期由入射光與靜電子能量振動(dòng)周期及出射角決定,反映了出射光的周期以入射光的周期為基礎(chǔ),疊加入射光與電子交互作用的周期Tc(1-cosφ)。交互作用的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),反映了每一份入射光量子在電子中滯留的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),被電子吸收的能量越多,出射的能量越少,出射光的波長(zhǎng)越長(zhǎng)。由于出射光能量由入射光和靜電子能量振動(dòng)周期及出射角決定,電子增加的能量也就確定了,進(jìn)而結(jié)合動(dòng)量守恒及能量守恒,質(zhì)速關(guān)系便確定了。質(zhì)速關(guān)系推導(dǎo)過程如下:動(dòng)量守恒:能量守恒: 把(8)代入到(9)式中得:上文中已論述了入射光、出射光、電子質(zhì)量與頻率(或周期)的關(guān)系,可知質(zhì)速關(guān)系是由頻率(或周期)及出射角決定的,見下:把(10)式代入(11)式中得:由(12)式可得:上述過程可歸納為: 這正是光電效應(yīng)量子化、動(dòng)量守恒、能量守恒的必然結(jié)果??梢钥闯?,這其實(shí)是式(1)、(2)、(3)式的逆過程。式(1)、(2)、(3)過程反映的是,光速不變性決定了相對(duì)論質(zhì)速關(guān)系,進(jìn)而決定了出射光波長(zhǎng)的變化,同時(shí)動(dòng)電子因具有u速度而獲得相對(duì)論的動(dòng)質(zhì)量。這一過程沒有考慮到真實(shí)的能量吸收。而式(7)、(1)、(2)反映了質(zhì)速關(guān)系由能量固有頻率決定,電子質(zhì)量的增加不是相對(duì)性的觀察效果,而是真實(shí)吸收能量后電子頻率增強(qiáng)、質(zhì)能增大。兩個(gè)相逆的過程具有明顯的邏輯差別。前一過程,動(dòng)質(zhì)量因速度的變化而變化,速度決定了質(zhì)量。后一過程,電子質(zhì)量的增加由入射光質(zhì)量、靜電子質(zhì)量及出射光角度決定(出射光角度與反沖能量大小相關(guān)),進(jìn)而決定了電子速度??灯疹D實(shí)驗(yàn)符合相對(duì)論質(zhì)速關(guān)系的本質(zhì)原因眾所周知,質(zhì)速關(guān)系與洛倫茲變換相關(guān)。而這一變換在相對(duì)論中,以光速不變性原理為前提。為什么光電效應(yīng)量子化也能推導(dǎo)出質(zhì)速關(guān)系呢?這是因?yàn)樵诹孔訒r(shí)空環(huán)境下,以實(shí)驗(yàn)室為參照系,入射光與出射光都以光速運(yùn)動(dòng),同時(shí)電子質(zhì)能量子化,使得入射光與電子在交換能量的過程中正好滿足了光速不變,進(jìn)而在能量守恒與動(dòng)量守恒的制約下,質(zhì)能分配滿足質(zhì)速關(guān)系。根據(jù)現(xiàn)代物理粒子湮滅轉(zhuǎn)化為光能量可知粒子與光量子本是同一物質(zhì)的不同形式,無論宏觀還是微觀粒子都不是憑空創(chuàng)生的,其構(gòu)成物質(zhì)只能來自于量子世界這一汪洋大海,由于粒子是聚合之物,只有受到外力的約束才能保持聚合的形態(tài),并不斷與外部的量子海洋交換能量.根據(jù)各種不同頻率的光波具有相同的光速,可知,當(dāng)前實(shí)驗(yàn)可觀察的量子世界以光速c不停的振動(dòng)傳播.比照熱力學(xué)原理可知,由光量子構(gòu)成的粒子系統(tǒng),其質(zhì)能為.考慮到實(shí)驗(yàn)立足于實(shí)驗(yàn)室這一參考系的客觀事實(shí),靜電子的質(zhì)能相對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)室參考系為,故其周邊的量子海洋亦以光速振動(dòng).根據(jù)入射光與出射光均為光速原理,可知構(gòu)成電子質(zhì)能的光量子受外來光量子的作用不改變光速振動(dòng),只改變振動(dòng)方向,故電子速度u只能是組成電子的量子群體螺旋曲折前進(jìn)的表象.如圖2所示:ccu圖2靜電子以光量子態(tài)振動(dòng)圖圖2中虛線僅表示受力后電子的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向,實(shí)線表示受力前靜電子以光量子形態(tài)繞中心振動(dòng)。uuc圖3靜電子以光量子態(tài)振動(dòng)圖圖3反映的是電子受外力作用后,構(gòu)成電子的量子群運(yùn)動(dòng)方向發(fā)生改變,產(chǎn)生前傾偏角,螺旋曲折運(yùn)動(dòng),整體看來仍然以速度u前進(jìn),如圖4:ooucc圖4電子受力偏折運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度關(guān)系圖這正好構(gòu)成了如下的動(dòng)量關(guān)系:這正是光電效應(yīng)量子化、動(dòng)量守恒、能量守恒的必然結(jié)果。電子吸收能量?jī)?nèi)部分配亦遵循量子效應(yīng)規(guī)律質(zhì)速關(guān)系解構(gòu)如下:可以看出與交互作用,獲得了速度u。獲得部分動(dòng)能的同時(shí)減損部分質(zhì)能,靜質(zhì)能變?yōu)椋粍t獲得部分能量,動(dòng)質(zhì)能變?yōu)椤?nèi)部能量分配亦遵循量子交換規(guī)律:其中,正是電子靜質(zhì)能減少的能量中的質(zhì)量。同類實(shí)驗(yàn)解釋基于量子效應(yīng)合理解釋康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)這一事實(shí),它必定亦可以解釋一些微觀同類的實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象。貝托齊極限速率實(shí)驗(yàn)貝托齊極限速率實(shí)驗(yàn)中電子由靜電加速器加速,隨動(dòng)能的增大,速率趨近于極限速率c,而不是按牛頓公式電子速率無限增大。并得出粒子有一極限速率c這一結(jié)論。由此,這實(shí)驗(yàn)亦被用于證明相對(duì)論的正確性。然而,這類實(shí)驗(yàn)本質(zhì)上與康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)類似,都是光電效應(yīng)。即光量子與電粒子之間的相互作用。故極限速率必然能用量子效應(yīng)的觀點(diǎn)來解釋。從康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)中可知,入射能量與粒子相互作用,能量、動(dòng)量分配后有質(zhì)速關(guān)系:,u速率受約束,越大,u就越大,且u小于c。從另一個(gè)更直觀的角度看,被吸收的能量除了要分配一部分能量推動(dòng)電子以u(píng)速運(yùn)動(dòng)外,還要留下一部分能量保持自身質(zhì)量與運(yùn)動(dòng)電子速率同步運(yùn)動(dòng),故顯然。μ子實(shí)驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的高能粒子穿過一段距離所需時(shí)間與靜止時(shí)高能粒子的平均壽命之間存在一個(gè)洛倫茲因子的比例關(guān)系,被視為相對(duì)論的佐證。其中一個(gè)案例與μ子有關(guān)。μ子帶負(fù)電荷,靜止質(zhì)量是電子的207倍,有的速度高達(dá)0.995倍光速,靜止平均壽命約τ=2.2微秒??茖W(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)μ子居然能從6~7公里的高空出現(xiàn)并抵達(dá)地面,而按平均壽命計(jì)算,它能穿越的距離約,于是科學(xué)家認(rèn)為高速運(yùn)動(dòng)的粒子要考慮相對(duì)論效應(yīng),故換算后穿越時(shí)間及距離為:因?yàn)樗玫慕Y(jié)果與實(shí)際的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果較為接近,實(shí)驗(yàn)被認(rèn)為是對(duì)相對(duì)論的支持。然而,我們同樣可以用量子效應(yīng)來解決這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)問題。首先,前文中量子效應(yīng)認(rèn)為靜粒子吸收能量高速運(yùn)動(dòng),質(zhì)速關(guān)系形式如同相對(duì)論,但不是相對(duì)論效應(yīng),粒子都是由一份份的具有相同速率的量子組成,每一量子不存在時(shí)空相對(duì)收縮,自然粒子也就不會(huì)發(fā)生尺縮鐘慢。其次,由于粒子衰變,本質(zhì)上是粒子能量發(fā)生衰變的結(jié)果。當(dāng)能量衰變到臨界點(diǎn)時(shí),粒子就分解成其他形態(tài)。根據(jù)能量量子化的特點(diǎn),可知一份份的能量衰減必然對(duì)應(yīng)一份份的時(shí)間。也就是時(shí)間與衰變的能量之間呈正比的關(guān)系。即有:,k為常數(shù),Δm為衰減質(zhì)量,則有:此處反映了粒子平均壽命的本質(zhì)是由衰減的能量決定的,處于高速運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)能量頻率高,衰變用時(shí)比靜止時(shí)增多,其比率自然因與質(zhì)量直接相關(guān)而滿足質(zhì)速關(guān)系。結(jié)論與意義康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示了量子效應(yīng)中的一條重要規(guī)律,即“光電效應(yīng)量子化”,揭示了電子與光量子同質(zhì)異構(gòu),所有的粒子與光量子,都由光速振動(dòng)的基本質(zhì)量子構(gòu)成,只是存在的形式不同,電子本質(zhì)是粒子化的光量子,即,這一事實(shí),與正負(fù)粒子湮滅成光量子的現(xiàn)代實(shí)驗(yàn)是一致的。通過對(duì)核心公式展開演繹,揭示了康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)中出現(xiàn)的“相對(duì)論質(zhì)速關(guān)系”的本質(zhì)是量子時(shí)空下光電效應(yīng)量子化的結(jié)果。這一規(guī)律的發(fā)現(xiàn),是對(duì)量子理論的必要補(bǔ)充,為解釋微觀領(lǐng)域相對(duì)論現(xiàn)象提供全新的視角。基于量子效應(yīng)合理解釋康普頓實(shí)驗(yàn)這一事實(shí),它必定亦可以解釋一些微觀同類的微觀實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象。參考書籍:《大學(xué)物理學(xué)(光學(xué)、量子物理)》,張三慧著,清華大學(xué)出版社,2013年《大學(xué)物理學(xué)(力學(xué)、熱學(xué))》,張三慧著,清華大學(xué)出版社,2013年《原子物理學(xué)》,楊福家著,高等教育出版社,2019年QuantumTheoryDeductionofRelativity"MassVelocityRelation"inComptonExperimentAuthor:XubinQiuAbstract:In1923,theAmericanphysicistComptonencountereddifficultiesinexplainingtheComptoneffectwiththeclassicalelectromagnetictheory.ComptonsuccessfullyexplainedtheexperimentalphenomenonwiththehelpofEinstein'sphotontheoryandrelativity"mass-velocityrelationship",butdidnotrevealthetruthofthemass-velocityrelationship.ThenewresearchfoundthattheComptonexperimentcanbereasonablyexplainedbyquantumtheory.The"mass-velocityrelationship"istheresultofthequantizationofphotoelectriceffectandaquantumeffect.Thediscoveryofthislawisanecessarysupplementtothequantumtheoryandprovidesanewperspectivetoexplaintherelativisticphenomenainthemicroscopicfield.Keywords:Comptonscatteringexperiment;relativity;Classicaltheory;Mass-velocityrelationship;QuantumTheory.PrefaceQuantumtheoryhasmadebrilliantachievementsindescribingandinterpretingthephysicalworldasanewlyemergingphysicalsciencetheoryinmoderntimes,andhasalsobecomeanimportantpillarofthemodernphysicsbuilding.Itwillalsocontinuetoshouldertheheavyresponsibilityofthedevelopmentofphysicsandrelatedscienceinthefuture.However,quantumtheoryisconstantlyimprovingintheprocessofdevelopment,anditsimprovementcannotbeseparatedfromvariousnewdiscoveries.Throughresearch,itisfoundthatComptoneffectcontainsanimportantlawofquantumeffect,whichiscloselyrelatedtotherelationshipbetweenmassandvelocity,andcanbetterexplainthephotoelectriceffect,whichisofgreatvaluetotheimprovementanddevelopmentofquantumtheory.IntroductiontoComptonscatteringexperimentIn1923,theAmericanphysicistComptondiscoveredanewphenomenonwhenstudyingtheexperimentofXrayscatteringthroughmatter,thatis,inadditiontotheoriginalwavelengthofXray,thescatteredlightalsoproducedXraywithwavelengthλ>λ0,andtheincrementofitswavelengthvariedwiththescatteringangle.ThisphenomenoniscalledComptonEffect.ItisdifficulttoexplaintheComptoneffectwiththeclassicalelectromagnetictheory.Compton,withthehelpofEinstein'sphotontheoryandrelativity,hassatisfactorilyexplainedtheexperimentalphenomenonfromtheperspectiveofphotonandelectroncollisionandtherelativisticmass-velocityrelationship.Thebriefdescriptionisasfollows:Accordingtophotontheory,X-rayscatteringistheresultofelasticcollisionbetweenasinglephotonandasingleelectron.Insolids,suchasvariousmetals,therearemanyelectronswithweakconnectionwiththeatomicnucleusthatcanberegardedasfreeelectrons.Sincetheaveragekineticenergyofthermalmotionoftheseelectrons(aboutafewpercentofelectronvolts)isnegligiblecomparedwiththeenergyofincidentX-rayphotons(104~105eV),theseelectronscanberegardedasstationarybeforethecollision.Thestaticenergyofanelectronisme0c2,andthekineticenergyis0.Ifthefrequencyoftheincidentlightisf0,oneofitsphotonshasenergyhf0andmomentumhf0·e0.Aftertheelasticcollision,theenergyoftheelectronbecomesmec2andthemomentumbecomesmeu;Theenergyofscatteredphotonsishf1,themomentumishf/c·e,andthescatteringangleisφ,e0andeareunitvectorsinthedirectionofphotonmotionbeforeandaftercollision: Fig.1VectordiagramofcollisionanalysisbetweenphotonandstationaryfreeelectronAccordingtotheconservationofenergyandmomentum,andconsideringthattherecoilelectronvelocitymaybeverylarge,themassistakenastherelativisticmass-velocityrelationship,andtheComptonscatteringformulaisobtained.Re-interpretingComptonexperimentwithquantumtheoryAlthoughtheintroductionofthemass-velocityrelationshipofrelativitymakesthemeasurementresultsconsistentwiththeComptonelectronscatteringexperiment,theinterpretationofComptonelectronscatteringdoesnotrevealtheinternalrelationshipbetweenthemass-velocityrelationshipandquantumtheory.Itisfoundthattherelativisticmass-velocityrelationshipcanbederivedfromquantumtheory,andthemass-velocityrelationshipisonlytheresultofthequantizationofphotoelectriceffect.2.1."Massvelocityrelationship"istheresultofquantizationofphotoelectriceffectAccordingtothemodernphysicalexperimentalfactthatelectronannihilationbecomeslightenergy,wecanknowthattherelationshipbetweenelectronmassenergyandlightquantumismec2=hf.Somepeoplethinkthatmc2itselfistheproductofrelativity,whichisactuallyamisunderstanding.Accordingtotheprincipleofthermodynamics,theenergyofparticlesmovingatvelocityuinasystemismu2.Fromtheperspectiveofquantumtheory,itcanbeseenthattheelementsthatmakeupparticlesarehomologousandhomogeneouswithlightquanta,whosemassismanditsspeedisc,soitisobviousthattheenergyofthesystemismc2.Becauseofthis,itshowsthattheelectronistheparticleoflightquantummlc2:hf=mlc2=mec2.Itcanbeseenthatmassandenergymc2isnotthepatentofrelativity.Sincetheelectronisactuallyaparticleoflightquantum,itmusthaveitsinherentfrequencyandwavelength:Photonsarecomposedofaportionoftheminimumenergy|h|J(Joules),namely:Thecorrespondingbasicmass(Expressedinmh,subscripthisPlanckconstantsign)is:Soforanyquantumoflight:Then,forincidentray,staticelectronandoutgoingray,thereare:Namely: Considerthattheenergyoftheoutgoingrayisrelatedtotheoutgoingangleφ(theoutgoingangleisrelatedtotherecoilenergy),andthewavelengthdifferencebetweentheincomingrayandtheoutgoingrayintheexperimentis(1-cosφ)Soweintroduceittobothsidesoftheequation.Although(1-cosφ)Itisknownfromthelaterexperimentalresults,butthisdoesnotpreventusfromintroducingittobothsidesoftheequationasapreset.First,introduced(1-cosφ)ontheleftandrightsidesoftheequation,thebalanceoftheequationisnotbroken.Ontheotherhand,underthispresupposition,theresultsobtainedmustbeconsistentwiththeexperimentandnoothersolutionswillappearinthereversederivationoftheresults.Therefore,itisanecessaryandsufficientconditionandisexclusive.Thefollowingdeductiveprocessactuallymeetsthisrequirement.Thereare:Becausethewavelengthλe0inme0cλe0=hisessentiallyComptonwavelengthλc,Sothewavelengthdifferenceis:Inordertofindouttheconditionsthatmeettheexperimentalresults,Comptonpresetthecorrelationbetweentheexperimentandthemassvelocity,andaddedtheconservationofmomentumandenergy,andobtainedthewavelengthdifferenceformulathatconformstotheexperimentalresults;Inthispaper,wealsomakeapreset,addthetermssuchas(1-cosφ)relatedtotheexperimenttotheleftandrightsidesofthequantummechanicsformula,andobtainthewavelengthdifferenceformulathatisconsistentwiththeexperimentalresults.Fromtheabovederivation,itcanbeseenthatthisresultisonlydeterminedbythemassoftheincidentlight,themassofthestaticelectron,theexitangle,andanimportantcondition,namely,theelectronmassandenergyquantizationme0c2=hf.Let'sdiscussindetailwhyqualityandperspectiveφdeterminesthewavelengthoftheoutgoinglight.Sincetheelectronmassandenergyarequantized,andtheopticalquantumiscomposedofthebasicmassmhandfrequency,thereare:ItcanbefoundthattheComptonexperimentresultsarerelatedtothevibrationperiodofthephotonandthestaticelectronitself(wherethestaticelectronenergyvibrationperiodTcisrelatedtotheComptonwavelengthλccorresponds).Thevibrationperiodoftheoutgoinglightisdeterminedbythevibrationperiodoftheenergyoftheincidentlightandthestaticelectronandtheoutgoingangle,reflectingthattheperiodoftheoutgoinglightisbasedontheperiodoftheincidentlight,andtheperiodTcoftheinteractionbetweentheincidentlightandtheelectronissuperimposed.Thelongertheinteractiontimeis,thelongerthequantumofeachincidentlightstaysintheelectron,themoreenergyabsorbedbytheelectron,thelessenergyemitted,andthelongerthewavelengthoftheemittedlight.Sincetheenergyoftheoutgoinglightisdeterminedbythevibrationperiodandtheoutgoingangleoftheincidentlightandthestaticelectronenergy,theincreasedenergyoftheelectronisalsodetermined,andthenthemass-velocityrelationshipisdeterminedincombinationwiththeconservationofmomentumandenergy.Thederivationprocessofmass-velocityrelationshipisasfollows:Conservationofmomentum:Energyconservation:Substitute(8)into(9)toget:Therelationshipbetweenincidentlight,outgoinglight,electronmassandfrequency(orperiod)hasbeendiscussedabove.Itcanbeseenthatthemass-velocityrelationshipisdeterminedbyfrequency(orperiod)andoutgoingangle,asshownbelow:Substituteformula(10)intoformula(11)toget:Accordingtoformula(12):Theaboveprocesscanbesummarizedasfollows: Thisistheinevitableresultofthequantizationofphotoelectriceffect,theconservationofmomentumandtheconservationofenergy.ItcanbeseenthatthisisactuallythereverseprocessofFormula(1),(2)and(3).Equations(1),(2)and(3)reflectthattheinvarianceofthespeedoflightdeterminestherelativisticmass-velocityrelationship,andthendeterminesthechangeofthewavelengthoftheoutgoinglight.Atthesametime,themovingelectronobtainstherelativisticdynamicmassduetoitsvelocityu.Thisprocessdoesnottakeintoaccounttheactualenergyabsorption.Equations(7),(1)and(2)reflectthatthemass-velocityrelationshipisdeterminedbythenaturalfrequencyofenergy.Theincreaseofelectronmassisnottheobservationeffectofrelativity,buttheincreaseofelectronfrequencyandmassenergyaftertheactualabsorptionofenergy.Thetwooppositeprocesseshaveobviouslogicaldifferences.Inthepreviousprocess,thedynamicmasschangeswiththechangeofspeed,whichdeterminesthemass.Inthelatterprocess,theincreaseoftheelectronmassisdeterminedbythemassoftheincidentlight,themassofthestaticelectronandtheangleoftheoutgoinglight(theangleoftheoutgoinglightisrelatedtothesizeoftherecoilenergy),thusdeterminingtheelectronvelocity.2.1.TheessentialreasonwhyComptonexperimentaccordswiththerelativisticmass-velocityrelationshipItiswellknownthatthemass-velocityrelationshipisrelatedtoLorentztransformation.Inthetheoryofrelativity,thistransformationisbasedontheprincipleofinvarianceofthespeedoflight.Whycanthemass-velocityrelationshipbederivedfromthequantizationofphotoelectriceffect?Thisisbecauseinthequantumspace-timeenvironment,takingthelaboratoryasthereferenceframe,boththeincidentlightandtheoutgoinglightmoveatthespeedoflight,andtheelectronmassandenergyarequantized,sothattheincidentlightandtheelectronjustmeettheconstantspeedoflightintheprocessofexchangingenergy,andthenundertheconstraintsofenergyconservationandmomentumconservation,themassandenergydistributionmeetsthemassandspeedrelationship.Accordingtotheannihilationofpositiveandnegativeelectronsaslightenergyinmodernphysics,particlesandquantumphotonsaredifferentformsofthesamesubstance.Bothmacroandmicroparticlesarenotcreatedoutofthinair,andtheirconstituentsubstancescanonlycomefromthevastoceanofthequantumworld.Becauseparticlesareaggregates,theycanonlymaintaintheformofaggregationundertheconstraintofexternalforces,Andconstantlyexchangeenergywiththeexternalquantumocean.Accordingtothefactthatlightwavesofdifferentfrequencieshavethesamespeedoflight,itcanbeseenthatthequantumworldobservedinthecurrentexperimentpropagateswithconstantvibrationatthespeedoflightc.Accordingtotheprincipleofthermodynamics,themassandenergyoftheparticlesystemcomposedoflightquantumis.Consideringtheobjectivefactthattheexperimentisbasedonthelaboratoryreferencesystem,themassandenergyofthestaticelectronisrelativetothelaboratoryreferencesystem,Therefore,thequantumoceanarounditalsovibratesatthespeedoflight.Accordingtotheprinciplethatboththeincidentlightandtheoutgoinglightarethespeedoflight,itcanbeseenthatthequantumoflightformingtheelectrondoesnotchangethevibrationofthespeedoflight,butonlychangesthedirectionofvibration,sotheelectronvelocityucanonlybetherepresentationofthequantumgroupofelectronsspiralingforward,asshowninFigure2:ccuFig.2VibrationdiagramofstaticelectroninquantumstateThedottedlineinFigure2onlyshowsthedirectionofmotionoftheelectronaftertheforceisapplied,andthesolidlineshowsthatthestaticelectronvibratesaroundthecenterintheformofopticalquantumbeforethe
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