語言學(xué)教程第四版練習(xí)

ChapterOneIntroductiontoLinguistics

Markthechoicethatbestcompletesthestatement.

languages'havethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemofandasystemofsemantics.

A.morphologyB.lexicogrammar

C.syntax D.meaning

ofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

functionofthesentenceWaterboilsat100degreesCentigradeis.

Chinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay碎碎(歲歲)平安asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievemightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctiondoesitperform?

ofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplaceofspeaking(duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation)?

A.TransferabilityB.Duality

C.Displacement D.Arbitrariness

6.Whatlanguagefunctiondoesthefollowingconversationplay?(Thetwochattersjustmetandwerestartingtheirconversationbythefollowingdialogue.)

A：Aniceday,isn,tit?

B:Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.Performative D.Interpersonal

referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser,sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

C.LangueD.Parole

adogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshereandnow.Itcouldn,tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthatdog,slanguagedoesnothavethefeatureof .

A.ReferenceB.ProductivityC.Displacement

answerssuchquestionsasweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics

dealswiththestudyofdialectsindifferentsocialclassesinaparticularregion.

A.LinguistictheoryB.Practicallinguistics

C.SociolinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics

II.Markthefollowingstatementswith"T"iftheyaretrueor"F”iftheyarefalse.(10%)

ThewidelyacceptedmeaningofarbitrarinesswasdiscussedbyChomskyfirst.

Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itisarbitrarinessthatismoreworthnoticingthanitsconventionality.

Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandlegeneralizationsandabstractions.

ForJakobsonandthePragueschoolstructuralists,thepurposeofcommunicationistorefer.

Interpersonalfunctionisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

Emotivefunctionisalsodiscussedunderthetermexpressivefunction.

TherelationshipbetweencompetenceandperformanceinChomsky'stheoryisthatbetweenalanguagecommunityandanindividuallanguageuser.

studyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare'stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.

phoneticsinvestigatesthepropertiesofthesoundwaves.

natureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwithprescriptioninsteadofdescription.

III.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithanappropriateword.Thefirstletterofthewordisalreadygiven(10%)

Nowadays,twokindsofresearchmethodsco-existinlinguisticstudies,namely,qualitativeandqresearchapproaches.

Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermedasp.

hasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutlanguage.Thisfunctionismfunction.

claimthatlanguageoriginatedbyprimitivemaninvoluntarymakingvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthey_theory.

isoftensaidtobeconcernedwiththeorganizationofspeechwithinspecificlanguage,orwiththesystemsandpatternsofsoundsthatoccurinparticularlanguage.

linguisticsisd_inthesensethatlinguisttirestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.

generalprincipleoflinguisticsanalysisistheprimacyof

soverwriting.

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadlinguisticstudy.

Saussureputforwardtheconceptltorefertotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

LinguisticpotentiaissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’sc.

Explainthefollowingconceptsortheories.

1.Designfeatures

2.Displacement

3.Competence

4.Synchroniclinguistics

Answerthefollowingquestionbriefly.(10%)

dopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguages?

Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewouldbelikeifithadnosuchdesignfeatures?

canweuselanguagetodothings?Pleasegivetwoexamplestoshowthispoint.

VI.MatcheachterminColumnAwithonerelevantiteminColumnB.(10%)

A

B

(1)languagevarieties

a.phonetics

(2)informationretrieval

b.phonology

(3)shapeofsyllables

c.morphology

(4)emergenceoflanguage

d.syntax

(5)wordformation

e.semantics

(6)productionofspeech

f.pragmatics

(7)immediateconstituents

g.psycholinguistics

(8)reference,forceandeffect

h.sociolinguistics

(9)denotationofwords

I.anthropologicallinguistics

(10)cognition

putationallinguistics

Fillineachofthefollowingblankswith(an)appropriateword(s).

Languageisinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.

Languageisandinthatlanguageisasocial

semioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteraction.

featuresthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalled,whichinclude, , ,

theoppositesideofarbitrariness.

factthatinthesystemofspokenlanguage,wehavetheprimaryunitsaswordsandsecondaryunitsassoundshowsthatlanguagehasthepropertyof.isresourcefulbecauseofitsand

its,whichcontributestotheoflanguage.

humanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandlegeneralizationandabstractions.

Jakobson'sversion,therearesixfunctionsoflanguage,namely,andmetalingualfunction.

peopleuselanguagetoexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions,peopleareusingthefunctionoflanguageinJakobson'sversion.

functionalgrammar,languagehasthreemetafunctions,namely,

,,.

Halliday'sthreemetafunctionscreatesrelevanceto

context.

oflanguageisprimarytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.

name five main branch of

linguistics:,,,and.,westudythespeechsoundsproducedbyarticulatoryorgansbyidentifyingandclassifyingtheindividualsounds.

,wefocusonthewayinwhichthelisteneranalyzesorprocessesasoundwave

theminimalunitofmeaning.

studyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalled.

studyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationiscalled.

studyofthewayinwhichsymbolsrepresentsoundsinlinguistcommunicatearearrangedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalled.

studyofruleswhichgovernsthecombinationsofwordstoformpermissiblesentencesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticstudiesthatis.

factthatwehavealliterationinpoemsisprobablybecauseofthefunctionoflanguage.

Markthechoicethatbestcompletesthestatement.

.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomeprintintimeisastudy.

A.descriptiveB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.diachronic

AccordingtoChomsky,aspeakercanproduceandunderstandan

infinitelylargenumberofsentencebecause

hehascomeacrossalloftheminhislife

hehasinternalizedasetofrulesabouthislanguage

hehasacquiredtheabilitythroughtheactofcommunicatingwithotherslanguage

3.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleisverysimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance,butSaussuretakesaviewoflanguageandChomskylooksatlanguagefrom

apointofview

A.sociological,psychological B.psychological,

sociological

C.biological,psychological D.psychological,

biological

.Thefactthatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordpenandthethingwewritewithindicateslanguageis

A.arbitraryB.rule-governedC.appliedD.illogical

.Wecanunderstandandproduceaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceincludingsentencesweneverheardbefore,becauselanguageis

A.creativeB.arbitraryC.limitlessD.resourceful

.meanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeaker

A.DualityB.DisplacementC.productivityD.Arbitrariness

.examineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage

PhoneticsB.syntaxC.SemanticD.Pragmatics

8.isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.

syntaxC.SemanticD.phonology

9.referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning

ArbitrarinessC.ReplacementD.Creativity

10.oflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andoflanguage

makeslearningalanguagelaborious

A.Conventionality,arbitrariness B.Arbitrariness,

replacement

Arbitrariness,conventionality D.Conventionality,

arbitrariness

11.Whenpeopleuselanguagetoindulgeinitselfforitsownsake,peopleareusingthefunctionoflanguage

B.creativeC.phaticD.metalingual

12.proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.

ChomskyD.Halliday

13.functionconstructsamodelofexperienceandconstructslogicalrelations.

TextualC.LogicalD.Ideational

Interpersonalfunctionenactsrelationship.

A.socialB.experientialC.textualD.personal15.Byfunctionpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatus

insociety.

experientialB.referentialC.metalingualD.Interpersonal

16.Thestudyofthedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeechbelongstothestudyof.

phoneticsC.morphologyD.syntax

17.Inphonetics,weinvestigatethepropertiesofthesoundwaves.

acousticC.auditoryD.sound18.FrenchdistinguishesbetweennounslikeGARE(station)whichisfeminineandnounslikeTRAINwhichismasculine.ThisshowsthatFrenchisalanguagewhich.illogical B.hasgrammaticalgender

biologicalgenderD.hastwocases

.Competenceinthelinguisticsenseoftheword,is.skill B.intuitiveknowledgeoflanguage

knowledgeoflanguageskillD.communicativeability

.FrenchhasTu(means:you)aimera(means:willlove)JeanandEnglishhasYouwillloveJeanThisshowsusthat.

bothlanguagesarealikeinexpressingfuturetime

BothlanguageshaveafuturetensebutEnglishrequiresmorewords

EnglishisloosewhileFrenchiscompact

Frenchformsitsfuturetensebyaddingaspecialsuffix21.Knowinghowtosaysomethingappropriateinagivensituationandwithexactlytheeffectyouintendisaquestionofthe

A.lexisB.syntaxC.semanticsD.pragmatics

22.A(n)isaspeaker/listenerwhoisamemberofhomogeneousspeechcommunity,whoknowslanguageperfectlyandisnotaffectedbymemorylimitationsordistractions.

A.perfectlanguageuserB.ideallanguageuser

C.proficientuser D.nativelanguageuser

IV.Analyzethefollowingwithyourlinguisticknowledge.

.Usethefollowingtwoexamplestosupporttheideathatlanguageisnotallarbitrary.

a.Theymarriedandhadababy.

b.Theyhadababyandmarried.

.Examinethewaythefollowingwordsareseparated.CommentonthewayofseparationinrelationtoBloomfield'sideathatwordisminimalunitofmeaning.3.,isthedifferencebetweenthefollowingtwostatementsintermsofattitudetogrammar?Whatkindoflinguisticconceptsdotheyrepresent?

a.Neverputanabeforeanuncountablenoun.

b.Peopleusuallydonotputanabeforeanuncountablenoun.

.HowdoyouunderstandthesentenceMusicisauniversallanguage?

.WhatarethetwointerpretationsofthesentenceTheyarehuntingdogs?Whatisthelinguisticknowledgethatenablesyoutodistinguishthemeaningsofthissentence?

V.MatcheachterminColumnAwithonerelevantiteminColumnB.

1.MatchthelinguisticitemsinColumnAwithonerelevantiteminColumnB.

A

B

(1)emotivefunction

a. contact(of communication

e