語言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料

第一章緒論Definethefollowingterms,givingexamplesforillustration.1.linguistics 2.langue3.parole 4.arbitrariness 5.displacement 6.language7.designfeatures 8.performance 9.competence 10.semanticsFillineachblankwithoneword.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof＿＿＿.Inprofessionalusage,the＿＿＿isascholarwhostudieslanguageobjectively,observingitscientifically,recordingthefactsoflanguage,andgeneralizingfromthem.Whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolation,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalled＿＿＿.Thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranchiscalled＿＿＿.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itis＿＿＿.Thebranchofstudyrelatedtosoundsiscalled＿＿＿.＿＿＿relatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Modernlinguisticscarriedoutinthecenturyismostly＿＿＿,itdiffersfromthelinguisticstudynormallyknownas“grammar”.Languagereferstothe＿＿＿linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Chomskydefines＿＿＿astheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageand＿＿＿oftheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Fiveofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguageare＿＿＿,＿＿＿,＿＿＿,＿＿＿,＿＿＿.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalled＿＿＿.A.generallinguistics B.sociolinguisticsC.psycholinguistics D.appliedlinguisticsThestudyoflanguagemeaningiscalled＿＿＿.A.syntax B.morphologyC.semantics D.pragmaticsThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisa＿＿＿.A.diachronic B.synchronicC.descriptive D.prescriptive＿＿＿madethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.A.Chomsky B.SapirC.Hall D.SaussureWhichofthefollowingisn’tthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?A.Arbitrariness B.PerformanceC.Duality D.DisplacementFindingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsomepracticalproblems,thestudyofsuchapplicationsisknownas＿＿＿.A.anthropologicallinguistics B.computationallinguisticsC.appliedlinguistics D.mathematicallinguistics＿＿＿referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.Parole B.LangueC.Speech D.WritingThedefinition“l(fā)anguageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols”wasproposedby＿＿＿.A.Sapir B.HallC.Chomsky D.BloomfieldThefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthe＿＿＿natureoflanguage.A.arbitrariness B.productivityC.duality D.culturaltransmissionWhichofthefollowingisn’tamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.Phonology B.SyntaxC.Pragmatics D.SpeechIndicatethefollowingstatementstrueorfalse.Linguisticsstudiesaparticularlanguage.Languageisanisolatedphenomenon.Thelanguageapersonusesoftenrevealshissocialbackground.Languageishuman-specific.Languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacets,anditispossibleforlinguiststodealwithitallatonce.Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.Thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Today,thegrammartaughttolearnersofalanguageisbasicallyprescriptive,somodernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleisthesameasthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.LinguistsSapirandHallbothtreatedlanguageasapurelyhumaninstitution.“l(fā)blk”isnotapossiblesoundcombinationinEnglish.參考答案：B.1.language 2.linguist 3.pragmatics 4.sociolinguistics 5.descriptive6.phonology 7.psycholinguistics,descriptive 8.abstract 9.competence,performance 10.arbitrariness,productivity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmissionC.1-5ACBDB6-10CBAADD.1-5FFTTF6-10TTFTF11-12TT第二章 音系學(xué) Definethefollowingterms,givingexamplesifnecessary:Phonetics StopsVoicingAllophoneSuprasegmentalfeaturesPhonologyToneConsonantVowelNarrowtranscriptionIndicatethefollowingstatementstrueorfalse:Ofthemediaoflanguage,writingismorebasicthanspeech.Therehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.Speechsoundsarelimitedinnumber.Ofthethreebranchesofphonetics,thelongestestablished,anduntilrecentlythemosthighlydeveloped,isacousticphonetics.Sound[l]inthewordleafisadark[\].Sound[p]intheword“spit”isanunaspiratedstop.InEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowels.Phonologyisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofalanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsformpatternsandhowtheydifferfromeachother.InEnglish,thepositionofwordstressdistinguishesmeaning.Englishisatypicaltonelanguage.Phoneticsisofageneralnature.Correspondingtothedistinctionoflongandshortvowelsisthedistinctionoftenseandloosevowels.Fillineachoffollowingblanks.Inlinguisticevolution,＿＿＿priortowriting.Thethreebranchesofphoneticsare:＿＿＿phonetics,＿＿＿phoneticsand＿＿＿phonetics.ThemajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesinEnglishare:＿＿＿＿＿＿,＿＿＿＿＿＿and＿＿＿.Themajorrulesinphonologyare＿＿＿rule,＿＿＿rule,and＿＿＿rule.Clear[l]anddark[\]arethe＿＿＿ofthephoneme[l].Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled＿＿＿.Thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyiscalled＿＿＿＿＿,thetranscriptionwithdiacriticsiscalled＿＿＿＿＿＿.InEnglishthesearetwoaffricates,＿＿＿and＿＿＿.Allthebackvowels,withtheexceptionof[a:],are＿＿＿.＿＿＿canbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:The＿＿＿isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother.A.lips B.nasalcavityC.tongue D.oralcavityLiquidsisclassifiedinthelightof＿＿＿.A.mannerofarticulation B.placeofarticulationC.placeoftongue D.noneoftheaboveInEnglish,thereisonlyoneglottal.Itis＿＿＿.A.[l] B.[h]C.[k] D.[f]Thephoneticsymbolfor“voiced,labiodental,fricative”is＿＿＿.A.[v] B.[d]C.[f] D.[m]Thedifferencebetween[u]and[u:]iscausedby＿＿＿.A.theopennessofthemouth B.theshapeofthelipsC.thelengthofthevowels D.noneoftheaboveWhatkindoftoneisusedwhenwhatissaidisastraight-forward,matter-of-factstatements?A.Therisingtone B.ThefallingtoneC.Thefall-risetone D.NoneoftheaboveInasentence,whichofthefollowingisusuallynotstressed?A.Nouns B.DemonstrativepronounsC.Personalpronouns D.AlloftheaboveWhichofthefollowingisatypicaltonelanguage?A.English B.ChineseC.French D.AlloftheaboveTwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobein＿＿＿.A.phonemiccontrast B.complimentarydistributionC.minimalpair D.NoneoftheaboveThesound[v]canbedescribedas＿＿＿.A．voiced,labiodental,fricativeB．voiceless,labiodental,affricateC．voiced,alveolar,fricativeD．Noneoftheabove參考答案:A.1-5FTTFF 6-10TTFTF11-12TF C.1-5CABAC6-10BCBBAB.1.speech 2.articulatory,auditory,acoustic 3.wordstress,sentencestress,intonation4.sequential,assimilation,deletion5.allophone 6.voicing7.broadtranscription,narrowtranscription 8.[][] 9.rounded 10.Phone第3章形態(tài)學(xué)DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisT(true)orF(false).（）1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.（）2.Inflectionalmorphologyisoneofthetwosub-branchesofmorphology.（）3.Thestructureofwordsisnotgovernedbyrules.()4.Amorphemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.()5.Freemorphemesarethesameasboundmorphemes.()6.Sometimesboundmorphemescanbeusedbythemselves.()7.ThereisonlyonetypeofaffixesintheEnglishlanguage.()8.Derivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.()9.Compoundingistheadditionofaffixestostemstoformnewwords.()10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.Fillineachblankbelowwithoneword.1.__________isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.2.Theaffix"-es"conveysa__________meaning.3.__________morphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.4.__________affixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,degree,andcase.5.Theaffixesoccurringatthebeginningofawordarecalled__________.6.Thecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethattwowordstocreatenewwordsiscalled__________7.Semantically,themeaningofa__________isoftenidiomatic,notalwaysbeingthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.8.__________morphologystudiesword-formation.9.A__________canneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclears,definitemeaning.10.__________areaddedtotheendofstems.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.()1.Theword"boyish"containstwo____________.A.phonemesB.morphsC.morphemesD.allomorphs()2.Inflectional____________studiesinflections.A.derivationB.inflectionC.phonologyD.morphology()3.____________morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.A.FreeB.BoundC.RootD.Affix()4.____________modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.Prefixes B.SuffixesC.Roots D.Affixes()5.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeof____________tofromanewword.A.root B.affixC.stem D.word參考答案： A．1-5TTFTF6-10FFTFTB.1.Morpheme 2.grammatical 3.Free 4.Inflectional5.prefixes6.derivation7.compound8.Derivational9.root10.SuffixesC．1-5CDBAC第5章語義學(xué)A．IndicatethefollowingstatementsT(true)orF(false).()1.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemeditationofconceptsinthemind.()2.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.()3.Therearewordswithmoreorlessthesamemeaningbasedindifferentregionaldialects.()4.Componentialanalysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcannotbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.()5.Oneadvantageofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofcertainwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.()6.Amongtheapproachestothestudyofmeaning,thenamingtheoryisbetterthanothers.()7.Kidandchildarestylisticsynonyms.()8."furniture"isthesuperordinateof"bed".()9.Antonymscontrasteachotheronlyonasingledimension,suchas"live"and"die".()10."Cold"and"hot"arecomplementaryantonyms.()11.InEnglish,thereisnoargumentinsomesentences.()12.Thesentence"Tom,smoke!"and"Tomsmokes."havethesamesemanticpredication.()13.Thesentencesthatcontainthesamewordsaresameinmeaning.()14.Themeaningofawordisthecombinationofallitselements,andsoisthesentence.()15.Themeaningofthewordweoftenuseistheprimarymeaning.()16.Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.()17.ThenamingtheoryofmeaningwasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.()18.Intheclassicsemantictriangle,thesymbolisdirectlyrelatedtothereferent.()19.Senseandreferencearethesame.()20.Completesynonymsarerareinlanguage.()21.Stylisticsynonymsdifferinstylebecausetheycomefromdifferentregions.()22.Polysemyisthesameashomonymy.()23.Homophonesarewordswhichareidenticalinsound.()24.Thesuperordinatetermismoregeneralinmeaningthanitshyponyms.()25.Inapairofgradableantonyms,thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother.()26.Incomponentialanalysis,theplussignisusedtoindicatethatacertainsemanticfeatureispresent.()27.Thegrammaticalmeaningofasentencereferstoitsgrammaticality.()28.Allthegrammaticallywell-formedsentencesaresemanticallywell-formed.()29.Apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargument.()30.Thereisonlyoneargumentinthesentence"Kidslikeapples".B.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithoneword.Insemanticanalysis,___________istheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.___________restrictionsareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.___________analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents___________isarelationofinclusion.For___________antonyms,itisamatterofeitheroneortheother.Thereareoftenintermediateformbetweenthetwomembersofapairof___________antonyms.Thevariousmeaningsofa___________wordarerelatedtosomedegree.Synonymswhichdifferinthewordstheygotogetherwitharecalled___________synonyms.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferent___________indifferentsituations.___________isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.___________isbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromobservablecontexts.Thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitreferstoaccordingtothe___________view.AccordingtoWittgenstein,foralargeclassofcases,themeaningofawordisits___________inthelanguage.Inthestudyofmeaning,___________focustheirinterestonunderstandingthehumanmindthroughlanguage.Accordingtothe___________theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.AutumnandFallaretwo______________________.ThewordsofEnglishareclassifiedinto___________wordsand___________words.Hyponymyistherelationof___________,superordingateentailsall___________.“Father”and“son”are______________________.Inthesentencesofentailment,ifXistrue,Yis___________.___________isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.___________meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Thesameonewordmayhavemorethatonemeaning,thisiswhatwecalled___________,andsuchawordiscalled___________word.___________referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalled___________.C．Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:()1.“Lorry”and“truck”are____________.A.dialectalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonymsC.synonymsthatdifferintheiremotivemeaningD.noneoftheabove()2.Whichpairistheemotivesynonyms____________.A.dad,father B.flat,apartmentC.mean,frugal D.charge,accuse()3.Inthecollocationalsynonyms,"rebuke"iscollocatedby____________.A.withB.forC.ofD.against()4.Thenountearandtheverbtearare____________.A.homophonesB.homographsC.completehomonymsD.noneoftheabove()5.ThesentenceJohnlikesice-creamcontains____________arguments.A.one B.twoC.none D.three()6.Theclassicsemantictrianglereflects____________.A.thenamingtheory B.theconceptualviewC.thecontextualistview D.thebehavioristview()7.____________concernswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform;it'sabstractandde-contextualized.A.Reference B.SemanticC.Sense D.noneoftheabove()8.Thesamewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,whichiscalled____________.A.synonymy B.homonymyC.hyponymy D.polysemy()9.____________analysisisawaytoanalyzesentencemeaning.A.Componential B.PredicationC.Syntactic D.noneoftheabove()10.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalled____________.A.selectionalrestrictions B.grammaticalrulesC.phrasestructurerules D.alloftheabove()11.Semanticscanbedefinedasthestudyof____________.A.naming B.meaningC.communication D.context()12.Inthestudyofmeaning,the____________areinterestedinunderstandingtherelationsbetweenlinguisticexpressionsandwhattheyrefertointherealworld.A.linguists B.philosophersC.psychologists D.phoneticians()13.Thelinguistic____________issometimesknownasco-text.A.context B.situationC.contextualization D.situationofcontext()14.Bloomfielddrewon_____________psychologywhentryingtodefinethemeaningoflinguisticforms.A.contextual B.conceptualistC.behaviorist D.naming()15.Senseandreferencearetworelated______________differentaspectsofmeaning.A.but B.andC.or D.aswellas()16.____________meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.A.Sense B.ReferenceC.Meaning D.Semantics()17.Dialectalsynonymsaresynonymsusedindifferent____________dialects.A.personal B.regionalC.social D.professional()18.Hyponymsofthesame____________areco-hyponyms.A.word B.lexicalitemC.superordinate D.hyponymy()19.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningare____________.A.synonyms B.hyponymsC.antonyms D.homophones()20.An____________isalogicalparticipantinapredication.A.argument B.predicateC.predicationD.agentD.Definethefollowingterms,givingexamplesforillustration.1.semantics 2.thenamingtheory3.superordinate 4.completehomonym 5.hyponymy參考答案：A.1-5TTTFT6-10FFTFF 11-15TTFFF 16-20TTFFT21-25FFTTF26-30TTFTF B.1.predication 2.Selectional 3.componential 4.Entailment 5.complementary 6.gradable7.polysemic8.collocational 9.references10.Sense11.Contextualization12.conceptualist 13.use14.psychologists15.naming16.stylisticsynonyms 17.native,loan18.entailment,hyponyms19.relationalopposites 20.true21.Sense22.Reference23.polysemy,polysemic 24.Hyponymy25.predication C.1-5ACBBB6-10BCDBA 11-15BBACA16-20BBCCA第6章語用學(xué)A．DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisT(true)orF(false).()1.Thecontextualistviewisoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.()2.Pragmaticsisrelatedtoandalsodifferentfromsemantics.()3.Thenotionofcontextisnotimportanttothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.()4.Allutterancestaketheformofsentences.()5.SpeechacttheorywasproposedbytheBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate1950softhe20thcentury.()6.Gricemadeadistinctionbetweenwhathecalled"constatives"and"performatives".()7.Alocutionaryactistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexicon,andphonology.()8.Intheirstudyoflanguagecommunication,linguistsareonlyinterestedinhowaspeakerexpresseshisintentionandpaynoattentiontohowhisintentionisrecognizedbythehearer.()9.Directivesareattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.()l0.TheCooperativePrinciplewasproposedbyJohnSearle.()11.TherearefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple.()12.Theviolationsofthemaximsmakeourlanguageindirect.()13.Alltheutterancestaketheformofsentences.()15.Accordingtothespeechacttheory,whenwearespeakingalanguage,wearedoingsomething,orinotherwordsperformingacts;andtheprocessoflinguisticcommunicationconsistsofasequenceofacts.()16.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategoryofillocutionaryactsharethesamepurposeorthesameillocutionaryact,andtheyarethesameintheirstrengthorforce.()17.Alltheutterancesthatcanbemadetoservethesamepurposemayvaryinthesyntacticform.()18.ConversationparticipantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCPandthemaximsoftheCP.()19.Asentenceisagrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedastheabstractintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.()20.Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning,itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunicationorsimplyinacontext.()22.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingmeaninginacertaincontext,pragmaticscanalsoberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.()23.Graduallylinguistsfoundthatitwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.()24.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.()25.Withoutthesharedknowledgebothbythespeakerandthehearer,linguisticcommunicationwouldnotbepossible,andwithoutconsideringsuchknowledge,linguisticcommunicationcannotbesatisfactorilyaccountedforinasemanticsense.()26.Anperlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention.()27.AccordingtoPaulGrice'sidea,inmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate,otherwise,itwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.()28.Anillocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.B.Filleachofthefollowingblankswithoneword.1.Thesharedknowledgewhichconstitutescontextisoftwotypes;theknowledgeofthe_____theyuse,andtheknowledgeaboutthe_____,includingthegeneralknowledgeaboutthewordandspecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.2.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesan_____,anditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyused.3.TheideaofPaulGriceisthatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingto_____;otherwise,ifwouldbeimpossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.Thegeneralprincipleiscalledthe____________,abbreviatedasCP.4.TherearefourmaximsundertheCP:themaximofquantity,themaximof______,themaximofrelationandthemaximof______.5.Themaximofrelationrequiresthatwhattheconversationparticipantssaymustbe______.6.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingmeaninginacertaincontext,______canberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.7.If______isnotconsidered,thestudyofmeaningisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics.8.Themeaningofan_______isconcreteandcontext-dependent.9.An______isnotconsidered,thestudyofmeaningisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics.10.AccordingtoSearle,______actsfallintofivegeneralcategories.11.______arethosespeechactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.12.Toasksomeonetopassabookisobviouslya______.13.AccordingtoPaulGrice,inmaking______,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate.14.Mostoftheviolationsofthefourmaximsgiveriseto______implicatures.15.ThesignificanceofGrice’s______Principleliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveymorethanisliterallysaid.C．Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.()1.__________resultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudyoflinguistics,especiallythatofsemantics.A.Pragmatics B.PragmatismC.Phonology D.Practicalism()2.Oncethenotionof__________wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledintopragmatics.A.meaning B.contextC.form D.content()3.Ifasentenceisregardedaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomes__________.A.asentence B.anactC.aunit D.anutterance()4.A__________analysisofanutterancewillreveal