影響天津市武清區(qū)城市道路交通設(shè)施的因素

附錄1我國城市正處于社會經(jīng)濟(jì)水平持續(xù)增長和交通方式結(jié)構(gòu)劇烈變化的發(fā)展時期，必須采取有效措施對出行方式選擇行為進(jìn)行合理的引導(dǎo)。在決定城市出行方式選擇的眾多因素中,道路交通設(shè)施空間資源的供給是最為關(guān)鍵的因素之一。由于缺乏科學(xué)的、成熟的城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源優(yōu)化理論和方法,目前我國城市交通設(shè)施的規(guī)劃、建設(shè)和管理工作仍處于比較被動和無序的狀態(tài)。因此,研究并建立一整套城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源優(yōu)化理論和方法,對于科學(xué)引導(dǎo)城市客運(yùn)交通結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展,緩解日趨嚴(yán)重的城市交通擁堵局面,促進(jìn)城市客運(yùn)交通的和諧平穩(wěn)發(fā)展,具有十分重要的意義。本論文主要對城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源的宏觀配置結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化問題進(jìn)行研究,具體涉及以下幾部分內(nèi)容:道路交通設(shè)施分類、道路交通設(shè)施供給模式要求、道路交通設(shè)施供給對出行方式選擇行為的影響作用機(jī)理、既定道路交通設(shè)施供給下的城市交通方式結(jié)構(gòu)宏觀平衡狀態(tài)、面向城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源優(yōu)化的綜合評價以及資源限制條件下的城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源合理宏觀配置結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化方法。城市交通系統(tǒng)中包含哪些道路交通設(shè)施?這些道路交通設(shè)施具有怎樣的布局和容量特征?它們間的相互關(guān)系如何?論文首先回答了這3個問題,并明確了研究對象范圍。不同的城市特征對應(yīng)著不同的客運(yùn)交通模式,而特定的城市特征和客運(yùn)交通模式?jīng)Q定了特定的道路交通設(shè)施供給模式要求。因此,對城市特征-客運(yùn)交通模式-道路交通設(shè)施供給模式的相關(guān)關(guān)系進(jìn)行定性分析,是進(jìn)行城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源優(yōu)化研究的基本前提。論文首先系統(tǒng)分析了城市(人口和用地)規(guī)模、土地利用布局形態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平三大城市特征,并對我國城市的典型類型進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)歸類。隨后基于若干國內(nèi)城市交通調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果,分析典型城市特征與出行距離、出行時耗、出行生成率、出行分布、出行方式結(jié)構(gòu)等交通需求特征之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系,并借鑒國外城市的典型客運(yùn)交通模式特征和現(xiàn)有研究成果,提出符合我國不同城市特征的5類客運(yùn)交通發(fā)展模式構(gòu)想。最后,分析典型城市特征和交通模式特征下的合理道路交通設(shè)施供給模式,總結(jié)出我國城市交通系統(tǒng)骨架網(wǎng)絡(luò)、城市中心區(qū)以及城市組團(tuán)間的交通設(shè)施供給模式要求。城市交通方式結(jié)構(gòu)是城市中所有個體出行方式選擇行為結(jié)果反映到交通狀態(tài)上的宏觀體現(xiàn),而道路交通設(shè)施的供給特征是影響個體出行方式選擇最為重要的因素之一。論文立足于理論上的推導(dǎo)和建模,研究各類道路交通設(shè)施的供給對出行方式選擇行為的影響作用機(jī)理。對決定出行方式選擇行為結(jié)果的各種影響因素進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的歸納和分類,指出時耗、費(fèi)用、舒適度和習(xí)慣是影響出行方式選擇的4個最根本的內(nèi)因。通過系統(tǒng)地分析各交通方式的時耗和費(fèi)用組成可知:道路交通設(shè)施供給對出行方式選擇行為的影響主要表現(xiàn)為對出行時耗和舒適度的影響作用。論文建立了若干道路交通設(shè)施供給與出行距離和出行停等時耗的相關(guān)關(guān)系模型,并對影響出行方式選擇的舒適度因素進(jìn)行定量研究,建立了一整套根據(jù)國內(nèi)城市居民出行調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)來構(gòu)建各出行方式間相對舒適度系數(shù)與出行距離相關(guān)的方法。目前對城市交通系統(tǒng)平衡的研究主要集中于以交通流為對象的微觀平衡問題。隨著當(dāng)前社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速運(yùn)行,各領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展都對城市道路設(shè)施空間資源的優(yōu)化研究提出了嶄新的要求,隨著城市人口的劇增,城市中機(jī)動車的數(shù)量大幅增加,為城市交通帶來了巨大壓力。特別是對于一些經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展的城市,交通擁堵現(xiàn)象頻頻發(fā)生,不僅阻礙了城市發(fā)展的速度,也對市民的日常生活產(chǎn)生不利影響。促進(jìn)城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源的優(yōu)化有利于緩解城市交通擁堵,增加城市綜合競爭力。當(dāng)前我國在這一領(lǐng)域的研究中主要存在宏觀上的資源配置合理以及微觀上的資源設(shè)計(jì)不合理等問題,我國通過對這一問題的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),可以從多個角度多管齊下解決上述問題,促進(jìn)城市經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展城市道路交通設(shè)施包含道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)、公共交通和停車設(shè)施等諸多對象。國內(nèi)外對城市道路交通設(shè)施的配置優(yōu)化問題已有長期深入的研究，從道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的合理級配、布局方法，公交線路的設(shè)置和優(yōu)先通行技術(shù)和停車設(shè)施的布局規(guī)模，到引導(dǎo)城市發(fā)展的TOD理論等，運(yùn)籌學(xué)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)理論、系統(tǒng)工程等方面的基礎(chǔ)理論和學(xué)科交叉思想得到了充分體現(xiàn)，已有大批研究成果發(fā)表在國內(nèi)外的重要期刊上，為城市交通設(shè)施的規(guī)劃和建設(shè)提供了依據(jù)。但是，現(xiàn)有絕大多數(shù)成果均為著眼于城市道路交通設(shè)施系統(tǒng)中的單個或某幾個對象的研究，機(jī)動化出行需求與日俱增，為保證城市的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，必須采取有效措施對城市交通方式結(jié)構(gòu)的變化發(fā)展進(jìn)行合理的引導(dǎo)。在決定城市出行方式選擇的眾多因素中，道路交通設(shè)施空間資源的供給是最為關(guān)鍵的因素之一。本文將以前述兩個科研項(xiàng)目為依托，對城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源優(yōu)化的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行研究。城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源優(yōu)化問題是在有限城市交通資源總量和既定交通需求的前提下，科學(xué)地調(diào)配城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源配置結(jié)構(gòu)及布局，合理地引導(dǎo)城市客運(yùn)方式結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展，解決當(dāng)前的城市交通問題并促進(jìn)城市客運(yùn)交通的和諧平穩(wěn)發(fā)展。由于缺乏科學(xué)的、成熟的城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源優(yōu)化理論和方法，目前我國城市交通設(shè)施供給的規(guī)劃建設(shè)和管理工作仍處于被動而無序的狀態(tài)。因此，研究城市道路交通設(shè)施的供給對出行方式選擇行為的影響作用機(jī)理，立足于“供需平衡”和“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”觀點(diǎn)，建立一整套城市道路交通設(shè)施空間資源優(yōu)化理論和方法。附錄2China'scitiesareinaperiodofcontinuousgrowthofsocialandeconomiclevelanddramaticchangesinthestructureoftransportationmodes.Wemusttakeeffectivemeasurestoguidethechoiceoftravelmodesreasonably.Amongthemanyfactorsthatdeterminethechoiceofurbantravelmode,thesupplyofspatialresourcesofroadtrafficfacilitiesisoneofthemostcriticalfactors.Duetothelackofscientificandmaturetheoryandmethodofspatialresourceoptimizationofurbanroadtrafficfacilities,theplanning,constructionandmanagementofurbantrafficfacilitiesinChinaarestillinarelativelypassiveanddisorderedstate.Therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetostudyandestablishasetoftheoriesandmethodsforoptimizingthespatialresourcesofurbanroadtrafficfacilitiestoscientificallyguidethedevelopmentofurbanpassengertransportstructure,alleviatetheincreasinglyserioussituationofurbantrafficcongestion,andpromotetheharmoniousandstabledevelopmentofurbanpassengertransport.Thispapermainlystudiestheoptimizationofthemacroallocationstructureofthespatialresourcesoftheurbanroadtrafficfacilities,whichincludesthefollowingparts:theclassificationoftheroadtrafficfacilities,therequirementsofthesupplymodeoftheroadtrafficfacilities,themechanismoftheinfluenceofthesupplyoftheroadtrafficfacilitiesonthechoiceofthetravelmode,andthemacrobalanceoftheurbantrafficmodestructureunderthesupplyoftheestablishedroadtrafficfacilitiesState,thecomprehensiveevaluationoftheoptimizationofthespatialresourcesofurbanroadtrafficfacilitiesandtheoptimizationmethodoftherationalmacroallocationstructureofthespatialresourcesofurbanroadtrafficfacilitiesundertheconditionofresourcelimitation.Whatroadtrafficfacilitiesareincludedintheurbantrafficsystem?Whatlayoutandcapacitycharacteristicsaretheseroadtrafficfacilities?Whatistherelationshipbetweenthem?Firstly,thepaperanswersthesethreequestionsanddefinesthescopeoftheresearchobject.Differenturbancharacteristicscorrespondtodifferentpassengertransportmodes,whilespecificurbancharacteristicsandpassengertransportmodesdeterminethespecificrequirementsofroadtransportfacilitiessupplymode.Therefore,thequalitativeanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenurbancharacteristics,passengertransportmodeandroadtransportfacilitiessupplymodeisthebasicpremiseoftheresearchontheoptimizationofurbanroadtransportfacilitiesspatialresources.Firstly,thepapersystematicallyanalyzesthethreecharacteristicsofcities(populationandlanduse),landuselayoutandeconomicdevelopmentlevel,andsystematicallyclassifiesthetypicaltypesofcitiesinChina.Then,basedonthestatisticalanalysisresultsofseveraldomesticurbantrafficsurveydata,thispaperanalyzesthecorrelationbetweenthetypicalurbancharacteristicsandthecharacteristicsoftrafficdemand,suchastraveldistance,traveltimeconsumption,travelgenerationrate,traveldistribution,travelmodestructure,etc.,anddrawsonthecharacteristicsoftypicalpassengertransportmodesofforeigncitiesandexistingresearchresults,putsforwardfivetypesofpassengertransportthatmeetthecharacteristicsofdifferentcitiesinChinaTheconceptofgeneraldevelopmentmode.Finally,thepaperanalyzesthereasonablesupplymodeofroadtrafficfacilitiesunderthecharacteristicsoftypicalcitiesandtrafficmodes,andsummarizesthesupplymoderequirementsofurbantrafficsystemframeworknetwork,urbancentralareaandurbanclustersinChina.Thestructureofurbantrafficmodeisthemacroreflectionoftheresultsofallindividualtravelmodeselectionbehaviorsinthecity,andthesupplycharacteristicsofroadtrafficfacilitiesisoneofthemostimportantfactorsaffectingindividualtravelmodeselection.Basedonthetheoreticalderivationandmodeling,thispaperstudiesthemechanismoftheinfluenceofthesupplyofvariousroadtrafficfacilitiesonthechoiceoftravelmode.Thispapersystematicallysummarizesandclassifiesallkindsofinfluencingfactorsthatdeterminetheresultoftravelmodechoicebehavior,andpointsoutthattimeconsumption,cost,comfortandhabitarethefourmostfundamentalinternalfactorsthataffecttravelmodechoice.Throughthesystematicanalysisofthetimeconsumptionandcostcompositionofvariousmodesoftransportation,itcanbeseenthattheimpactofroadtrafficfacilitiessupplyonthechoiceoftravelmodeismainlyreflectedintheimpactontraveltimeconsumptionandcomfort.Inthispaper,severalmodelsoftherelationshipbetweenthesupplyofroadtrafficfacilitiesandthetraveldistanceandthetimeconsumptionoftravelstopareestablished,andthecomfortfactorsthataffectthechoiceoftravelmodearequantitativelystudied,andasetofmethodsofconstructingthecorrelationbetweentherelativecomfortcoefficientandtraveldistanceofeachtravelmodebasedonthetravelsurveydataofdomesticurbanresidentsisestablished.Atpresent,thestudyofurbantrafficsystembalanceismainlyfocusedonthemicrobalanceoftrafficflow.Withthecurrenthigh-speedoperationofsocialeconomy,thedevelopmentofvariousfieldshasputforwardnewrequirementsfortheoptimizationofurbanroadfacilitiesspaceresources.Withtherapidincreaseofurbanpopulation,thenumberofmotorvehiclesinthecityhasincreasedsignificantly,whichhasbroughtgreatpressuretourbantraffic.Especiallyforsomecitieswithrapideconomicdevelopment,thefrequentoccurrenceoftrafficjamsnotonlyhindersthespeedofurbandevelopment,butalsohasanegativeimpactonthedailylifeofcitizens.Promotingtheoptimizationofspatialresourcesofurbanroadtrafficfacilitiesisconducivetoeasingurbantrafficcongestionandincreasingthecomprehensivecompetitivenessofthecity.Atpresent,therearemanyproblemsintheresearchofthisfieldinourcountry,suchasthereasonableresourceallocationatmacrolevelandtheunreasonableresourcedesignatmicrolevel.Throughtheresearchonthisproblem,wecansolvetheaboveproblemsfrommultipleperspectivesandinmultipleways,andpromotethesustainabledevelopmentofurbaneconomy.Urbanroadtrafficfacilitiesincluderoadnetwork,publictransport,parkingfacilitiesandmanyotherobjects。Therehasbeenalong-termandin-depthstudyontheoptimizationofurbanroadtrafficfacilitiesathomeandabroad.Thebasictheoriesandinterdisciplinaryideasofoperationalresearch,networktheory,systemengineering,etc.havebeenfullydevelopedfromthereasonablegradingandlayoutmethodofroadnetwork,thesettingofpublictransportationlinesandthelayoutscaleofprioritytraffictechnologyandparkingfacilities,totheTODtheorytoguideurbandevelopmentItshowsthatalargenumberofresearchresultshavebeenpublishedinimportantjournalsathomeandabroad,providingabasisfortheplanningandconstructionofurbantransportfacilities.However,mostoftheexistingachievementsarefocusedontheresearchofsingleorseveralobjectsintheurbanroadtrafficfacilitiessystem.Thedemandformotorizedtravelisincreasingdaybyday.Inordertoensurethesustainabledevelopmentofthecity,effectivemeasuresmustbetakentoguidethechangeanddevelopmentoftheurbantrafficmodestructurereasonably.Amongthemanyfactorsthatdeterminethechoiceofurbantravelmode,thesupplyofspatialresourcesofroadtrafficfacilitiesisoneofthemostcriticalfact