本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-商務(wù)英語翻譯中的英漢語差異

PAGE論文編號(hào)：題目：外貿(mào)英文翻譯中的英漢語差異姓名：林佳俊學(xué)號(hào)：060124329系別：外語系專業(yè)班級(jí)：涉外翻譯專業(yè)指導(dǎo)教師：翁濤2010年4月15日

OnDifferencesofEnglishandChineseinBusinessEnglishTranslationAThesisSubmittedtotheDepartmentofForeignLanguagesZengchengCollegeofSouthChinaNormalUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofBachelorofArtsByLinJiaJunTutor:WengTaoApril15,2010TableofContentsAbstract iii中文摘要 iv1.Introduction 12.CausesofCulturalDifferences 12.1Differencescausedbylivingenvironmentandsocialenvironment 12.2Differencesofthereligiousbeliefs 22.3Differencesincustoms 22.3.1Yellow 32.3.2Red 32.3.3White 32.4Differencesofidiomssources 43.CulturalDifferencesof BusinessEnglishTranslation 43.1CulturaldifferencesofunderstandingthingsofbusinessEnglish 53.2CulturaldifferencesofcolorsofbusinessEnglish 53.3CulturaldifferencesofnumberofbusinessEnglish 63.4ReligiousandculturaldifferencesofbusinessEnglish 64.EnlightenmentofCulturalDifferencesinBusinessEnglish 74.1Donotblindlycorrespond 74.2Toavoidthenegativeassociations 74.3Toregulatethetranslation 85.TranslationMethods 85.1Transliteration 85.2Literaltranslation 85.3Literaltranslation(transliteration)filling 85.4Literaltranslation(transliteration)plusparaphrase 96.Conclusion 9Bibliography 10Acknowledgements 11AbstractThestudiesondifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesehavebeenusedinmanyfieldsofforeignlanguageteaching.IntheEnglishtranslationofbusinessEnglish,thedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesestudieshaveproducedpositiveresults.IntheprocessoflearningEnglish,learningtoknowtheknowledgebackgroundandculturalcharacteristicsofEnglishspeakingcountrieswillhelpusunderstandtheconnotationofthelanguageandhelptoavoidthemisunderstandingsduetotheculturalconflicts.ThispaperdiscussesthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseofthebusinessEnglishtranslation.ThedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineselanguagesinbusinessEnglishreflecttheanalysisofthedifferencesbetweenEasternandWesterncultures.Keywords:differences;businessEnglishtranslation;EasternandWesterncultures

中文摘要英漢語差異的研究已被應(yīng)用于外語教學(xué)的許多領(lǐng)域。在外貿(mào)英語翻譯中，英漢語差異產(chǎn)生了積極的研究效果。在英語語言的學(xué)習(xí)中，了解英語國家的知識(shí)背景和文化特征有助于對(duì)語言內(nèi)涵的了解，有助于避免因文化沖突造成的誤解。本文探討了外貿(mào)英語翻譯中英漢語之間的差異，對(duì)英漢兩種語言在外貿(mào)英語上的不同體現(xiàn)，分析了中西文化的差異。關(guān)鍵詞：差異；外貿(mào)英語；中西文化1.IntroductionEnglishandChineselanguagethemselvesaretwodifferentcultures,andthelanguageitself,whichexpressionsaredifferent.Chinesefontisjustliketheyshould,wellformed,containingextensiveandprofoundcultureofChina.Englishwordsaresimpleandelegant,justlikewater,whichreflectstheromanticuninhibitedEuropeanandAmericancustoms;anditisnoteasytosumuptheirdifferenceswithjustafewwords,sothisthesisistobrieflyanalyzethetwolanguagesinsomeofthecurrentsituationintheculturalexchangeanditsinduction.Intoday'ssociety,withexchangesandcooperationsofinternationaltradeisgraduallydeveloping,businessEnglishtranslationhasbeenbecomingtheethnicandnationalstage,thatisthecornerstoneofdifferentculturalcooperation,whichisacatalystthatplaysapivotalroleinpromotingeconomicdevelopmentineconomicglobalizationprocess.AstheChina'seconomicdevelopmentandrisinginternationalstatus,aswellasthegrowingnumberofinternationalexchanges,moreandmoreforeigncountriescomingtoChina,andthusbringingsomecultureshockdifferentfromtheChineselanguage.Thiscontinuouslystrengtheninternationalexchanges.English,asthemostextensivecommunicationtool,itsimportanceisincreasinglyhighlight.However,sometimes,intheEnglishexchanges,becausethetwolanguages-ChineseandEnglish-theimplicationofculturaldifferencesintheinformationandexchange,thetwosideswillunintentionallycreatemisunderstandings,leadingtotheexchangeofnon-smooth,evenfailure.EugeneNidapointedouttothisthat"familiarwiththetwokindsofcultures,whichisevenmoreimportantthanmasteringbothlanguages,becausewordsonlymakesenseinitsroleintheculturalcontext."(謝天振，2008:157）TherearemanyfactorscausedbytheexpressionofculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,sumupthemainpointsasfollows:thelivingenvironmentandsocialenvironment,religiousbeliefs,customs,idiomssources.2.CausesofCulturalDifferences2.1DifferencescausedbylivingenvironmentandsocialenvironmentPeoplehavelongbeencuriousaboutlivingthings—howmanydifferentspeciesthereare,whattheyarelike,wheretheylive,howtheyrelatetoeachother,andhowtheybehave.Scientistsseektoanswerthesequestionsandmanymoreabouttheorganismsthatinhabittheearth.Inparticular,theytrytodeveloptheconcepts,principles,andtheoriesthatenablepeopletounderstandthelivingenvironmentbetter.(R.James.1991)Aperson'ssocialenvironmentincludestheirlivingandworkingconditions,incomelevel,educationalbackgroundandthecommunitiestheyarepartof.Allthesehaveapowerfuleffectonhealth.ThebigdifferencesinsocialenvironmentswithinEuropecontributetowidedisparitiesinhealth.Therearebiggapsinlifeexpectancyanddiseaseratesbetweenrichandpoor,thewellandthepoorlyeducatedandmanualworkersandprofessionals.chinahasalwaysbeenanagriculturalcountry,thedevelopmentofagricultureisthebasicguaranteeofnationaldevelopment,whiletheagriculturalresourcesandagriculturalproductionreliesonland,Therefore,intraditionalChineseculture,thelandisthemostvaluableproperty,andthusconstitutesafeelingofcuntucunjin(寸土寸金).Meanwhile，Chinaisabigcountry,theproblemoffoodiswhattheChinesepeoplehavelongbeenmostconcernedabout.Andthus,accordingtoChinesetradition,thefirstsentencetomeetistobe:Haveyouhadit?ButBritishisanisland,coastalsetbacks,widearea,sothewateristhemostinexpensivefortheBritish.Thus,whentheBritishexpressofspendingmoneywithoutthinking,theywillsayspendmoneylikewater.meanwhile,Britishisbetweennorthlatitude50degreesand60degrees,whichgeographydictatesthatitschangeableweathercharacteristics,theBritishalwayssays"Othercountrieshaveaclimate;inEnglandwehaveweather",showingnocountrylikeBritishintheworldhassuchunpredictableweather.Therefore,theBritishintheirdailylivesareveryconcernedabouttheweather,andeventheBritish,aftermeetingthemaintopicistheweather.2.2DifferencesofthereligiousbeliefsReligionisastrongbeliefinasupernaturalpowerorpowersthatcontrolhumandestiny.（SallyWehmeier,2004:1461）Religionplaysanimportantroleinhumansociallife.InChina,BuddhismisthepredominantreligionoftheChinesepeople.InthemindsofpeopleoffaithinBuddhismBuddhaisaboveallelse.Reflectedinlanguage,Chinesepeopleoftendescribetheextremelyraregoodopportunityassanshengyouxing(三生有幸).Andthesansheng(三生)iscomingfromtheBuddhism,representativeofthepre-existence,thislifeandthenextlife.Inaddition,ChinesepeoplealwayssaidlikeBuddhablesswhentheywanttogainsomethingwithhonor.ButintheWest,mostofthepeoplebelieveinChristianity.IntheChristian'smind,godisaboveallelse,andthereforewishestoexpressinEnglishisoftensaidthatGodsave.Whensomeoneissneezing,thepersonbesideswillsayGodblessyou.AndtheexpressionofthemostsevereexpressionofacurseisnotmorethanGoddamnyou;furthermore,thewesternershaveno(三生)theory,buttheyhavewiththeChineseBuddhism,(三生),correspondstotheTrinity,thattheHolyFather,HolySonandHolySpirit.2.3DifferencesincustomsCustomsisthesocialnormthatanationorculturehaslongbeenincirculationandthemajorityofthepeopletocomplywith.Easternandwesternculturesonthedifferencesbetweenthisnormisalsoreflectedinthelanguage.Forexample,theChinesepeoplepayattentiontothefamilyconcept,manifestedinthecustomsistospeakonthelevel,talkingaboutkinshiprelations.That'swhywheneatingoccasions,payattentiontotheallocationofseatinginthehomeoftheelders,oragegreaterthantheirownpeopledonotaddresshimbyname,butwiththefather,mother,grandmother,sir,grandfather,uncle,aunt,brother，etc.EveninChinese'ssociallife,nevermettherightpeoplewillusetheobviouskinshipwiththeword.Forexample,whenayouthinneedofhelp,hemightbeanoldmancalledtosayuncleoraunty;childemergencyaskthepeoplewouldfirstsayuncleoraunty.Incontrast,westernersarelessparticularaboutkinship,therefore,didnotlikeEnglishwherethetitleissorichinChineselanguage.Moreover,sincethewesternersputgreaterstressonequalitybetweenmanandman,theytendtoaddresshimbyname.Becauseofthis,ineverydayconversation,westernersrarelyuseladies,gentlemen,teachers,managers,professorsandothertitles,theyareoftenomittedthenamedirectlyinthenameofproportionality,evenateenagechildofaseveral-year-old.Thesameistrueofrespectedelders,aphenomenonintheChineselanguageasacommunicationtoolbetweentheChinesepeopleisabsolutelyunimaginable.Becauseofthis,itisdifficulttoimaginehowtogiveitafaithfultranslationwhenaChineselittlechildsayunclegoodtoaforeignadult.East-westculturaldifferencesinthelanguagenotonlyreflectedintheinterpersonalrelationship,butalsointherelationshipbetweenhumansandanimals.With"dog"asanexample,intheChineselanguage,thedog,althoughaloyaltyinsomeway,inmostcases,thedogisoneofspeciesofbeingdespisedandindetestation.Chineselanguageusedtodescribeadogassomeoneorsomethingbad,likerunningdog,gouxuelintou(狗血淋頭),lowerinthedogwatchandsoon.However,inwesternsocieties,thedogisoftenconsideredasrepresentingthefriendshipandtheloyalty,andthereforeyoucanuseadogasametaphor,andnotnecessarilycontainderogatory.asheisaluckydogmeanshereallylucky;IwouldworklikeadogtomakegoodmeansinordertoachievethepurposeIwouldliketopinminggan拼命干；Bringthemhereanddoadogandponyactmeansbringthemtohere,engagedinagrandperformance;andeverydoghasitsdayinChinesemeanseveryonehadagoodlifeoneday,loveme,lovemydogmeansaiwujiwu(愛屋及烏).Anotherexample,colorsdecoratedwithdifferentcolorsofourlives,whiletothesamecolorcontainstheculturalmeaningoflanguage,theWestarequitedifferent,nowwesetred,yellowandwhiteasanexample.2.3.1YellowAsChineseworshipoflandhasbeenmentionedabove,thecradleofHannationalityisintheYellowRiverPlateau.InancientChinesesociety,theemperor'srobeswereknownasyellowrobe,andyellowpaperiswrittenbytheemperor'sstatement,sayingthatYellowList.Calendarisissuedbytheemperorandusedyellowprint,knownasthealmanac,whichcanbeseeninancientChina.Yellowwasidentifiedasasymbolofauthority.Andnow,peoplecalledpornographyasyellownovel,pornographyastheyellowliterature.ThisargumentcomesfromanewspaperofUSinthe19thcentury,whereprintedyellowvulgarcartoons.SoinEnglish,yellowhassomemeaningsofobscene,dirtyandtimid,suchas:ayellowdog(despicable),ayellowjournalism.2.3.2RedInChineseculture,redismostlythesymbolofhappiness,suchastheweddingDoubleHappinesswordisred,thebrideworearedweddingdressandgivetheluckymoneytotheyoungergenerationwiththeredpackets(redenvelope).Redwithabeautifulsynonym,DamStreetreferstoabeautifulwoman.Inwesternculture,redismoreinterpretedasabloody,dangerous,violence,losemeaning,suchas:redruin,redface.2.3.3WhiteWhiteinChinesetraditionisthemeaningoffuneral.inChina,iftheirfamilymembersaregone,thentheotherfamilymemberswillwearawhitesilkflowers,whilethedeathoftheWest,theywhotoattendthefuneraloftheirlovedonesarewearingblack.ThewesterntraditionofunderstandingofthewhiteissodifferentwiththatofChina,whichmeanspure,well-intentioned,educated,suchas,awhitelie,awhiteman.WesternweddingceremonyisdifferentfromtheChineseredcelebrations,thebrideworeatraditionalwhitewedding,saidthepurityandbeauty.WiththeincreasingexchangesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures,theweddingdresscolorrequirementsaregraduallyblending.2.4DifferencesofidiomssourcesVariousformsofChineseliterature,folktales,myths,legends,anecdoteswidespread,mostoftheidiomsofChinafromthis,Toexpressthemostabundant.Forexample,inChineseassaiwengshima,yanzhifeifu（塞翁失馬，焉知非福）thiskindofidiom,theidiommetaphorasamomentdespitetheloss,butsomightbenefitalsomeansabadthingundercertainconditions,canbecomeagoodthing.IftheintentionisthatthephrasetranslatedintoEnglish,itisdifficulttoblessingtranslatedintosaiweng（塞翁）,whileensuringthatWesternersunderstandwhatwemean.Forsuchadistinctiveculturalidioms,thebesttranslationmethodistoretainitssignificanceandabandontheirculture.ablessingindisguise,howcanyouknowit'snotluckyingeneralwejustcanonlymarginallytranslateitlikealossmayturnouttobeagain.ManyofthesayinginEnglishisderivedfromtheBiblestories,ancientGreekmythsandlegends,aswellasShakespeare'splays.Donotunderstandtheirorigin,itisdifficulttounderstandtheirculturalconnotations,itmaycausemisreading.Forexample:speakdaggersshouldbeinaccordancewiththeliteralmeaning,saidtheSword,butitstruemeaningisverbalabusewounding.TheexpressioncomesfromShakespeare'stragedyHamlet.ThereisamonologueintheplayHamlet:"Iwantstingherheartusingthewordlikeasword,butneverreallyuseasword."Cultureissomethingimportantthatcannotbeignoredinthetranslation.Well-knownAmericantranslatorEugeneNidaoncesaid:"itismuchmoredifficultthattheproblemscausedbyculturaldifferencesthanthoseoflanguagestructure."inordertodothetranslationworkreallywell.Familiarwiththetwokindsofcultures,whichisevenmoreimportantthanmasterbothlanguages,becausewordsonlymakesenseinitsroleintheculturalcontext.(謝天振，2008.）Interlingualtranslationisnotonlytheconversionofthetwolanguages,butalsotwokindsofculturaltransmission.Differentnationshavedifferenthistoricalbackgrounds,thenaturalenvironment,customsandhabits.Religiousbeliefsandculturaltraditions,therefore,engagedinforeigntradeEnglish.Translatormustunderstandthetwolanguagesinvolvedinthedifferentculturefromtheliteralmeaningthantheoriginalpragmaticgraspmeaninganduseappropriatemeanstopeopleinthetranslatedlanguagetofindprecisewords,sothattranslationofaforeigncultureinthereproductionofhumanspeech,inordertoachievethepurposeofcommunicationandexchange.sothatforeigntradebusinesssmoothly.3.CulturalDifferencesof BusinessEnglishTranslationBusinessEnglishisEnglishespeciallyrelatedtointernationaltrade.Manynon-nativeEnglishspeakersstudybusinessEnglishwiththegoalofdoingbusinesswiththeUnitedStatesorotherEnglish-speakingcountries,orwithcompanieslocatedinnon-nativeEnglish-speakingareasbutnonethelessusingEnglishasasharedsecondlanguage.3.1CulturaldifferencesofunderstandingthingsofbusinessEnglishDuetoculturalbackgrounds,waysofthinkingandaesthetictasteandpsychologicaldifferences,theEastandtheWestarefarfromunderstandingthesamething,andsomeevencompletelycontrary.Suchas:intheChineseculture,thedragonistherepresentativeoftheemperor,whichisasymbolofnobleandsacred,isatotemoftheChinesenation.InEnglishculture,dragonisacruelhorriblemonster,whichisasymbolofevilinthebiblicalstoryofsadan(撒旦),thedevilisknownastheOldDragonsadan(撒旦).Itcanbeseen,theassociationcausedbydragonintheEnglish-speakingcountriesiscompletelydifferentwithChinese's,sotranslationmustbespecialattention.ItisnotproperlyrighttotranslateAsianfourlittledragons(亞洲四小龍)intoEnglishFourAsianDragons,changingintoFourAsianTigers,it'sbettertoachievetheequivalentofculturalinformation.Becausetigerinthewesterners'smindisaverystronganimal,usingtigerintheexpressioninsteadofdragonhaspassedthepermissionoftheEnglishsector.1993editionoftheOxfordEnglishDictionaryAdditionsSeries(OxfordEnglishDicnonaryAdditionsSeries)inaninterpretationofthetigeris:AnicknameforanyoneofthemoresuccessfulsmallereconomiesofEastAsia,esp.ThoseofHongKong,Singapore,TaiwanandSouthKorea.LookatChina'sfamouswhiteelephantbrandbatteries.InChinese,whiteelephantmeansauspicious，whichisnotOKtotransliterateWhiteElephant.BecausethewhiteelephantinEnglishaswithoutmeritbuttheyareexpensiveandcumbersomething,English-speakingcountrieswhowouldnotbuythebrandasawhiteElephantbattery,itwillnotusethiskindofshowybutuselessthings.Thenonplants,forexample,intraditionalChineseculture,aswellastheMerlinKikutakepeony,pineandcypress,willow,lotusandsohasaparticularemotionalsustenance,EuropeandtheUnitedStatesnationallanguageoftheoak,olivetrees,whitebirch,roses,tulipsandsoonhavedifferentculturalimagesandassociations.InChina,likemanyproductsofplantnames,suchasthePeonyTV,Plumfan,lotusbrandwashingmachineswillnotbedirectlytranslatedintoEnglishintheeyesofWesterners,arousedthesameimagination.AkindofVioletbrandofmen'sshirtswereoncetranslatedintopansy,butdonotknowtheplantintheWestern'smetaphorreferstoengaginginhomosexualmenorpowdergasman,whichmanwouldbuythisshirt?Grassbrandtoothpaste,atransliterationoffangcao(芳草)isalsowrongbecausefang芳itselfinEnglishwordreferstotheanimals,canine,orsnake'sfangs,sothattheproductwillnaturallynooneisinterested.Chinacalleddaffodils(narcissus)as(凌波仙子),Westernerstakeitasasymbolofnarcissism.Orchid(orchid),Chinesepeoplethinkiselegant,refined.Butit'sapitythatthewesternersdidn'thavethesamecommonwithit.3.2CulturaldifferencesofcolorsofbusinessEnglishDifferentculturesofpeopleofcolorunderstandingdespitethesimilarities,buttheyfeelthereareavarietyofcolorsmaybedifferent,evendiametricallyopposed.Forexample,theblueintheEnglish-speakingcountrieshavethemeaningofdepression,theUnitedStatesBlueMonday(blueMonday),meansabadmoodMonday.BlueskyinEnglishmeansworthless,unreliableandifBlueSkyisbrandlamptranslatedintoBlueskylamp,theywillbecomeuselesslamp,howinsuchalampsalescanbeimagined.Inaddition,inEgyptandtheBelgium,blueisthecolorofbadluck.BlueheartsoftheChinesepeoplegenerallywillnotcausedepressionorunluckyassociations.Nevertheless,theworld-famousbrandBluebirdcarisnotasadbirdcars.bluebirdisproducedinNorthAmerica,thebluewarblers,itsculturalmeaningishappiness,English-speakingcountriesBlueBirdbrandtodrivecars,theheartsofculturalorientationwasHappiness.However,drivingBlueBirdbrandofmotorvehiclesprobablydonotknowtheChinesepeoplewhoareintheblessing,whilemoreofasocialstatuswasamanifestationandsymbolofwealth.However,InChina,redindicatesjoy,goodfortune,intotheHong紅.SotheChineseclassicDreamofRedMansionsinYihong,BritishscholarDavidHawkestoGreenDelights,changetheredtogreenistotakecareofthepsychologicalacceptanceofWesternreaders;andChinesecouplesliterallytranslatedasthetranslatorYangHsien-yiHappyRedCourt,retainedtheoriginaltextoftheculturalimage.China'smanyproblemswitha"red"characterofthefactories,minesandenterprises,suchasRedFlag(紅旗),RedSta(紅星),whichisstraighttranslatedintoEnglishmaygiverisetonegativeassociations.Americansgenerallydonotlikepurple;theFrenchdonotlikethedarkblue.Malaysiatakesgreenintodiseases,Braziliantakesbrownaspower.Andwesternerstakewhiteaspure,beautifulsymbolofgoodluck.InChina,whiteisnottheculturalimplications.InWesternculture,greenmightmeanjealous,suchas,greenwithenvy(jealousy);alsoreferstolackofexperience,suchasagreenhand(novice).InChina,greenrepresentsspring,asymbolofnewlifeandhope.3.3CulturaldifferencesofnumberofbusinessEnglishInChina'straditionalculture,Ninebecausetheoldarehomonyms,itisoftenusedtodenotelongmeans.Therefore,thereare999Chinabranddrugs.Again,Eight,8,becauseoftheissuehomophonic,hasalsobeenusedinmanybusinessesandproductnamesinside.TheChinesehavealsopro-starethenumber6andputitandthesixSixShun（六六大順）together.ButtheEnglishofthenine,eight,orsix,andthereisnosuchauspiciousmeaning,andnoWesternersdeliberatelyinatelephonenumberorvehiclelicensetousethethreefiguresinside.Donotuse666tomarkthegoodsexportedtoBritain,because666intheBibleasymbolofthedevilinside.SeveninEuropeandtheUnitedStateshasapositivemeaning,English-speakingworldwherethe"seven"isequivalenttotheChinesepeople'sEight.SevenontheEnglish-speakingpersonisagoodlucknumber,throwinginthesevenforthevictory.Trademarksarethe7-UPdrinkstranslatedintoChineseasUpinsteadofsevenon.FamousforeigncontainingsevenaretrademarksofMildseven(cigarettes),71Eleven(chainstore).ButinChina,7isacommonfigure.ShanghaiproductionofThreeGunbrandunderwear,isabrand-nameproducts,translatedintoEnglish,ThreeGuns.IftheThreeGunsbrandunderwearexportstoJapan,ColombiaandNorthAfricaregion,willbewelcomedbyconsumers,becausethreeinthesecountrieshaveexpressedpositivemeaning.However,inChad,Beninandotherplaces,youcannotbethree-guntranslatedintoThreeGuns,becauseinChadas3Thiskindofoddthatpassivemeans,inBenin,threecontainswitchcraftmeaning.3.4ReligiousandculturaldifferencesofbusinessEnglishChristianity'soriginalsin,resurrection,theSavior,eternallife,andsoondoctrines,aswellasbaptisms,prayer,worship,witnesstotheChurch,Islam,Muslim,Prophet,Quran,Ramadan,BuddhismwheretheBuddha,abstinence,andsotheconceptofnirvanahavedifferentculturalconnotationsandpractices,itisworthinitsforeignrelationsandtranslationinthenote.Foreigntradeenterprisesmustavoidthetabooinordertoavoidunnecessarytroubleandlosses.Forexample:acompanyinChinahasexported700casesofKuwaitBeijingroastduck,becauseoffailuretotheIslamicmethodofslaughtering,violatedthecountry'sreligioustaboos,ledtotheotherreturnsThesecond-largestU.S.tobaccocompanies-RJReynolds(R.J.Reynolds)inThailandtodoTVadsforCamelcigarettes,whentheysuffersetbacks."Toacamel,Iwouldliketogoamile,"afamousadvertisingphraseCamelcigarettes,waseverywhere.thereisanothersubtextofasmokerlikethis"inordertobuyCamelcigarettes,Iprefertogosoleswearthemselvesout."TheTVscreensmokers,sittingimpolitelyinfrontoftemplesinThailand,frayedareas,especiallyeye-catchingshoes.TheadairedinThailand,convulsedwithrage,mountedareprimand.ThaiispopularwithBuddhism,templesisevenrespectedfortheHolyland,sittingimpolitelyinthetemple,virtuallyoutrageous.4.EnlightenmentofCulturalDifferencesinBusinessEnglish

4.1DonotblindlycorrespondAsmentionedabove,forthesamethingsindifferentculturesmayhavedifferentandevenoppositereaction,culturaldifferencescannotcausecorrespondingtothecase,translationcannotbedonejustonlycharacterstocharacters.Forexample,theEnglishblacktea,translatedintoChineseasredtearatherthanblacktea.ThisisbecausetheChinesepeopletonotethatthecoloroftea,whiletheBritishfocusonthecolorofthetealeaves.Inanotherexample,inEnglisharmchairisanyhandrail,hardorsoftchairs,butinChinesewearearmchairandsinglesofa.TheChinesewillalwaysbemodestlysaid,that'swhatIshoulddoafterhearingsomeone'spraise.StraighttoIt'smydutytoneitherbefishnorfowl,buttoconvertintothenativeEnglishsayingwithmypleasure,orItismypleasure.4.2ToavoidthenegativeassociationsCheapinthecleancannotbetranslatedintocheap,becausetherearecheappoorqualityofthemeaning,ofcleancanbetranslatedintoinexpensive.Famousproductwiththefamousmodificationofcoursegood,butdonotusethewordnotorious,sincethelattertestasnotoriouswasintended.Propaganda,saidpublicityisavailable,withoutsuitablypropaganda,becausethelatterimpliesexaggerated,whitewash,lying,cheating,wasintended.ChineseexportstotheU.S.agroupofacompanyjeep,hadthetwosideshavereachedanagreementonthematter,butintheChinesedelegationtotheUnitedStatessignedacontractlastminute,thisbusinessisbecauseoftheJeepbrand'sEnglishtranslationoftheabortion.BecausetheseJeepbrandcalledGangStar,theChinesesideitsoundsdeliberatelyintendedtotakeintoaccounttoGangstar,thatis,fromtheChineseSteel,atransliterationofthewordsStarofthecorrespondingEnglishcomposition,butdoesnottakeintoaccountthegangintheEnglishVillagereferstogangs,gang,gangstarwouldbecomeatriadgangsStar,Starofgangs.isnotdifficulttoimaginethatnoonewillbuysuchacarandnoonewouldsit.4.3ToregulatethetranslationWecanregulatethetranslationaccordingtothetargettranslationoftherecipientoftheculturalpsychology.OfaforeignPoisonperfume,smartdealerdoesnot,accordingtoitsintenttopoison,butaccordingtotheirEnglishpronunciation,toneto100Eros,itsoundslikebothromanticandsentimental,itwillnaturallywintheloveofladies.MildSevencigarettesinJapanisnotinaccordancewithitsintenttogentlesevenstarsorMildSevenbrand,becausesevennospecialmeaningforCh