老高考適用2023版高考英語二輪總復(fù)習(xí)第1部分閱讀能力突破篇專題1閱讀理解第3講詞句猜測題課件

第一部分閱讀能力突破篇專題一閱讀理解第3講詞句猜測題高頻考點(diǎn)·研析透詞句猜測題旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、短語或句子的本意或外延含義的能力，既可以考查生詞的意義，也可以考查熟詞的新意，還可以考查對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。在閱讀理解文章中，常常有一些單詞或短語超出了考試大綱，但又沒有附加注釋，需要考生猜測詞義才能準(zhǔn)確理解文章?？键c(diǎn)1詞語猜測題辨明題類詞語猜測題是基本上每年必考的閱讀理解題型。詞義判斷是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速判斷所指定的某一個(gè)生詞或短語含義的能力，而這些詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。詞語猜測題的命題方式有：(1)Theunderlinedword“...”inParagraph...isclosestinmeaningto________.(2)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“...”probablymean?(3)Theunderlinedword“...”couldbestbereplacedby“_____”．(4)Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“...”？(5)Bysaying“...”，theauthormeans________.(6)“...”usedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas________.技法點(diǎn)撥1．根據(jù)定義、釋義或同位語進(jìn)行猜測(1)科技說明文等文章中，作者通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語下定義，通過閱讀定義和解釋部分，考生便可理解該詞或短語的意思。(2)需要猜測的單詞或短語后面有時(shí)會(huì)緊跟一個(gè)同位語，作為對(duì)前面的詞或短語的解釋說明。(3)文章下文中常以某種特定方式對(duì)前文進(jìn)行解釋，如利用or,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,namely等詞語。(4)用冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等對(duì)某個(gè)詞或短語加以解釋說明。例如：Taylor?sswiftactionhelpedherteammatescalmdown.Onegirlcalled911.Twomorerantogettheschoolnurse，whobroughtadefibrillator，anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork.Luckstayedwiththem：Paris?sheartbeatreturned.分析：所猜測單詞defibrillator后面出現(xiàn)了同位語“anelectronicdevice(器械)thatcanshocktheheartbackintowork(一個(gè)可以電擊心臟使其重新工作的電子器械)”來進(jìn)行解釋說明，我們可推知其詞義應(yīng)為“(心臟)除顫器”。2．根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行猜測英語中通過詞根加詞綴或合成兩個(gè)單詞的方式可以構(gòu)成新詞。因此，掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，再結(jié)合上下文語境，也可以快速猜測詞義。例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，

uneasiness，orworry.分析：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安；擔(dān)憂”之意。3．根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測在閱讀理解文章的句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物或兩種現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，這時(shí)我們可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關(guān)系推斷詞或短語的含義。表示因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有because，so，thus，therefore，asaresultof，since,sothat,so/such...that...等。例如：Mysoncouldnotfollowtheteacher?sdirections，hetoldme,andthus,Scolawasdisruptingtheclass.Didn?theknowmysondidnotspeakEnglishyet?試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disrupting”probablymean?A．Breaking.

B．Following.C．Attending.

D．Disturbing.分析：畫線單詞所在的句子出現(xiàn)了因果關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞thus，由前面的原因“我兒子聽不懂老師的指示”可以推知，“他因此認(rèn)為我兒子斯科拉干擾了課堂”，符合這一因果邏輯關(guān)系。故選D。4．根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測在畫線單詞或短語前后有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，它往往暗示了該詞或該短語的含義，這時(shí)可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞或短語的含義。常見的表示相同或相近意義的詞和短語有and，or，like，aswell，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid，Spain，andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg，F(xiàn)lorida.試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“contributions”referto?A．Artworks.

B．Projects.C．Donations.

D．Documents.分析：畫線單詞contributions前出現(xiàn)了and，可利用同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。and前面提到了“Thefineselectionofthemajorworks(精選的重要作品)”，后面說contributions來自其他機(jī)構(gòu)，由并列關(guān)系可以推斷出contributions應(yīng)該屬于works的范疇，同時(shí)文中明確表示contributions是來自museum的。故選A。5．根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或反義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測有些需要猜測詞義的詞或短語前后會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊脑~語，運(yùn)用這些詞語也可以幫助猜測詞義。能體現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯很多，常見的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead(of)，ontheotherhand，ratherthan，onthecontrary等。例如：Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare，ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Sedate”probablymean?A．Wildandromantic. B．Slowandpeaceful.C．Hungryandthirsty. D．Activeandexcited.分析：畫線詞語所在句子的句意為“雖然它們_____，但是在一天的這個(gè)時(shí)候騎馬觀賞仍然令人印象非常深刻?！庇蓆hough可知，前后兩句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再結(jié)合前一句中提到的“atamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace”可知，應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)，sedate意為“不慌不忙的”。6．根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行猜測有些詞語猜測題找不到以上標(biāo)志線索，這時(shí)可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測詞義，這也是近幾年來高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。真題體驗(yàn)一、(2022·全國乙卷C)Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機(jī))guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday?s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews?efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon?tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.29．Whatdoes“maintenance”underlinedinParagraph3referto？________A．Personnelsafety.B．Assistancefromdrones.C．Inspectionandrepair.D．Constructionofinfrastructure.【解題示范】第一步：迅速掃讀文章，在文章中的

第三段

找出畫線詞；第二步：利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進(jìn)而推測詞義。根據(jù)下文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.(據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，僅歐洲鐵路公司每年在鐵路維護(hù)上的花費(fèi)就約為200億歐元，其中包括經(jīng)常在夜間派遣維修人員檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。)”可知花在maintenance上的費(fèi)用是用于“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure”，由此可知“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.”是指大幅節(jié)省檢修成本和更好地保護(hù)鐵路人員安全。故選

C。二、(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷B)Wejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.Manyyoungpeopledon?tevenrealizeit?snew.Forthem,it?sjustnormal.ThishithomeformeasIwassittingwithmy2-year-oldgrandsononasofaovertheSpringFestivalholiday.Ihadbroughtachildren?sbooktoread.Ithadsimplewordsandcolorfulpictures—aperfectmatchforhisage.Picturethis:mygrandsonsittingonmylapasIholdthebookinfrontsohecanseethepictures.AsIread,hereachesoutandpokes(戳)thepagewithhisfinger.What?supwiththat?Hejustlikesthepictures,Ithought.ThenIturnedthepageandcontinued.Hepokedthepageevenharder.Inearlydroppedthebook.Iwasconfused:Istheresomethingwrongwiththiskid?ThenIrealizedwhatwashappening.Hewasactuallyastrangertobooks.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedtheboywithatabletcomputerwhichwasloadedwithcolorfulpicturesthatcomealivewhenyoupokethem.Hethoughtmystorybookwaslikethat.Sorry,kid.Thisbookisnotpartofyourhigh-techworld.It?sanoutdated,lifelessthing.Anantique,likeyourgrandfather.Well,Imaybeold,butI?mnothopelesslychallenged,digitallyspeaking.Ieditvideoandproduceaudio.Iusemobilepayment.I?veevenbuiltwebsites.There?sonenotablegapinmynew-mediaexperience,however:I?vespentlittletimeinfrontofacamera,sinceIhaveafacemadeforradio.Butthatdidn?tstopChina

DailyfromaskingmelastweektoshareapersonalstoryforavideoprojectabouttheintegrationofBeijing,TianjinandHebeiprovince.Anyway,grandpaisnowaninternetstar—twominutesoffame!Ipromisenottoletitgotomyhead.ButIwillmakesuremy2-year-oldgrandsonseesitonhistablet.24．Whatdotheunderlinedwords“hithomeforme”meaninParagraph2？________A．Providedshelterforme.B．Becameverycleartome.C．Tookthepressureoffme.D．Workedquitewellonme.【解題示范】第一步：根據(jù)題干，確定畫線短語在文章中的

第二段

；第二步：迅速掃讀文章，從文本前后找出同義關(guān)系詞或背景常識(shí)等進(jìn)行選擇從而確定答案。根據(jù)第一段“Wejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.Manyyoungpeopledon?tevenrealizeit?snew.Forthem,it?sjustnormal.”以及畫線詞下文“asIwassittingwithmy2-year-oldgrandsononasofaovertheSpringFestivalholiday”可知，作者是記者，生活在一個(gè)講故事的新時(shí)代，有許多新的多媒體工具。許多年輕人甚至沒有意識(shí)到它是新的。對(duì)他們來說，這很正常。而這在春節(jié)假期，作者和兩歲的孫子坐在沙發(fā)上，尤其清楚認(rèn)識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)。故畫線詞意思是“我很清楚”。故選

B。考點(diǎn)2代詞指代題辨明題類判斷替代詞的指代內(nèi)容，要求考生判斷代詞(it，one，they，this，that，these，those，which等)或代動(dòng)詞(do，does，did等)具體替代什么。技法點(diǎn)撥1．代詞指代題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多、動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語境中，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)語境判斷人稱代詞、不定代詞和指示代詞。有時(shí)也會(huì)考查定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的指代內(nèi)容。2．代動(dòng)詞do,does,did一般用來替代前文中出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，以避免重復(fù)。3．設(shè)問形式常有：(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this/it/them/which...”referto?(2)Theunderlinedpart“it/that/they/which...”inParagraph...refersto“________”．(3)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“do/does/did”inParagraph...mean/referto?判定指代三步法第一步：確定代詞在文中所指代的內(nèi)容；弄清代詞指代的是前文中的人、物還是一件事，要用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。第二步：掌握代詞的含義、用法；(1)it/this/that可指代一件事。(2)it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。(3)which/that/who等關(guān)系代詞指代其所修飾的先行詞，非限制性定語從句中which可指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容。第三步：替換核實(shí)再比較。(1)用所找的指代內(nèi)容替換畫線代詞，核實(shí)句意是否合理，前后內(nèi)容是否一致。(2)比較所代部分與選項(xiàng)，確定意思最接近的選項(xiàng)。真題體驗(yàn)(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷C)Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted(分心)drivingwas“onlyincreasing,unfortunately.”“Bigchangerequiresbigideas.”hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork?shands-freedrivinglaws.“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople?sbehavior，”saidFélixW．Ortiz,whopushedforthestate?s2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,“peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”30．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“something”inthelastparagraphreferto？________A．Advice. B．Data.C．Tests. D．Laws.【解題示范】第一步：根據(jù)題干中的

thelastparagraph，確定畫線代詞在文章中的段落；第二步：迅速掃讀文章的最后一段，特別是畫線代詞所在句“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople?sbehavior(我們需要一些能改變?nèi)藗冃袨榈臇|西)”可知，something是能夠改變?nèi)藗兊男袨榈氖虑?。根?jù)下文“IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,?peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.?(他說，如果Textalyzer法案成為法律，“人們會(huì)更害怕拿起手機(jī)?！?”可知，人們的行為會(huì)改變的條件是當(dāng)Textalyzer法案成為法律。收到法律的約束和懲罰，司機(jī)們才不會(huì)在開車的時(shí)候使用手機(jī)。故something指代的是法律。故選

D?？键c(diǎn)3