上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作Summary

上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作澄衷高級(jí)中學(xué)孫吉從2017年起，上海英語高考試卷的題型將面臨許多調(diào)整，其中之一便是增加了概要寫作（Summarywriting）,也有許多人將之稱為〃小作文”。概要寫作分值占據(jù)15分，考查的是考生閱讀和寫作的綜合能力。概要寫作所給定的語篇一般在200-250字，內(nèi)容豐富多樣，包含故事、時(shí)政、科普等，體裁以記敘文、說明文為主，字?jǐn)?shù)一般要求在50-60字，答案盡量符合“Keypointsofasummary”的要求。一,正確認(rèn)識(shí)概要寫作Definitionofsummarywriting（概要寫作的定義）Bysummary,wemeanabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage,anarticle,achapterorabook.Keypointsofasummary（概要寫作的要點(diǎn)）Conciseness（簡要性）:Omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.Length:1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext.Completeness（完整性）：Toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyouownwordsinacondensedmanner.Accuracy（準(zhǔn)確性）:Togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.Coherence（連貫性）:Ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsand參考材料phrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Objectivity(客觀性):Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.Stepstowriteasummary(概要寫作的步驟))Skimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.)Analyzethetext’sstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutbrieflywithyourownwords.(onesentence)3)Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutinvolvingminordetails.4)Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.5)Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.Beginningofasummary(概要寫作的開頭)Beginyoursummarywith:*Theauthor’sname*Thearticle’sorchapter’sname*Theauthor'sthesisstatement—ageneraloverview(survey)ofthearticle.TheBody:Firstofall,theauthordescribes 參考材料Hethenpointsoutthat Inaddition,theauthortalksabout Finally,theauthorsuggests Someotherintroductoryphrases:(Theauthor)statesin(thisarticle)that...(Theauthor),in(thisarticle)showsthat...In(thisarticle),(theauthor)writesthat…As(theauthor)saysin(thisarticle),.Themainideaof(theauthor’sarticle)is…Theauthorbelieves(holds;maintains;claims;argues;pointsout;suggests;proposes)that+clause.Theauthortalksabout(explains;describes;reveals;discusses;focuseson)+n.二,記敘文概要寫作要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥記敘文體的閱讀材料，相比其他文體而言，寫概要相對(duì)容易。在寫概要前，除明確文章主題外，還應(yīng)抓住六個(gè)要素：when,where,who,what,why,how在這六個(gè)要素中，所占內(nèi)容比重最大的是what。一般來說，記敘文的故事概要可以用這樣的模板來表示：Whodidwhatby…because…當(dāng)然，不是說每個(gè)故事概要都包含how或why,有時(shí)兩者選其一即可。下文是課堂訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)例子：參考材料Directions:Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofnitinmorethan60wordsItookatriptoabiglakeinIndonesiawithmyfamilytwoyearsago.Itwasreallyahugelakewithbeautifulsceneryallaround.Peoplewereamazedbytheendlessviewinfrontofoureyes.Lateron,unlikeothergirls,Ivolunteeredtogowater-skiingalone.Iputonthelifejacket,gotonthemotorboatimmediatelyandstartedmyengineassoonaspossible.Thelakeseemedbroadandendless.Iwassothrilled（激動(dòng)）toenjoymytripamongthemountainsandwatersthatIspedmymotorboat.Then,aftersometime,Ifoundmyselfinthemiddleoftheendlesslake.Asuddenfearcamearoundme.Ididn’tknowwhereIwasorevenhowfarIha@onefromtheshore.Whatwasworse,itbegantorainanditbecameverycoldandfoggy.Irodeeverywherebutcouldn’tfindmywayback.Itwasuselessformetocryorshoutforhelp.IwassoterrifiedthatIbegantothinkaboutallkindsofhorriblethings.Afterfloatingonthewaterhelplesslyandhopelesslyforalongtime,suddenlyIheardsomeonecallingmyname.Soon,abigsteamboatsailedtomeandtheypulledmeuptothedeckandaskedmeifIwashurt.Icouldn’tsayawordbutcriedinmyfather’sarms.材料分析：根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容，這是一篇故事類的記敘文，要求對(duì)其進(jìn)行概要寫作。因此，我們先找出記敘文的六要素：When—twoyearsago參考材料Where—atriptoabiglakeinIndonesiaWho—T,thewriterWhat—gotlost;wasfoundWhy-gowater-skiingalone;toothrilledResult—fathercametoherrescue列出了要點(diǎn)之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點(diǎn)組織起來，概括成一段約50詞的通順概要：Thepassagetellsusthewriter’sexperienceofadventure.Oncethewriterwasonatriptoalakewhereshewentwater-skiingalone.Shewassoexcitedandenjoyedherselfthatsoonshegotlost.Fortunately,herfatherfinallycametoherrescue.（44words）三.說明文概要寫作要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥說明文體的閱讀材料內(nèi)容大致可以分為以下幾類：現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—（主題），which...（補(bǔ)充解釋）利弊對(duì)比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A.whileB...Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,...,butitmayalso...研究顯示類：Thestudyrevealsthat...參考材料Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat...下文是課堂訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)例子：Directions:Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofnitinmorethan60wordsAlargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink（發(fā)出惡臭）,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories-metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.參考材料Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainalertanddotheirpart.材料分析：根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容，這是一篇講包裝材料所帶來的問題的說明文，要求對(duì)其進(jìn)行概要寫作。因此，我們必須首先弄清每一段落的主要內(nèi)容是什么。第一段開頭第一句話“Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.”是段落的中心句，同時(shí)也點(diǎn)明了文章的主題，后面就在以牙膏為例進(jìn)行舉例說明。第二段主要講的是包裝材料所帶來的問題，主要包括兩方面，一是垃圾進(jìn)入填埋場(chǎng)后所造成的污染；二是這些包裝材料在生產(chǎn)過程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生對(duì)空氣和水的污染。第三段主要在講人們正在采取措施解決包裝材料所帶來的問題 ，其中第一句“Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.是段落的中心句，后面就在用德國的事情舉例說明，政府、制造商和個(gè)人采取的措施試圖解決包裝材料帶來的污染問題。第四段開頭的however至關(guān)重要，說明德國的方法盡管起到了一定的作用，但包裝材料的污染仍然是一個(gè)大問題，我們絕不能放松警惕。弄清了每段的主要內(nèi)容后，我們就按照概要寫作的幾個(gè)原則對(duì)其進(jìn)行連接，在連接段落時(shí)需要添加必要的連接詞使其通順連貫即可：Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdof參考材料rubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfills.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.(50words)四.小試牛刀Readthefollowingparagraphsanduseonesentenceorphrasetowritethesummaryofeachparagraph.AnIowahighschoolcounselorgetsacallfromaparenprotestingthe“C”herchildreceivedonanassignment.“Theparentarguedeverypointintheessay,”recallsthecounselor,whosoonrealizedwhythemotherwassodisappointedaboutthegrade.“Itbecameapparentthatshe’dwrittenit.”Inasurvey,90%ofnewteachersagreedthatinvolvingparentsintheirchildreneducationisapriorityattheirschoolbutonly25%describedtheirexperienceworkingwithparentsas“verysatisfying”.Whenaskedtochoosethebiggestchallengetheyface,31%ofthemquotedinvolvingparentsandcommunicatingwiththemastheirtopchoice.73%ofnewteacherssaidtoomanyparentstreatschoolsandteachersasenemies.參考材料Atatimewhencompetitionisrisingandresourcesarelimited,whenbattlesovertestingforceschoolstoadjusttheirpriorities,whencellphoneande-mailspeeduptheinformationflowandallkindsofprivateghostsandpublicquarrelsslipintotheparent-