北京大學(xué)版博士生綜合英語詞匯教案unit

UnitFiveText:CrimeinCyberspaceIWordsandPhrases:1.cyberspace:alltheconnectionsbetweencomputersindifferentplaces,consideredasarealplacewhereinformation,messages,picturesetcexistStudentsarediscoveringtheendlessamountofinformationincyberspace.Ahostilenationhasattackedwiththesilentandinvisibleweaponsofcyberspace.Computerscanconstructandmanipulateareasandobjectsincyberspace,too,buttheydosomostlyunderhumanguidance.Exponentiallyreproducingpornographicimagesarepopulatingcyberspace.Somethingsimilarmayhappensooninthenewfrontierofcyberspace.cyber:n[singv]scienceofcommunicationandcontrol,espconcernedwithcomparinghumanandanimalbrainswithmachinesandelectronicdevices控制論（對(duì)信息傳遞和控制的研究,尤涉及人及動(dòng)物大腦與機(jī)器及電子裝置的差異）2.trite:adj(ofaphrase,anopinion,etc)notnewororiginal,becauseoftenused;hackneyed;commonplace（指詞語/意見等）陳腐的,老一套的,平淡無奇的.Herremarkssoundedtriteandill-informed.Iknowitmightsoundlikeatriteremark,butmothersusuallyknowbest.Themovie'sdialogueistriteanduninspired.Iknowitsoundstrite,butyou'resoluckytohaveyourson.3.vulnerable:adj~tosth/sb1thatcanbehurt,woundedorinjured能受傷害的:Youngbirdsareveryvulnerabletopredators.幼小的鳥易受食肉動(dòng)物傷害.|Cyclistsaremorevulnerablethanmotorists.騎自行車的人比開汽車的人容易受傷.|(fig比喻)Hiswife'sdeathlefthimfeelingvulnerableanddepressed.他妻子去世后他感到六神無主十分消沉.2(fig比喻)exposedtodangerorattack;unprotected暴露于危險(xiǎn)面前的;易受攻擊的;無防御的:vulnerabletoabuse,blackmail,criticism易受凌辱、敲詐、批評(píng)|avulnerablepointinNATO'sdefences北大西洋公約組織防御中的薄弱之處|Theelectiondefeatputsthepartyleaderinavulnerableposition.該黨落選后其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的地位岌岌可危.Childrenaremostvulnerabletoabusewithintheirownhome.Groundfloorwindowsareparticularlyvulnerableandsecurelocksshouldbefitted.Thevirusleavessufferersvulnerabletoarangeofinfections.Wildanimalsareattheirmostvulnerablewhentheyareasleep.4.harness:v1~sthtosthputaharnesson(ahorse,etc);attach(ahorse,etc)byaharness給（馬等）上挽具;套（馬等）:harnessahorsetoawagon把馬套到四輪馬車上.2controlanduse(anaturalforce)toproduceelectricalpower,etc控制及利用（自然界的力量）以產(chǎn)生電能等:harnessariver,awaterfall,thesun'sraysasasourceofenergy利用河水、瀑布、太陽光作為能源.Wecanharnessthepowerofthewindtogenerateelectricity.TheMissouriRiverisharnessedforhydroelectricpower.5.transcend:v(fml)1[Tn]beorgobeyondtherangeof(humanexperience,belief,powersofdescription,etc)超出或超越（經(jīng)驗(yàn)、信念、描寫能力等）的范圍:Suchmatterstranscendman'sknowledge.這些問題人類是無法了解的.2~sb/sth(insth)bemuchbetterorgreaterthansb/sth;surpass優(yōu)于或勝過某人/某事物:Shefartranscendstheothersinbeautyandintelligence.她才貌出眾.Thedesireforpeacetranscendedpoliticaldifferences.Thebeautyofhersongstranscendwordsandlanguage.transcendent:adj[通常作定語](文,褒)extremelygreat;supreme卓越的;至高無上的:awriteroftranscendentgenius杰出的天才作家.TheOlympicsareatranscendentevent.transcendental:adj[通常作定語]goingbeyondthelimitsofhumanknowledge,experienceorreason,espinamysticalorreligiousway超出人類知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)或理性的（尤指有神秘或宗教色彩的）;玄奧的;先驗(yàn)的:Gazingatthatmajesticpaintingwasformeanalmosttranscendentalexperience.我凝視著那幅氣勢(shì)磅磅礴的畫,一種堪稱超凡的感受油然而生.Cf參看empirical:adj(ofknowledge)basedonobservationorexperiment,notontheory（指知識(shí)）以觀察或?qū)嶒?yàn)為根據(jù)的（非理論的）.6.furtherance:theactorprocessofhelpingsomethingprogressorbedoneStaffareencouragedtouseinformationresourcesinfurtheranceoftheirownprofessionalinterests.Whatstepswillyoutakeinfurtheranceofthatresolution?7.pornography:pornn[U](a)describingorshowingsexualactsinordertocausesexualexcitement色情描繪;色情表演.(b)books,films,etcthatdothis色情作品（書刊、影片等）:thetradeinpornography色情作品的交易.Itisnowclearthatthereisalinkbetweenpornographyandsexcrimes.8.encryption:encrypt:toprotectinformationbyputtingitintoaspecialcodethatonlysomepeoplecanread,especiallyinformationthatisonacomputerItsotherfunctionistotakeoveryourharddiscandencryptallthefiledirectories,renderingthediscunusable.9.cryptography:thestudyofsecretwritingandcodesClearly,oneadvantageofpublic-keycryptographyisthatnoonecanfigureouttheprivatekeyfromthecorrespondingpublickey.Furthermore,public-keycryptographycanbeusedforsenderauthentication,knownasdigitalsignatures.10.piracy:n(a)[U]robberybypirates(pirate1a)海盜的掠奪.(b)[U]illegalcopyingorbroadcasting非法復(fù)制或廣播.(c)[C]instanceofeitherofthese非法復(fù)制或廣播.Insteadshetakespartinhispiracyandgainsmeaningforlife,beforeshehelpshimescape.Sothetwosidestalkedaboutsmuggling,piracyandothersortsofcrime.11.forgery:n1[U](crimeoractof)forging(forge22)adocument,picture,signature,etc（文件、畫、簽字等的）偽造,偽造罪,偽造行為:Hespent5yearsinprisonforforgery.他因偽造罪而坐了5年牢.2[C]document,signature,etcthathasbeenforged偽造的文件、簽字等:ThisfamouspaintingwasthoughttobebyVanGogh,butitisinfactaforgery.人們以為這是凡·高的名畫,其實(shí)是膺品.Furtherinvestigationshowedthattheso-called"HitlerDiaries"wereaforgery.Specialmarksonthepaperareintendedtodeterforgery.Thepainting,believedtobebyRenoir,turnedouttobeaverycleverforgery.forge:v[Tn]1(a)shape(sth)byheatingitinafireandhammering鍛造;打鐵:forgeasword,achain,ananchor,etc鍛造劍、鐵鏈、錨等.(b)(fig比喻)create(usualastingrelationship)bymeansofmuchhardwork（靠艱苦工作）建立（通常為長期關(guān)系）:forgeabond,alink,analliance,etc建立同盟、聯(lián)系、聯(lián)盟等|afriendshipforgedbyadversity患難中建立起來的友誼.2makeanimitationorcopyof(sth)inordertodeceivepeople偽造:forgeabanknote,will,signature,etc偽造鈔票、遺囑、簽字等.Someonestolemycreditcardandforgedmysignature.Marinoobtainedthedrugsbyforginghisdoctor'ssignatureonaprescription.forger:npersonwhoforgesmoney,adocument,etc偽造（錢幣、文件等）的人.Cf:counterfeit:n,adj(thing)madeordonesothatitisverysimilartoanotherthing,inordertodeceive;fake偽造的;假冒的;偽造物;膺品:counterfeitmoney,jewels,etc假錢幣、珠寶等|Thisten-dollarbillisacounterfeit.這張十元鈔票是偽鈔.counterfeit:v[Tn]copyorimitate(coins,handwriting,etc)inordertodeceive偽造,仿造（錢幣等）;模仿（筆跡等）:agangofcriminalscounterfeitingten-poundnotes偽造十鎊假鈔票的犯罪集團(tuán).Policehavewarnedstorestolookoutforcounterfeit$50bills.Theywerearrestedformakingcounterfeitcomputerchips.counterfeiter:npersonwhocounterfeitsmoney,etc（錢幣等的）偽造者,仿制者.12.infringe:v1[Tn](a)break(arule,anagreement,etc)違反,違背（規(guī)則、協(xié)議等）:infringetheregulations,acopyrightagreement,etc違反規(guī)則、版權(quán)協(xié)定等.(b)interferewith(sth);violate干涉;干擾;侵犯;侵害:infringesb'sliberty,rights,etc干擾某人的自由、侵犯某人的權(quán)利.2[Ipr]~on/uponsthaffectsthsoastolimitorrestrictit;encroachon侵犯;侵入;侵害:infringeupontherightsofotherpeople侵害他人權(quán)利.Abackupcopyofacomputerprogramdoesnotinfringecopyright.Theydidnotwantthenewmanagerstoinfringeontheirjobasdoerwithprimaryresponsibilityforthetask.Somestudentsarguedthattheruleinfringedontheirrighttofreespeech.13.falsification:falsify:tochangefigures,recordsetcsothattheycontainfalseinformationThefilewasalteredtofalsifytheevidence.Awholeteamwaskeptbusyfalsifyingofficialgovernmentrecords.MitchelljoinedtheNavyat16byfalsifyinghisbirthcertificate.Theiraccountshadbeenfalsifiedoveralongperiodoftimefalse:adj`Awhaleisafish.Trueorfalse?'｀鯨魚是一種魚.對(duì)還是錯(cuò)?＇falsehair,teeth,etc假發(fā)、假牙falsemodesty假謙虛falsetears虛偽的眼淚afalsesenseofsecurity虛假的安全感g(shù)iveafalseimpressionofgreatwealth給人造成很富有的假像falseweights,scales,dice,etc假的砝碼、天平、色子等falseevidence偽證presentfalseclaimstoaninsurancecompany向保險(xiǎn)公司提出偽造的索賠要求afalsefriend/lover不忠實(shí)的朋友[情人]Therumoursofapetrolshortageturnedouttobeafalsealarm.汽油短缺的謠傳原來是一場(chǎng)虛驚.`Onefalsemoveandyou'readeadman,'snarledtherobber.那強(qiáng)盜厲聲叫道:｀不許動(dòng),不然就打死你.＇(make)afalsestart賽跑中的搶跑Afterseveralfalsestarts,shebecameasuccessfuljournalist.她開始時(shí)遇到幾次挫折,后來才成為能干的記者.Afalsestepcouldhavecosttheclimberstheirlives.爬山者一失足就會(huì)喪命.14.incendiary:adj1designedtosetbuildings,etconfire放火的;縱火的:anincendiarybomb,device,attack燃燒彈、噴火器、火攻.2tendingtocreatepublicdisturbancesorviolence煽動(dòng)的:anincendiaryspeech煽動(dòng)性演說.Theexplosionseemstohavebeencausedbyanincendiarydevice.15.harass:v[Tn]1troubleandannoy(sb)continually不斷打擾、騷擾（某人）:Politicaldissidentscomplainedofbeingharassedbythepolice.持不同政見者申訴他們受到警方的不斷騷擾.|Healwayslooksharassedbyconstantworry.他老是愁眉苦臉的.2makerepeatedattackson(anenemy)不斷騷擾（敵人）.Anumberofblackyouthshavecomplainedofbeingharassedbythepolice.Onewomanclaimedthatshehadbeensexuallyharassedbyamalemanager.harassment:n[U]harassingorbeingharassed煩擾;騷擾.16.intrusive:adjintruding闖入的;侵入的;打攪的;侵?jǐn)_的:intrusiveneighbours打擾人的鄰居Thephotographerswerepushyandintrusive.intrude:v~(oneself)on/uponsb/sth;~(oneself/sth)intosth(espfml)put(oneself/sth)intoaplaceorsituationwhereone/itisunwelcomeorunsuitable闖入;侵入;打攪;侵?jǐn)_:Idon'twishtointrude,butcouldItalktoyouforamoment?我無意打擾您,不過我可以跟您談一會(huì)兒?jiǎn)?|IfeltasthoughIwasintrudingontheirprivategrief.他們正傷心時(shí),我覺得我好像騷擾了他們.|IfIcouldintrudeanoteofseriousnessintothisfrivolousconversation...我真想說一句,叫他們談話放嚴(yán)肅些WouldIbeintrudingifIcamewithyou?Employersshouldnotintrudeintotheprivatelivesoftheiremployees.Sorry,Ididn'tmeantointrude.Ididn'trealizeyouwereonthephone.17.evasion:n1[C,U]keepingoutofthewayofsb;avoidance躲避某人;規(guī)避;逃避:theburglar'sevasionofthepolice竊賊躲避警察|evasionofresponsibility逃避責(zé)任|He'sbeenaccusedoftaxevasion.他被控逃稅.2[C]statement,excuse,etcmadetoavoidfullyansweringaquestion（避免如實(shí)回答問題的）遁辭,借口,推托:Hisanswerstomyquestionswerenothingbutcleverevasions.他回答我的問題時(shí)顧左右而言他.Henningwenttoprisononchargesoftaxevasion.UncleHarry'sstyleofevasionwastopretendhedidn'thearthequestion.evade:v[Tn]1getorkeepoutofthewayof(sb/sth)躲開,避開（某人[某事物]）:evadethepolice,anattack,anenemy躲避警察、襲擊、敵人.2findawayofnotdoing(sth,espsththatlegallyormorallyoughttobedone);avoid逃避（尤指法律或道德上的責(zé)任）:evademilitaryservice逃避兵役|evadecapturebythepolice躲避警方的追捕.3avoidanswering(aquestion)fullyorhonestly回避如實(shí)的答覆（問題）:Thepolicemanevadedallthedifficultquestions.那警察回避了所有難以答覆的問題.Icouldtellthathewastryingtoevadetheissue.Youcan'tgoonevadingyourresponsibilitiesinthisway.Employerswillalwaystrytofindwaystoevadetax.18.vandalism:n[U]behaviourcharacteristicofvandals恣意破壞公物等的行為.vandal:n恣意破壞藝術(shù)品、公物、私人財(cái)產(chǎn)、自然美景等的人:telephonevandals破壞公用電話亭的流氓.Thievesandvandalsarecostingchurchesmillionsofpoundseachyear.vandalize/vandalise:v[尤用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)]willfullydestroyordamage(egpublicproperty)恣意破壞（公物等）:vandalizeatraincompartment,publicconvenience,lift故意毀壞列車車廂、公共廁所、電梯|Theground-floorflatshadbeenbadlyvandalized.一樓公寓受到嚴(yán)重惡意破壞.19.infrastructure:n(a)subordinateparts,installations,etcthatformthebasisofasystem,anorganizationoranenterprise(egofanarmy)（組成一制度、企業(yè)或組織如軍隊(duì)的）基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施.(b)(economics經(jīng))stockoffixedcapitalequipmentinacountry(egroads,railways,power-stations,watersupply,etc)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)（國家的固定基本設(shè)備,如公路、鐵路、發(fā)電站、供水裝置等）Somecountrieslackasuitableeconomicinfrastructure.So,someaspectsofthetechnicalinfrastructureforelectroniccommercearealreadyinplace.20.vindictive:adjhavingorshowingadesireforrevenge;unforgiving懷有或顯示報(bào)復(fù)心的;不寬恕的:vindictivepeople,acts,urges,comments企圖報(bào)復(fù)的人們/行為/心情/評(píng)語.|abitterandvindictiveoldman"I'llpayherbackforthis.''"Don'tbesovindictive.Itdoesn'thelpanyone.''AfterthedivorceJoan'sex-husbandbecameincreasinglyvindictive.vindictiveness:n[U]:Hewithheldtheletteroutofsheervindictiveness.他扣下那封信純粹是出于報(bào)復(fù)心理.21.fraudulent:adj1deceitfulordishonest欺騙的;詐騙的;不誠實(shí)的;不老實(shí)的:afraudulentdisplayofsympathy假惺惺的同情.2obtainedordonebyfraud;involvingfraud騙得的;騙來的;涉及欺騙的:fraudulentapplicationsforsharesinthenewcompany以欺騙手段申請(qǐng)新公司的股票.Hewasaccusedoffraudulentlyusingastolencreditcard.Sheenteredthecountryusingafraudulentpassport.fraud:n1[C,U](actof)deceivingsbillegallyinordertomakemoneyorobtaingoods欺騙（行為）;詐騙:foundguiltyoffraud被裁定詐騙罪成立|Thousandsoffraudsarecommittedeveryyear.每年有數(shù)以千計(jì)的詐騙案.2[C]personwhodeceivesothersbypretendingtohaveabilities,skills,etcthathedoesnotreallyhave;impostor騙子;冒名頂替者:Thiswomanisafraudshehasnomedicalqualificationsatall.這女人是個(gè)騙子--她根本沒有行醫(yī)的資格.Landaleiscallingformorelawstoprotectconsumersagainstfraud.Biglossesduetotheftandfraudforcedthecompanytoclose.22.solicitation:theactofaskingsomeoneformoney,help,orinformationsolicit:v1~sbforsth;~sthfromsb(fml)ask(sb)for(egmoney,help,votes)earnestly;trytoobtain(sth)懇求（某人）給予（錢、幫助等）;向（某人）拉（選票）;設(shè)法獲得（某事物）:solicitsbformoney/solicitmoneyfromsb向某人要錢|solicitinformationaboutthenewmotorway探詢新的高速公路的情況|Bothcandidatessolicitedmyopinion.兩位候選人都來向我征求意見.2[I,Tn](ofaprostitute)makeasexualoffer(tosb),espinapublicplace（指妓女）拉（客）（尤指在公共場(chǎng)所）:Shewasfinedforsoliciting.她因拉客而被罰款.Morganisaccusedofillegallysolicitingcampaigncontributions.ThegovernorsenttwoofficialstoMexicoCitytosolicitaidfromthePresident.23.bogus:adjnotgenuine;false偽造的;假的:aboguspassport/doctor/claim偽造的護(hù)照/冒充的醫(yī)生/冒領(lǐng).同義詞:falseThechildwastakenawayfromherparentsbyabogussocialworker.Therehasbeenaspateofincidentswherebogusofficialshavecalledonthehomesofelderlypeople.24.unscrupulous:adjwithoutmoralprinciples無道德原則的;不講道德的:unscrupulousmethods,behavior不道德的方法、行為|Hewasutterlyunscrupulousinhisdealingswithrivalfirms.他與對(duì)立公司競(jìng)爭(zhēng)完全不講道德.Isn'tittimewedidsomethingtoprotecttheelderlyfromunscrupulousbusinesspeople?Morganadmittedthatsomeofhisactionsmayhavebeenunscrupulous,buthedenieddoinganythingillegal.scrupulous:adj1extremelycarefulandthorough;payinggreatattentiontodetails極仔細(xì)徹底的;一絲不茍的:ascrupulousexaminer認(rèn)真仔細(xì)的檢查員|ascrupulousinspectionofthefirm'saccounts對(duì)公司的帳目徹底審核.2~in/about(doing)sthcarefulnottodowrong;absolutelyhonest審慎的;極誠實(shí)的:scrupulousinallherbusinessdealings（她）對(duì)所有交易都十分老實(shí)|behavewithscrupuloushonesty表現(xiàn)極為正直.Theorganizationwillbescrupulousinmaintainingthehighestmoralstandards.Scrupulouscleanlinessisnecessarywhenpreparingfoodinarestaurant.Thefinancedepartmentisalwaysscrupulousabouttheirbookkeeping.Theinvestigationwascarriedoutwithscrupulousfairness.Thisjobrequiresscrupulousattentiontodetail.25.unwitting:adj[作定語](fml文)1notknowingoraware不知道的;未察覺的;未意識(shí)到的:anunwittingcarrierofstolengoods不知就里而攜贓物的人.2notintentional無意的;非故意的;不知不覺的:myunwittinginterruptionoftheirprivateconversation我無意中打斷他們的私下談話.Lauraunwittinglythrewawaythewinninglotteryticket.26.eavesdrop:v[I,Ipr](-pp-)~onsb/sthlistensecretlytoaprivateconversation偷聽（私人談話）:eavesdroppingonthediscussion/herparents偷聽討論/偷聽她父母談話.HowdidyouknowIwasgoing?You'vebeeneavesdropping,haven'tyou!Icaughthimeavesdroppingonourconversation.Suewasabletoeavesdroponthemthroughtheopenwindow.Cf:overhear:vhear(sb,aconversation,etc)withouttheknowledgeofthespeaker(s);hearbychance偷聽到（某人說話、談話等）;無意中聽到:Ioverheardtheirargument/them.我偷聽到他們爭(zhēng)論/說話.|Ioverheardthemquarrelling.我無意中聽到他們吵架.|Ioverheardhimsay/sayinghewasgoingtoFrance.我偶然聽到他說他要到法國去.eaves:n[pl]屋檐:birdsnestingundertheeaves在屋檐下筑巢的鳥.27.surveillance:n[U]carefulwatchkeptonsbsuspectedofdoingwrong（對(duì)涉嫌者的）監(jiān)視:Thepolicearekeepingthesuspectsunderround-the-clocksurveillance.警方對(duì)疑犯晝夜監(jiān)視.Theywereunderconstantclosesurveillancedayandnight.Thesuspectswerekeptundersurveillance.Banksareinstallingsurveillancecamerastopreventrobberies.28.proliferation:n1[U]proliferatingorbeingproliferated（迅速的）繁殖;增殖;增生:[作定語]anuclearnon-proliferationtreat禁止核擴(kuò)散條約.2[通常作單數(shù)]rapidgrowthorincrease迅速的繁殖或增長.Futureadvancesintechnologymaydiscloseother,moresensitivemarkersofcellproliferationwhosepredictiveaccuracyisgreater.Malignantmelanomaoftheskiniscausedbycancerousproliferationofmelanocytes.Shorteningproductlifecyclesandrapidproductproliferationmeanthatinvestmentininnovationiscriticalinglobalcompetition.proliferate:v1[I]producenewgrowthoroffspringrapidly;multiply（迅速地）繁殖;增殖;增生.2[Tn]reproduce(cells,etc)分裂,繁殖（細(xì)胞等）.3[I]increaserapidlyinnumbers（數(shù)量）激增.Childpornographyisproliferatingduetotheincreaseduseofcomputerchatrooms.Fast-foodrestaurantshaveproliferatedinthearea.TheHIVvirusisabletoproliferateatanastonishingrate.29.ripoff:n(ususing通常作單數(shù))(俚)actofdefrauding,stealing,overcharging,etc欺詐;偷竊;索要高價(jià):80pforacupofcoffee?Whatarip-off!一杯咖啡要80便士?真是敲竹杠!Themealwasarip-offandtheservicewasappalling.ripoff:(phrv)(俚)cheatsb,espfinancially欺騙某人（尤指錢財(cái)）:Theshoptriedtoripmeoff.那商店想欺騙我.ripsthoff(a)removesthbypullingsharply撕掉某物:ripthecoveroff(abook)撕掉（書的）封面.(b)(俚)stealsth偷竊某物:Somebody'srippedoffmywallet.有人把我的錢包偷走了.30.entail:v1make(sth)necessary;involve使（某事物）必要;牽涉:Thisjobentailsalotofhardwork.這項(xiàng)工作需要十分努力.|Thatwillentailanearlystarttomorrowmorning.那就需要明晨很早動(dòng)身.2[尤用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)]~sth(onsb)限定（地產(chǎn)）繼承人:Thehouseandestateareentailedontheeldestdaughter.這所房子和地產(chǎn)限定由長女繼承.|Hewouldhavesoldthepropertylongagohaditnotbeenentailed.這些財(cái)產(chǎn)若非限定繼承的話,他早就賣掉了.31.decrypt:tochangeamessageorinformationonacomputerbackintoaformthatcanberead,whensomeonehassentittoyouinatypeofcomputercodeOnlycertainemployeeswillbeabletodecryptsensitivedocuments.32.genie:n(pl~sorgenii)(inArabianstories)spiritorgoblinwithstrangepowers（阿拉伯故事中的）神怪,妖怪.TheprincesspassedonherrequesttoAladdin,whopasseditontothegenie.ThereisnogenietosnapitsfingersandwhiplashmeoutofthisworldIamlivingin.Asachildofthe1960sand1970s,thenucleargeniestillloomslargeformeasapowerfulanalogy.33.homily:n1(常作貶義)longandboringtalkfromsbonthecorrectwaytobehave,etc有關(guān)規(guī)矩等問題的冗長而令人厭倦的說教:preach/give/deliverahomily進(jìn)行說教.2(fml)sermon講道.Thecoachspouted(羅羅嗦嗦、滔滔不絕地說出)hisusualhomilyaboutwinninggames.34.incentive:n[C,U]~(todosth)thingthatencouragessbtodosth;stimulus激勵(lì)某人做某事的事物;刺激;獎(jiǎng)勵(lì):theofferofcashincentives現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的提供|anincentivetoworkharder對(duì)更加努力工作的刺激|Theydon'ttryveryhard,butthenthere'snoincentive.他們不太賣力氣,不過卻也沒給他們獎(jiǎng)勵(lì).|anincentivescheme鼓勵(lì)方案.Awardsprovideanincentiveforyoungpeopletoimprovetheirskills.Asanaddedincentive,there'sabottleofchampagneforthebestteam.Thegovernmentisofferingspecialtaxincentivestopeoplewantingtostartupsmallbusinesses.35.disgruntled:adj~at/aboutsth;~withsbresentfulbecausesthhashappenedtodispleaseone不高興的;不滿的:adisgruntledlook/frown/scowl不悅的樣子/因不滿而皺眉/怒容|She'sstilldisgruntledaboutmissingtheparty.她因錯(cuò)過了這一聚會(huì)而仍耿耿于懷.Disgruntledemployeesareleavingtoworkforotherfirms.Afterlongdelays,disgruntledpassengersweretakentoanearbyhotel.Itwasthesecondpaycutintwoyears,andemployeeswerebecomingdisgruntled.36.biometrics:37.retinal:38.anomalous:adjdifferentfromwhatisnormal;irregular異常的;不規(guī)則的:Heisinananomalouspositionastheonlypart-timeworkerinthefirm.他與眾不同,是公司里唯一的兼職人員.Thisphenomenonmayalsoexplainsomeofouranomalousfossildistributionsandextinctions.Claudiusmadetwootherarrangementswhichseematfirstsighttobehighlyanomalous.39.uptake:n(習(xí)語)quick/slowontheuptakequick/slowtounderstandwhatismeant理解力強(qiáng)/弱;領(lǐng)會(huì)快/慢:You'llhavetoexplainittomecarefullyI'mnotveryquickontheuptake.你得給我仔細(xì)解釋一下--我理解力差.40.poach:v1~forsthcatch(gamebirds,animalsorfish)withoutpermissiononsbelse'sproperty（進(jìn)入他人地界）偷獵,偷捕（鳥、獸或魚）:gooutpoachingonafarmer'sland到農(nóng)場(chǎng)主土地上偷獵|Fredwascaughtpoachinghares.弗雷德因偷獵野兔被捉.2(a)~onsthbeactiveinanareathatproperlybelongstosbelse在他人范圍內(nèi)活動(dòng):Rivalsalesmenwerepoachingonhisterritory.這些推銷員是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,卻跑到他的地盤來兜生意.|Byinterferinginthismatteryouarepoachingonmypreserve.你干預(yù)此事就是在我的責(zé)任范圍內(nèi)越俎代庖.(b)take(stafforideas)fromsb/sth,espinanunderhandway從某人/某處挖走人員或竊取思想:Arivalfirmpoachedourbestcomputerprogrammers.我公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手把我們最好的計(jì)算機(jī)程序編制員挖走了.|Anewpoliticalpartyusuallypoachesideasfromitsrivals.新政黨往往把敵對(duì)政黨的思想攫為己有.41.gullible:adjwillingtobelieveanythingoranyone;easilydeceived輕信的;易受欺騙的:Hemusthavebeenprettygullibletofallforthatoldtrick.他準(zhǔn)是有點(diǎn)兒傻,才落入那慣用的圈套.PlasticreplicasoftheGreekpotteryaresoldtogullibletourists.HeseemedtotreatmeasifIwereagullibleschoolgirl.Howcanyoubesogullible!He’snotreallyFrench.It'seasytoblamethepublicforbeinggullibleenoughtobuydietingproducts,butit'sthecompanieswhosellthemwhoshouldtakeresponsibility.Shewasdescribedbyherneighborsasasweetbutgulliblewomanwhoallowedthemantoliveinherhouseasasourceofextramoney.42.liaison:n1[U]communicationandco-operationbetweenunitsofanorganization組織內(nèi)單位間的交流與合作:excellentliaisonbetweenourtwodepartments我們兩部門間出色的合作|aliaisonofficer聯(lián)絡(luò)官.2[C](貶義)personwholiaises聯(lián)絡(luò)人;掮客.3[C](貶義)illicitsexualrelationship私通;通奸:abriefliaison短暫的姘居Theprojecthasbeensetupinliaisonwiththeartdepartment.Thesefieldsactinliaisonwiththeenergeticandchemicalprocessesofthebody.Theseschemesmaybesetupinliaisonwithlocaleducationauthoritiesandschoolgovernors.Turnerservesasaliaisonbetweenmanagementandstaff.liaise:v~withsb;~betweenAandB(口)actasalinkorgo-between做聯(lián)絡(luò)人;聯(lián)絡(luò).Councilofficersareliaisingcloselywithlocalgroups.Theeducationofficerliaisesbetweenstudents,schoolsandcolleges.IIText1.reflect(on/uponsth):thinkdeeplyabout,orremindoneselfof,pastevents;consider沉思或思憶（往事）;思考:Ineedtimetoreflect(onyouroffer/onwhatyouoffered).我需要時(shí)間來考慮（你的建議[你提出的建議]）.2.burgle:vstealfrom(ahouseorperson)afterenteringabuildingillegally入戶盜竊:burgleashop盜竊一家商店|Wewereburgledwhilewewereonholiday.我們度假期間屋里進(jìn)賊了.3.convergence:n.相交的線條;趨于一致的意見.converge:v1~(onsb/sth);~(atsth)（指線條、運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體等）會(huì)于一點(diǎn),向一點(diǎn)會(huì)合;聚集:armiesconvergingonthecapitalcity向首都集結(jié)的各路軍隊(duì)|Parallellinesconvergeatinfinity.平行線永不相交.|Enthusiastsfromaroundtheworldconvergeon(iecometo)LeMansfortheannualcarrace.熱心的觀眾從世界各地涌到勒芒市觀看一年一度的汽車比賽.2[I](fig)(tendto)becomesimilaroridentical（趨于）相似或相同:Ourpreviouslyopposedviewsarebeginningtoconverge.我們?cè)瓉硐嗷?duì)立的觀點(diǎn)開始趨于一致.|Somesaythatcapitalismandsocialismwilleventuallyconverge.有人說資本主義和社會(huì)主義最終會(huì)合而為一.4.unprecedented:adjwithoutprecedent;neverhavinghappened,beendoneorbeenknownbefore無前例的;前所未有的;空前的:unprecedentedlevelsofunemployment失業(yè)率達(dá)到的前所未有的嚴(yán)重程度|asituationunprecedentedinthehistoryoftheschool該校自有校史以來未曾出現(xiàn)過的情況.precedent:n(a)[C]earlierdecision,case,event,etcthatisregardedasanexampleorruleforwhatcomeslater可援為先例的判決、事例、事件等:create/establish/setaprecedent(forsth)（為某事物）開創(chuàng)先例|serveasaprecedentforsth為某事物提供范例|Thereisnoprecedentforsuchanaction.這種行動(dòng)沒有先例可循.(b)[U]existingprecedents(usedespintheexpressionsshown)先例（尤用于下列示例）:withoutprecedent沒有先例|breakwithprecedent,ienotactaccordingtoprecedents打破先例（不按先例行事）.Theprotestwaswithoutprecedentinalandwherestrikesaretaboo.Anepidemiconthisscaleiswithoutprecedent.precedented:adjhavingorsupportedbyaprecedent有先例的;有前例可援的:adecisionnotprecedentedinEnglishlaw在英國法律中無前例可援的判決.precede:v1comeorgobefore(sth)intime,order,rank,etc（在時(shí)間、順序、行列等上）在（某事物）之前;先于（某事物）:TheMayorentered,precededbymembersofthecouncil.市政會(huì)的委員們?nèi)雸?chǎng)后,市長也入場(chǎng)了.|Thispointhasbeendealtwithintheprecedingparagraph.這一點(diǎn)在前面一段里已經(jīng)交代過了.|thedaysthatprecededthefinalcatastrophe大禍即將臨頭的那些日子.2~sthwithsthsaysthbeforesth在講某話之前先講某話;在講...前加上...:Sheprecededherspeechwithavoteofthankstothecommittee.她發(fā)表講話以前先提議向全體委員表示感謝.5.mobilize:v1(causesb/sthto)becomereadyforserviceoraction,espinwar（使某人[某事物]）準(zhǔn)備行動(dòng);（尤指戰(zhàn)時(shí)）動(dòng)員,調(diào)動(dòng):Thetroopsreceivedorderstomobilize.部隊(duì)接到動(dòng)員令.2organizeorassemble(resources,etc)foraparticularpurpose（為某目的）組織,集合（資源等）:Theyaremobilizingtheirsupporterstovoteattheelection.他們正在組織其支持者向他們拉選票.6.defy:v(pt,ppdefied)1(a)disobeyorrefusetorespect(sb,anauthority,etc)違抗,反抗,藐視,蔑視（某人、權(quán)威等）:Theydefiedtheirparentsandgotmarried.他們違抗父母的意愿而結(jié)婚了.|defytheGovernment,thelaw,etc蔑視政府、法律等.(b)refusetogiveinto(sb/sth);resistboldly拒絕向（某人[某事物]讓步;勇敢地抵抗:Thearmydefiedtheenemy'sforces.這支軍隊(duì)英勇抗敵.2besodifficultastomake(sth)impossible（因有困難）使（某事）不可能,辦不到:Thedoordefiedallattemptstoopenit.這門用什么辦法也打不開.|Theproblemdefiedsolution,iecouldnotbesolved.此問題無法解決.3challenge(sb)todosthonebelieveshecannotorwillnotdo激（某人）做其不能或不愿做的事:IdefyyoutoproveIhavecheated.我諒你無法證實(shí)我欺騙了人.7.given:taking(sth)intoaccount考慮到（某事物）:Giventhegovernment'srecordonunemployment,theirchancesofwinningtheelectionlookpoor.鑒于政府在解決失業(yè)問題上成績不佳,他們?cè)谶x舉中獲勝機(jī)會(huì)似乎不大.|Givenherinterestinchildren/Giventhatsheisinterestedinchildren,Iamsureteachingistherightcareerforher.考慮到她喜歡孩子,我可以肯定教書是最適合她的職業(yè).8.knownobounds:ifafeelingorqualityknowsnobounds,itisnotlimitedinanyway;(fml)beverygreatortoogreat無限:Whensheheardthenewsherfuryknewnobounds.她聽到這個(gè)消息,頓時(shí)怒不可遏.Andasyouknow,greedknowsnobounds.Faithinbenignscienceknewnobounds.Sarah'sprideinherdaughterknewnobo