屆江蘇高考專題輔導(dǎo)閱讀理解

二、閱讀理解

A(·遼寧高考·記敘文)

Goinggreenseemstobeafad(時尚)foralotofpeoplethesedays.Whetherthatisgoodorbad,wecan’treallysay,butforthetwoofus,goinggreenisnotafadbutalifestyle.OnApril22,2011,wedecidedtogogreeneverysingledayforanentireyear.Thismeantdoing365differentgreenthings,anditalsomeantchallengingourselvestogogreenbeyondtheeasythings.Ratherthanrecycleandreduceourenergy,wehadtothinkof365differentgreenthingstodoandthiswasnoeasytask.Withtheideaofgoinggreeneverysingledayforayear,OurGreenYearstarted.MywifeandIdecidedtoeducatepeopleabouthowtheycouldgogreenintheirlivesandhopedwecouldshowpeopleallthegreenthingsthatcouldbedonetohelptheenvironment.Wewantedtopushthemessagethateverylittlebithelps.OverthecourseofOurGreenYear,wecompletelychangedourlifestyles.Wenowshopatorganic(有機(jī)的)stores.Weconsumelessmeat,choosinggreenfood.Wehavegreatlyreducedourbuyingwedon’tneed.Wehavegivenawayhalfofwhatweownedthroughwebsites.Ourhomeiskeptcleanbyvinegarandlemonjuice,withnochemicalcleaners.Wemakeourownbutter,enjoyingthesmellofhome-madefreshbread.Inourhomeofficeanyonecaughtdoingsomethingungreenmightbepunished.OurmindshavebeenchangedbyOurGreenYear.Wearegratefulforthechancetohavebeenabletogogreenandeducateothers.Webelievethatwedohavethepowertochangethingsandhelpourplanet.

【文章大意】本文介紹了作者在一年中崇尚環(huán)保,過綠色環(huán)保生活的經(jīng)歷。1.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.GoingGreenB.ProtectingthePlanetC.KeepingOpen-MindedD.CelebratingOurGreenYear【解析】選A。主旨大意題。從文章的第一段可以看出本文主要介紹了綠色生活的經(jīng)歷。2.Itwasdifficultforthecoupletoliveagreenlifeforthewholeyearbecause______.A.theywereexpectedtofollowthegreenfadB.theydidn’tknowhowtoeducateotherpeopleC.theywereunwillingtoreducetheirenergyD.theyneededtoperformunusualgreentasks【解析】選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章的第二段可以看出過環(huán)保生活對于作者夫婦是個挑戰(zhàn),他們要做的事情也很多。3.WhatdidthecoupledooverthecourseofOurGreenYear?A.Theytriedtogetoutoftheirungreenhabits.B.Theyignoredothers’ungreenbehavior. C.Theychosebetterchemicalcleaners.D.Theysoldtheirhome-madefood.【解析】選A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從文章的倒數(shù)第二段中...wecompletelychangedourlifestyles.以及其后的介紹可知他們改變了以前的不環(huán)保的生活習(xí)慣。4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Thegovernmentwillgivesupporttothegreenproject.B.Thecouplemaycontinuetheirprojectinthefuture.C.Somepeopledisagreewiththecouple’sgreenideas.D.OurGreenYearisbecominganationalcampaign.【解析】選B。推理判斷題。從文章最后一段中Wearegratefulforthechancetohavebeenabletogogreenandeducateothers.可以看出作者一家從這次活動中受益良多,有可能會繼續(xù)下去。B(·江蘇高考·說明文)Ifadiversurfacestooquickly,hemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen(氮)dissolved(溶解)inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequence,ifthebubbles(氣泡)accumulateinajoint,issharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbrain,theconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression(減壓)sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whales,forexample.Andso,longago,didichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsinthebone,andconsequentlyweakensit,sometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil(化石)bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisend,heandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseums,lookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestarted,heassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossils,reflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydied,butnotasingleTriassicspecimen(標(biāo)本)showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.

Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeans,theyclearlydidsoquickly—and,moststrangely,theylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator(捕食動物)suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodiles,bothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceans,bycontrast,weremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassic,then,ichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceous,theywereprey(獵物)aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult.【文章大意】科普知識類文章。文章主要介紹Rothschild教授關(guān)于魚龍類生物在近1億5千萬年里如何適應(yīng)減壓問題的研究。在開始研究時,他原本認(rèn)為年輕化石里彎曲的跡象會比老化石里的少,因為這標(biāo)志著魚龍類生物逐漸進(jìn)化出反減壓器官,然而他的研究結(jié)果得出相反的結(jié)論。1.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalsymptomofthebends?A.Atwistedbody.B.Agradualdecreaseinbloodsupply.C.Asuddenreleaseofnitrogeninblood.D.Adropinbloodpressure.【解析】選A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。第一段第三句提到遭遇bend的癥狀是“sharppainandabentbody”,此處bent等于twisted,意為“扭曲的,彎曲的”。2.ThepurposeofRothschild’sstudyistosee_______.A.howoftenichthyosaurscaughtthebendsB.howichthyosaursadaptedtodecompressionC.whyichthyosaursbenttheirbodiesD.whenichthyosaursbroketheirbones【解析】選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashow...”可知答案為B。3.Rothschild’sfindingstatedinParagraph4_______.A.confirmedhisassumptionB.speededuphisresearchprocessC.disagreedwithhisassumptionD.changedhisresearchobjectives【解析】選C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句“Instead,hewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.”可知研究結(jié)果與他原本的假設(shè)相反,因此答案為C。4.Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs______.A.failedtoevolveananti-decompressionmeansB.graduallydevelopedmeasuresagainstthebendsC.diedoutbecauseoflargesharksandcrocodilesD.evolvedananti-decompressionmeansbutsoonlostit【解析】選A。推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句可以推斷出答案。Rothschild可能已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論:魚龍類生物未能進(jìn)化出反減壓器官。C(·江蘇高考·議論文)We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestanders,buyingticketsfromscalpers(票販子),orpurchasingline-cuttingprivilegesdirectlyfrom,say,anairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeue(waitingyourturn)withthemoralsofthemarket(payingapriceforfasterservice).Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthings,andeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.Themoralsofthequeue,“Firstcome,firstserved,”haveanegalitarian(平等主義的)appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilege,power,anddeeppockets.Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsale,Ihavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalong,simplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivities,properlygovernedbydifferentstandards.Sometimesstandardschange,anditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhear,playedoverandover,asyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:“Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.”Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness.Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Today,somepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniesto“score”incomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping.Ofcourse,marketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymerit,othersbyneed,stillothersbychance.However,thetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeues,andothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparks,incallcenters,doctors’offices,andnationalparks—arerecentdevelopments,scarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcern,butthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.【文章大意】社會生活類文章。文章主要議論分配事物的兩種準(zhǔn)則:序列準(zhǔn)則和市場準(zhǔn)則,序列準(zhǔn)則講究公平,崇尚“先到先得”,而市場準(zhǔn)則講究快速服務(wù)。序列準(zhǔn)則適用于某些情況,例如在操場上或公交車站,但是此準(zhǔn)則并不能控制所有的場合,例如在賣房子時無需遵循此準(zhǔn)則。隨后作者介紹在分配事物時這兩種準(zhǔn)則的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了改變,而且除了這兩種準(zhǔn)則外,還有其他準(zhǔn)則。1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprinciple“Firstcome,firstserved”?A.Takingbuses.B.Buyinghouses.C.Flyingwithanairline.D.Visitingamusementparks.【解析】選A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從第三段第一句“Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.”可知答案為A。2.TheexampleoftherecordedmessageinParagraphs4and5illustrates______.A.thenecessityofpatienceinqueuingB.theadvantageofmoderntechnologyC.theuncertaintyofallocationprincipleD.thefairnessoftelephonicservices【解析】選C。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段和第五段的開頭中心句可知事例服務(wù)于中心句,第四段第一句明確提到“itisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.”,因此可以推斷答案為C。3.Thepassageismeantto______.A.justifypayingforfasterservicesB.discussthemoralsofallocatingthingsC.analyzethereasonforstandinginlineD.criticizethebehaviorofqueuejumping【解析】選B。主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的首段、尾段以及各段中心句可知本文主要講述分配事物的準(zhǔn)則。D(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ·應(yīng)用文)Low-CostGiftsforMother’sDayGiftNo.1Offertobeyourmother’shealthfriend.Promisetobethereforanyandalldoctor’svisitswhetheradiseaseoraregularmedicalcheck-up.Mostmothersalwayssay“noneed,”butanothersetofeyesandearsisalwaysagoodideaatadoctor’svisit.Thebestpart?Thisoneisfree.GiftNo.2Helpyourmotherorganizeallofhermedicalrecords,whichincludethetestresultsandmedicalinformation.Putthemallinoneplace.Besuretomakealistofallofhermedicinesandwhattimesshetakesthem.“Havingallthisinformationinoneplacecouldendupsavingyourmother’slife,”Dr.MarieSavardsaid.GiftNo.3Enoughsleepisconnectedtogeneralhealthconditions.“Buyyourmothercottonsheetsandcomfortablepillowstoencouragebettersleep,”Savardsaid.“Weknowthatgoodsleepisveryimportanttoourhealth.”GiftNo.4SomegiftcompaniessuchasPresentsforPurposeallowyoutopayitforwardthisMother’sDaybypickinggiftsinwhich10percentofthepriceyoupaygoestoacharity(慈善機(jī)構(gòu)).Giftgiverscanchoosefromawidevarietyofusefulbutinexpensivethings—manyofwhichare“green”—andthenchooseameaningfulcharityfromalist.Whenyourmothergetsthegift,shewillbetoldthatshehashelpedthechosencharity.【文章大意】這是一則廣告,告訴消費(fèi)者母親節(jié)要到了,推薦給大家?guī)准梢运徒o母親的禮物,即陪母親看病、做體檢;幫母親整理就診記錄;買舒適的床上用品;從PresentsforPurpose買禮物。1.Whatareyouadvisedtodoforyourmotheratdoctor’svisits?A.Takenotes.B.Bewithher.C.Buymedicine.D.Givehergifts.【解析】選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)GiftNo.1的內(nèi)容可知,母親去看醫(yī)生時要陪著。由此可知選B。2.Whatcanbeagiftoforganizationforyourmother?A.Keepinghermedicalinformationtogether.B.Buyingallgiftsforherfromonecompany.C.Makingalistofhermedicalcheck-ups.D.Storinghermedicinesinasafeplace.【解析】選A。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)GiftNo.2的內(nèi)容可知,要把母親的醫(yī)療檢查結(jié)果和信息放在一個地方。故選A。3.Wherecanyoufindagiftideatoimproveyourmother’ssleep?A.InGiftNo.1.B.InGiftNo.2.C.InGiftNo.3.D.InGiftNo.4.【解析】選C。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。GiftNo.3的內(nèi)容提到了改善母親睡眠的事情。故選C。4.BuyinggiftsfromPresentsforPurposeallowsmothersto_________.A.enjoygoodsleepB.bewell-organizedC.getextrasupportD.giveothershelp【解析】選D。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)GiftNo.4的內(nèi)容可知,從PresentsforPurpose買東西,要把你付的價錢中的十分之一捐給慈善機(jī)構(gòu),從而間接幫助母親做了善事,即幫助了別人。故選D。熱點(diǎn)考向1主旨大意題1.設(shè)題角度:(1)選出文章最佳標(biāo)題;(2)概括文章或段落大意2.設(shè)問方式:(1)Whatisthemainidea/topicofthepassage?(2)Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(3)Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?(4)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?(5)Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?3.解題思路:(1)尋找主題句,確定文章大意。在許多情況下,尤其是在閱讀說明文和議論文時,根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況:開頭、中間、結(jié)尾,因此仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨概括類試題多采用瀏覽法,即瀏覽文章的首段和尾段的首句和尾句或每段的首句或尾句,重點(diǎn)搜索主題信息。(2)抓住段落大意,概括中心思想。尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在尋找各段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上。各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。不能僅依據(jù)只言片語或某一段落,而應(yīng)該觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,理解文章濃墨重彩的“重心”,考慮文章的材料組織及支撐性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的,分析故事情節(jié)圍繞什么展開的,最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達(dá)出來。(3)抓主線和關(guān)鍵詞,歸納文章中心。要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句,有時主題句隱含在段落中。閱讀這樣的文章,就需要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析,繼而概括出段落的主題,推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是,先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內(nèi)容,這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系,然后加以歸納形成主題。【典例】(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)...IfirstreadaboutCRMin1980.Notlongafterthat,anattendingdoctorandIwereflyinginbadweather.Thecontrollerhadusturntoolatetogetourlandingready.Theattendingdoctorwasflying;Iwassafetypilot.Hewassobusybecauseofthebadturn,hehadforgottentoputthelandinggear(起落架)down.Hewasabetterpilot—andmyboss—soitfeltunusualtospeakup.ButIhadto:Ourliveswereindanger.Iputasidemyuneasinessandsaid,“Weneedtoputthelandinggeardownnow!”ThatwasmyfirstreallessoninthepowerofCRM,andI’veuseditintheoperatingroomeversince...Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.CRM:ANewWaytoMakeFlyingSafeB.FlyingMakesMeaBetterDoctorC.TheMakingofaGoodPilotD.APilot-TurnedDoctor【點(diǎn)撥】【跟蹤演練】1.(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)...Itellyouthisbecausethereisnoshameingettingyourmoney’sworth.I’malsotightfistedwhenitcomestoshoes,clothesformychildren,andexpensiverestaurants.ButIwouldn’thesitatetospendonagoodhaircut.Itkeepsitsshapelonger,andit’sthefirstthingpeoplenotice.AndIwillalsospendonaclassicpieceoffurniture.Qualitylasts.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?A.Howtoexposebadtricks.B.Howtoreserveairlineseats.C.Howtospendmoneywisely.D.Howtomakeabusinessdeal.【解析】選C。主旨大意題。文章關(guān)鍵句為Itellyouthisbecausethereisnoshameingettingyourmoney’sworth,以及下文給孩子買鞋、衣服和給自己做發(fā)型方面的花費(fèi)的對比。歸納中心,即理智消費(fèi),有些方面要敢花錢,有些方面就要節(jié)儉。故選C項。2.(·全國卷Ⅱ)ADDISABABA,Ethiopia—Oneoftheworld’smostfamousfossils(化石)—the3.2million-year-oldLucyskeleton(骨骼)unearthedinEthiopiain1974—willgoonanexhibitiontourabroadforthefirsttimeintheUnitedStates,officialssaidTuesday.Theauthorwritesthistextmainlyto______.A.introduceafewU.S.museumsB.describesomeresearchworkC.discussthevalueofanape-manD.reportacomingevent【解析】選D。主旨大意題。從文章第一句就可以看出,這是來自埃塞俄比亞首都亞的斯亞貝巴的一則新聞,告訴人們在埃塞俄比亞出土的具有320萬年歷史的Lucy化石將要從埃塞俄比亞出發(fā)踏上為期6年的美國之旅。故選D。熱點(diǎn)考向2細(xì)節(jié)理解題1.設(shè)題角度:(1)直接事實(shí)題;(2)間接事實(shí)題2.設(shè)問方式:(1)Whichofthefollowingistrue/false/mentioned?(2)Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.(3)Allofthefollowingstatementsmaybetrue/falseexcept______.(4)What/Why/Howmany/Howmuch...?(5)WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinthepassage?3.解題思路:(1)瀏覽全文,了解信息。快速通讀全文,大致了解不同信息間的差異,為解決問題做好信息儲備。(2)抓關(guān)鍵詞,快速尋讀。根據(jù)題目要求,從題干中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語,然后以此為線索,通過略讀和尋讀的方法快速而準(zhǔn)確地在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的信息,找到后仔細(xì)閱讀,反復(fù)品味,認(rèn)真比較選項和文中細(xì)節(jié),在準(zhǔn)確理解該細(xì)節(jié)的前提下,排除干擾項,從而確定答案。(3)回讀信息,驗證答案。確定答案后,必須回讀原文,再一次根據(jù)原文中的信息對選項進(jìn)行驗證。(4)掌握技巧,高效提能。對于細(xì)節(jié)理解題,我們要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用略讀、查讀等技巧,在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句,仔細(xì)品味,對照比較,確定答案,從而迅速高效提升閱讀能力。【典例】(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)...Atthesametime,the“Fringe”appearedasachallengetotheofficialfestival.Eighttheatregroupsturnedupuninvitedin1947,inthebeliefthateveryoneshouldhavetherighttoperform,andtheydidsoinapublichousedisusedforyears.Soon,groupsofstudentsfirstlyfromEdinburghUniversity,andlaterfromtheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridge,DurhamandBirminghamweremakingthejourneytotheScottishcapitaleachsummertoperformtheatrebylittle-knownwritersofplaysinsmallchurchhallstothepeopleofEdinburgh...Whojoinedthe“Fringe”afteritappeared?A.Popularwriters.B.Universitystudents.C.Artistsfromaroundtheworld.D.Performersofmusicanddance.【點(diǎn)撥】【跟蹤演練】1.(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)...Thebabyisjustonedayoldandhasnotyetlefthospital.Sheisquietbutalert(警覺).Twentycentimetersfromherfaceresearchershaveplacedawhitecardwithtwoblackspotsonit.Shestaresatitcarefully.Aresearcherremovesthecardandreplacesitbyanother,thistimewiththespotsdifferentlyspaced.Asthecardschangefromonetotheother,hergaze(凝視)startstoloseitsfocus—untilathird,withthreeblackspots,ispresented.Hergazereturns;shelooksatitfortwiceaslongasshedidatthepreviouscard.Canshetellthatthenumbertwoisdifferentfromthree,just24hoursaftercomingintotheworld?...TheexperimentdescribedinParagraph1isrelatedtothebaby’s______.A.senseofhearing.B.senseofsight.C.senseoftouch.D.senseofsmell.【解析】選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“Paragraph1”以及“theexperiment,baby”尋找信息:Shestaresatit...hergazestarts...以及Hergazereturns;shelooksatit...可知,這個實(shí)驗和嬰兒的視力有關(guān)。故選B。2.(·遼寧高考)...“It’sbasedontrust,andit’sworkingallright,”saysco-ownerBradBirky,whostartedthecafein2006withhiswifeLibby.Previouslyvolunteeringatsoupkitchens,theBirkysweredissatisfiedwiththeoftenunhealthymealstheyservedthere...WhatcanwelearnaboutthesoupkitchenstheBirkyspreviouslyworkedfor?A.Theyrefusedtohavevolunteers.B.Theyofferedlowqualityfood.C.Theyprovidedcustomerswithagoodenvironment.D.Theycloseddownbecauseofpoormanagement.【解析】選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Previouslyvolunteeringatsoupkitchens,theBirkysweredissatisfiedwiththeoftenunhealthymealstheyservedthere.可知,原來的那家餐館提供的飯菜質(zhì)量不好。熱點(diǎn)考向3推理判斷題1.設(shè)題角度:(1)推斷隱含含義;(2)推斷作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、寫作目的和意圖;(3)推斷文章的出處;(4)推斷文章中人物的性格態(tài)度等。2.設(shè)問方式:(1)Wecaninfer/learnfromthe(last)paragraphthat______.(2)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.(3)Thepassageimplies/suggeststhat______.(4)Theauthor’spurposeofwritingthepassageis______.(5)Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat______.(6)Theauthorbelievesthat______(7)Itismostlikelytobeinferredfromthepassagethat______.(8)Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassage?(9)Theauthormostprobablyimpliesinthissectionthat______.3.解題思路:(1)抓關(guān)鍵信息,逆(正)向推理。抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息,即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷,利用逆向思維或正向推理,從而推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。(2)整合全文(段)信息,綜合推斷。做推理題時,有時需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上,整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息,綜合起來去推理判斷,確定最佳選項。(3)用語境褒貶性,看寫作意圖。幾乎每篇文章的語境都有一定褒貶性,它反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)及作者的寫作意圖,因此利用好這一點(diǎn),就能在把握主旨大意的基礎(chǔ)上對文章進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯判斷。(4)尋字里行間,定情感脈絡(luò)。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間,或流露于修飾的詞語之中。在推斷過程中,應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭,尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。(5)據(jù)上下文邏輯,實(shí)事求是判斷。邏輯結(jié)論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理,從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論,而不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵。【典例】(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)...NowsomepeoplemaythinkI’mabadmotherandnotsuchagreatwifeeither.Butasabig-timebargainhunter,Iknowthevalueofadollar.Andthesedays,agooddealissomethingfewofuscanaffordtopassup....Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthor?A.Sherarelymissesagooddeal.B.Sheseldommakesacompromise.C.Sheisverystrictwithherchildren.D.Sheisinterestedincheapproducts.【點(diǎn)撥】【跟蹤演練】1.(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅰ)Ithappenedtomerecently.IwastellingsomeonehowmuchIhadenjoyedreadingBarackObama’sDreamsFromMyFatherandhowithadchangedmyviewsofourPresident.AfriendIwastalkingtoagreedwithmethatitwas,inhiswords,“abrilliantly(精彩地)writtenbook”.However,hethenwentontotalkaboutMrObamainawaywhichsuggestedhehadnoideaofhisbackgroundatall.IsensedthatIwastalkingtoabookliar.Howdidtheauthorfindhisfriendabookliar?A.Byjudginghismannerofspeaking.B.Bylookingintohisbackground.C.Bymentioningafamousname.D.Bydiscussingthebookitself.【解析】選D。推理判斷題。由關(guān)鍵信息第一段的內(nèi)容可知,作者的朋友說他讀過奧巴馬的DreamsFromMyFather,但是他卻以一種不了解奧巴馬的背景的方式談?wù)搳W巴馬,據(jù)此作者判斷出他撒謊了。故選D。2.(·全國卷Ⅱ)...Youmaythinkthatsailingisadifficultsport,butitisreallynothardtolearnit.Youdonotneedtobestrong.Butyouneedtobequick.Andyouneedtounderstandafewbasicrulesaboutthewind...Wherecanyouprobablyfindthetext?A.Inapopularmagazine.B.Inatouristguidebook.C.Inaphysicstextbook.D.Inanofficialreport.【解析】選A。推理判斷題。文章向我們介紹的帆船運(yùn)動與風(fēng)向,這是社會生活的技巧和妙招,不可能出自atouristguidebook旅游指南或anofficialreport官方報道或aphysicstextbook物理課本。故選A(流行雜志)。熱點(diǎn)考向4詞義猜測題1.設(shè)題角度:(1)對文中陌生詞匯直接理解;(2)對文中代詞、多義詞或短語確定指代對象或含義;(3)對文中表達(dá)、格言等進(jìn)行解釋性描述2.設(shè)問方式:(1)Theword“...”inthecontextmeans______.(2)Theword“...”couldbebestreplacedby______.(3)Whichofthefollowingisnearestinmeaningto______?(4)Fromthecontext,wecaninferthattheword“...”means______.(5)Bysaying“...”,theauthormeans______.(6)Thepassageusedtheword“...”toreferto______3.解題思路:(1)據(jù)定義信息,猜詞義。如果生詞由定語從句、同位語(同位語前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say等)或同位語從句來定義,或使用破折號、冒號、分號后的內(nèi)容和引號中的內(nèi)容加以解釋,那么理解這些定義或解釋就是在理解詞義。(2)據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系,猜詞義。在一個句子或段落中如有對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象的對比性描述,我們可以從生詞的對立面猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞或短語主要有:unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspiteof,incontrast等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子有:while引導(dǎo)的并列句。表示比較關(guān)系的詞或短語主要有:similarly,like,justas,also,aswellas等。(3)據(jù)構(gòu)詞法,猜詞義。生詞的前綴、后綴、復(fù)合詞的各部分、詞性的變化都可以暗示出詞義。(4)特別提醒:①不管這個詞多超綱,根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思②不管這個詞多熟悉,都要通過上下文得出其在特定語境中的意思【典例】(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)...TheCRF’sproduceis“green”,madewithinthecountryanddividedinto10lines,withtheAlcoholSeriesbeingthemostpopular.TheExoticSeries—withSichuanpepper,redbean(豆)cheeseandotherflavors—alsodoeswellandisfuntotaste.Andforchocolatesnobs,whothinkthattheyhaveabetterknowledgeofchocolatethanothers,theConnoisseurSeriesusescocoabeansfromTogo,Cuba,Venezuela,andGhana,amongothers.Thewords“chocolatesnobs”inParagraph3probablyrefertopeoplewho______.A.areparticularaboutchocolateB.knowlittleaboutcocoabeansC.lookdownuponothersD.liketotrynewflavors【點(diǎn)撥】【跟蹤演練】1.(·新課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)...Hewassobusybecauseofthebadturn,hehadforgottentoputthelandinggear(起落架)down......CRMrequiresthatthepilot/surgeonencourageotherstospeakup.Itfurtherrequiresthatwhenopinionsarefromtheopposite,thedoctordoesn’toverreact,whichmightpreventfellowdoctorsfromvoicingopinionsagain.SowhenI’mintheoperatingroom,Iaskforideasandhelpfromothers.Sometimesthey’renotwillingtospeakup.ButIhopethatifIcontinuetoencouragethem,somedaysomeonewillkeepmefrom“l(fā)andinggearup”..Inthelastparagraph“l(fā)andinggearup”probablymeans_____.A.followingflyingrequirementsB.overreactingtodifferentopinionsC.listeningtowhatfellowdoctorssayD.makingamistakethatmaycostlives【解析】選D。詞義猜測題。本題需要根據(jù)上下文邏輯關(guān)系推測。由選文第一段可知,飛機(jī)在著陸時,要放下起落架(putthelandinggeardown),否則就會出事故。由此可知,此處的landinggearup指起落架收起,表示無法正常著陸,這樣就會出事故。故選D。2.(·北京高考)...Weekslater,standingbeforethisunfriendlymass,Iwastotallylost.Ohwell,Iloweredthepaperandsatdownatmydesk,burningtofindoutwhatIhaddonewrong.Asaclassmatebeganhisreport,itallbecameclear,“MyreportisonGeorgeWashington,themanwhostartedtheAmericanRevolution.”Thewholeworldbecamequiet!HowcouldIknowthatshemeantthatGeorgeWashington?...Theunderlinedword“burning”inPara.3probablymeans______.A.annoyedB.ashamedC.readyD.eager【解析】選D。詞義猜測題。由上文可知,作者很困惑,不知道同學(xué)們和老師為什么會有那樣的反應(yīng),所以當(dāng)他坐回座位上時,非?？释雷约耗膬鹤鲥e了。annoyed苦惱的;ashamed羞愧的;ready準(zhǔn)備好的;eager渴望的。熱點(diǎn)考向5邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題1.設(shè)題角度:(1)按段落的組織方法理解文章結(jié)構(gòu);(2)按寫作方法理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)2.設(shè)問方式:(1)Howisthepassageorganized?(2)Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?(3)Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby...(4)Thistextisdeveloped...(5)ThemethodthewriterusestodevelopParagraph...is...3.解題思路:(1)分析上下文,抓住關(guān)鍵詞。分析文章上下文的邏輯關(guān)系,抓住關(guān)鍵性的詞語如“furtherdiscuss”等對文章將要講述的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理。(2)把握脈絡(luò),理清段落關(guān)系。把握文章的脈絡(luò),理解段落層次之間的關(guān)系,按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。這種考查文章的組織方法的題目通常以圖形的形式呈現(xiàn)。(3)了解寫作方法,理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)。按寫作方法或論證方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。從論證方法上講,常見的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)有以下兩類:①Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion,即“提出問題,分析問題,解決問題”的過程;②Argument/Idea→Evidence→Conclusion/Restatetheidea,即先提出論點(diǎn),再提供論據(jù),最后得出結(jié)論。同時為突出主題作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來組織文章,通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點(diǎn)?！镜淅?·陜西高考)

Accordingtosociologists(社會學(xué)家),everymodernindustrialsocietyhassomeformofsocialstratification(階層).Class,powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople’srankinsociety.Classmeansaperson’seconomicpositioninsociety.Acommonlyusedclassificationislowerclass,middleclassandupperclass.Whilesociologistsdisagreeonhowthesetermsshouldbeexactlydefined,theydodescribesocietiesliketheUnitedStatesquitewell.Onestudyshowsthat53%ofAmericansbelongtothelowerclass,46%themiddleclass,and1%theupperclass.Interestingly,asurgeonearning$500,000ayearandabusdriverearning$50,000ayearbothregardthemselvesasthemiddleclass!Power