聽力背景知識8.astronomy天文學(xué)Astronomy是研究宇宙空間天體、的結(jié)構(gòu)

efy天文應(yīng)家通過觀測、月球和其他一些天體及天象，確定了時間Astronomyisanaturalsciencethatstudiescelestialobjectsandphenomena.Astronomyisoneoftheoldestnaturalsciences.Theearlycivilizationsinrecordedhistorymademethodicalobservationsofthenightsky.Inthepast,astronomyincludeddisciplinesasdiverseasastrometry,celestialnavigation,observationalastronomy,andthemakingofcalendars.日Thecourseofthesunandthemoonarethemostsalientnatural,regularlyrecurringeventsusefulfor ,thusinpre-modernsocietiesworldwidelunationandtheyearweremostcommonlyusedastimeunits.Nevertheless,theRomancalendarcontainedremnantsofaveryancientpre-Etruscan10-monthsolaryear.Thefirstrecordedphysicalcalendars,dependentonthedevelopmentofwritingintheAncientNearEast,aretheBronzeAgeEgyptianandSumeriancalendars.AlargenumberofAncientNearEastcalendarsystemsbasedontheBabyloniancalendardatefromtheIronTPO23Lecture1:AntikytheraMechanism天球TheAntikytheraMechanismisarelativelysmalldevice—roughlythesizeofashoebox—madeofgearsfittedinsideawoodencase.自動回轉(zhuǎn)式天球儀是一個相對較小的裝置，大概跟鞋Initsoriginalstate,therewererotatingdialsandotherindicatorsonthetopwithlettersanddrawingsshowingtheSun,thephasesoftheMoon,anddifferentconslations.在原型中，頂部有Insidetheboxbronzegearswould’verotatedthedisys.在盒子內(nèi)部，銅的齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)以改TheThe ys—uh,theindicatorsoftheAntikytheraMechanismwouldthenmovetothemotionoftheSunandtheMoonrelativetonetsandstars.顯 最初航海者通過白天觀察的高度夜間觀判斷所處的緯簡單的儀器來測為“”觀測者有兩根竿子在頂端連上面一根對準天體（星星或）計算緯這種技術(shù)被稱做“緯行測量緯度比較，經(jīng)度卻非?！熬暥染暥染€這條線類發(fā)明的航海工具是羅盤針的雛時在天氣情況惡劣無法看到和北極星也不知道船首駛使用羅盤塊磁石摩擦一個鐵針產(chǎn)自動TPO14LectureButtodayIwanttotalkabouttheimportanceofstarsforearlyseafarersabouthowthefixedpatternsofstarswereusedasnavigationalaids但是今天我要講的是星象對于早期船員的重要性，Longbeforethedevelopmentof,uh,advancednavigationaltoolsinEuropepacificislandersweretravellingfromNewZealandtoHawaiiandbackagain,usingnothingbutthestarsastheirnavigationalinstruments.遠在在歐洲先進的航海工具被開發(fā)出來之前，太平洋島上的居民就已在Um,thekeytothepacificislanders'successwasprobablytheirlocationneartheWhatWhatthatmeantwasthattheskycouldbepartitioned,dividedup,muchmoresymmetricallyitcouldfartherawayfromtheequator.嗯，太平洋島上的居民成功導(dǎo)航的關(guān)鍵 要應(yīng)用為灌溉（irrigation）和潮汐能源（tidalenergy）。Tidesaretheriseandfallofsealevelscausedbythecombinedeffectsofthegravitational sexertedbytheMoonandtheSun,andtherotationoftheEarth.Tidetablescanbeusedforanygivenlocaletofindthepredictedtimesandamplitude.ThepredictionsareinfluencedbymanyfactorsincludingthealignmentoftheSunandMoon,thephaseandamplitudeofthetidetheamphidromicsystemsoftheoceans,andtheshapeofthecoastlineandnear-shoreTPO44Lecture4:TidalThere'scurrentlyalotofinterestinharnessingthepoweroftheoceans—oftheoceantides,thatis...themovementofhugeamountsofwater,whichcausesthewaterlevelofoceanstoriseandfall.目前很多人對利用海洋中的能源 Theideaisthatifwecanharnessthattidalenergyit'dbeagreat,clean,renewableenergysource.Onecewherethistidalenergycanbeharnessedisatashallowbodyofwater,suchasanestuary想法是如果我們能利用潮汐能，它會成為一種很棒的可再生清潔能源。這種潮汐能可Anestuary'swhereariverenterstheocean...thefreshwatermeetstheoceanwater.Sometimesit'scoveredinwater;sometimesit'snot…入?？谑且粭l河流入海的地方……Somepartsoftheestuary—asthetidesgoinandout...butotherpartsarealwaysNow,estuariesareanidealcetotrytocaptureenergyfromchangesintidesbecause,well,there'sanexceptionallylargedifferencebetween