專題04RNA破防了！我不是DNA的小弟（教師版）2025高考英語一輪復習外刊閱讀與詞匯專練

2025高考英語一輪復習外刊閱讀與詞匯專練專題04RNA破防了！我不是DNA的小弟！1.精編外刊閱讀2.閱讀理解專項3.語法填空專項4.課標高頻詞專練5.外刊中的課標詞【精編·外刊閱讀】AprimeronRNA,perhapsthemostconsequentialmoleculeofall（文章來源：Economist）文中紅色粗體為課標詞，下面有專門的高頻課標詞訓練和課標詞梳理表格Foryears,studentsofcellbiologyweretaughtthatRNAwasmerelyahumbleassistanttoDNAandproteins.DNAwasseenasthelibraryofallknowledgeandproteinsastheconstructorsofanorganism.RNAwasviewedasamessenger（信使）,carryingDNA'splanstocellworkshopsandbeingpartoftheworkshopfabric.BiologistsnowrealizethatRNAhasafarwiderrangeofjobsincellsthanearlierunderstood.ItseemslikelythatRNAevenprecedesDNAandproteinsastheoriginalmolecule（分子）oflife.ThomasCech'snewbook,"TheCatalyst,"describeshowtheviewofRNAhaschanged.Inthe1980s,CechsupportedtheideathatRNAmoleculescanactasenzymes（酶）,challengingthebeliefthatonlyproteinscouldbecatalysts.In1989,hesharedtheNobelchemistryprizefordiscovering"ribozymes（核酶）".DrCech’steamfoundan"autocatalytic（自催化的）"rearrangementofanRNAmolecule.Thismolecule,meanttobeepartofaribosome（核糖體）,cutoutanunnecessarypart.Thisdiscoverychallengedthebeliefthatenzymesarealwaysproteins.Similardiscoveriesbyotherlabsquicklyfollowed,revealingothertypesofribozymes.RNAinribosomeswasdiscoveredtobecatalytic,notjuststructural.ItisRNA,nottheproteinponent,thataddsamino（氨基）acidstoagrowingproteinchain.Thisdiscoveryexcitedscientistsseekinglife’sorigin.RNA,whichcanbothstoreinformationandcatalyze（催化）reactions,mayhavebeentheearliestmoleculeoflife.EarlyRNAbasedorganismsmayhavelaterevolvedtouseDNAforinformationstorageandproteinsforcatalysis,withRNAlinkingthesemolecules.SinceDrCech’sdiscovery,manytypesofRNAhavebeenfound,involvedingeneregulationandprotectingcellsfromviralinfection.AbouthalfofmedicinesworkbytargetinggermRNAwhileleavinghumanRNAunaffected,whichisapromisingstartingpointfornewdrugs.RNAcansilencediseasecausinggeneticchangesbypairingwithanddisablingRNAmessengersfromchangedDNAsections.RNAmessengershavebeenusedtocreatecovidvaccinesandmaybeusedagainstotherdiseases,includingcertaincancers.【原創(chuàng)閱讀理解】WhatwasRNAtraditionallyviewedasincellbiology?A.AprimarymoleculeresponsibleforgeneticinheritanceB.AsecondarymoleculeassistingDNAandproteinsC.ThemainstructuralponentofcellsandtissuesD.AnenzymethatcatalyzesbiochemicalreactionsHowcantheword"catalysts"beinterpretedinthecontextofthispassage?A.ThingsthatslowdownchemicalreactionsincellsB.ProteinsthatsupportandmaintaincellstructuresC.MoleculesthatcarrygeneticinformationtocellsD.SubstancesthathelpspeedupchemicalreactionsWhyisRNAimportantinthestudyoflife'sorigin?A.RNA'sabilitytoactasbothgeneticmaterialandanenzymesupportstheoriesofearlylifeB.RNA'sstabilityandversatilitymakeitessentialforunderstandingearlylifeC.RNA'ssimplicityparedtoDNAandproteinssuggestsitwasthefirstbiologicalmoleculeD.RNA'spresenceinearlyorganismsunderscoresitsevolutionaryimportanceWhatdoesthearticleimplyaboutthefuturepossibilitiesforRNAinmedicine?A.RNAwilllikelybeethemainfocusofgeneticresearch,overshadowingDNAB.RNAbasedtherapieshavethepotentialtorevolutionizetreatmentforvariousdiseasesC.RNA'sroleincellularfunctionssuggestsitwillreplaceproteinsinmanytherapiesD.RNAapplicationsarelimited,buttheyshowpromiseinspecializedfieldslikeoncology【答案】BDAB【導語】這是一篇說明文，講述了RNA在細胞生物學中的作用和地位發(fā)生的變化，特別是其在催化作用和早期生命研究中的重要性。細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第一段的內容：“Foryears,studentsofcellbiologyweretaughtthatRNAwasmerelyahumbleassistanttoDNAandproteins.”可以得出答案。RNA被傳統(tǒng)認為是DNA和蛋白質的輔助分子。故選B。詞義猜測題。根據第二段中“RNAmoleculescanactasenzymes,challengingthebeliefthatonlyproteinscouldbecatalysts.”可知，催化劑是指幫助加速化學反應的物質。故選D。推理判斷題。根據第三段中“RNA,whichcanbothstoreinformationandcatalyzereactions,mayhavebeentheearliestmoleculeoflife.”可知，RNA能同時儲存信息和催化反應，這支持了早期生命的理論。故選A。推理判斷題。根據最后一段中“AbouthalfofmedicinesworkbytargetinggermRNA...RNAmessengershavebeenusedtocreatecovidvaccinesandmaybeusedagainstotherdiseases,includingcertaincancers.”可知，RNA在醫(yī)學上有潛力革新各種疾病的治療方法。故選B。【原創(chuàng)語法填空】Foryears,studentsofcellbiologyweretaughtthatRNAwasmerelyanassistanttoDNAandproteins.DNA____1____(consider)thelibraryofallknowledge,andproteinswereseenasthebuildersofanorganism.RNAwasviewedasamessenger,____2____(carry)DNA'sinstructionstocellworkshops.BiologistsnowrealizethatRNAperformsamuch____3____(wide)rangeofjobsincells.ThomasCech'sbook,"TheCatalyst,"highlightshowperceptionsofRNAhavechanged.Inthe1980s,CechproposedthatRNAmoleculescanactasenzymes,challengingthebeliefthatonlyproteinscouldbecatalysts.In1989,hewontheNobelPrizefordiscovering"ribozymes."Histeamidentified____4____"autocatalytic"RNAmolecule____5____removedanunnecessaryparttobeepartofaribosome.Otherlabsquicklymadesimilar____6____(discovery),identifyingmoreribozymes.RNAinribosomeswasfoundtobecatalytic,notjuststructural.ItisRNA,notprotein,____7____addsaminoacidstoagrowingproteinchain.RNA,capableofstoringinformationandcatalyzingreactions,mayhavebeentheearliestmoleculeoflife.EarlyRNAbasedorganismsmighthaveevolvedtouseDNAforinformationstorageandproteinsforcatalysis,____8____RNAlinkingthesemolecules.AbouthalfofmedicinesworkbytargetinggermRNAwhileleavinghumanRNAunaffected.RNAmessengers____9____(use)tocreateCOVID19vaccinesandmightbeusedagainstotherdiseases,____10____(include)cancers.【答案】1.wasconsidered2.carrying3.wider4.an5.that/which6.discoveries7.that8.with9.wereused10.including【導語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了RNA在細胞中的作用及其在生物學研究中的重要發(fā)現和應用。wasconsidered考查動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：DNA被認為是所有知識的圖書館。根據句意，主語DNA和動詞consider之間是被動關系，且敘述過去的事實，所以用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。故填wasconsidered。carrying考查非謂語動詞。句意：RNA被視為傳遞DNA指令到細胞車間的信使。此處為現在分詞短語作后置定語，表示RNA的功能。故填carrying。wider考查形容詞比較級。句意：生物學家現在意識到，RNA在細胞中執(zhí)行更廣泛的工作。根據句意，RNA的功能范圍相比以前更廣泛，應用比較級。故填wider。an考查冠詞。句意：他的團隊識別出一個“自催化”RNA分子。autocatalytic的發(fā)音以元音音素開頭，所以用不定冠詞an。故填an。that/which考查關系代詞。句意：自催化RNA分子移除了不必要的部分成為核糖體的一部分。此處為定語從句修飾先行詞RNAmolecule，關系代詞在從句中作主語，故填that/which。discoveries考查名詞復數。句意：其他實驗室很快做出了類似的發(fā)現，識別出更多的核酶。根據句意，此處表示多項發(fā)現，用名詞復數形式。故填discoveries。that考查強調句。句意：在蛋白質鏈上添加氨基酸的是RNA而不是蛋白質。此句是強調句結構，強調的是主語RNA。Itis...that...是強調句型。故填that。with考查介詞。句意：早期的RNA基生物可能進化出使用DNA進行信息存儲和使用蛋白質進行催化的能力，并且RNA將這些分子連接起來。根據句意和邏輯，此處用介詞with表示伴隨。故填with。wereused考查動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意：RNA信使被用來制作COVID19疫苗。根據上下文時態(tài)和語義，用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。故填wereused。including考查非謂語動詞。句意：RNA信使可能被用來對抗包括癌癥在內的其他疾病。including作非謂語動詞，表示包括。故填including?！驹瓌?chuàng)·課標高頻詞訓練】Itis__________(necessary)toprovidefurtherproofwhentheevidenceisalreadyoverwhelming.Ourcurrent__________(store)capabilitiesareinsufficientforthevolumeofdatawehandledaily.Thegovernment'snew__________(regulate)onemissionshassparkedcontroversyamongcarmanufacturers.Overmillionsofyears,animals__________(evolve)specializedtraitstosurviveintheirhabitats.Thecampaign__________(target)demographicincludesyoungadultsaged1825.Scientistsconstantly__________(seek)tounderstandtheunderlyingcausesofplexdiseases.Thestudy__________(reveal)significantdifferencesbetweenthetwogroups.Thetemperature__________(range)inthisregioncanvarydramaticallybetweendayandnight.The__________(origin)manuscriptofthenovelispreservedinthenationallibrary.Themitteeis__________(mere)advisoryandhasnodecisionmakingpowers.Giventhecurrentcircumstances,itishighly__________(like)thattheprojectwillbedelayed.Theinvestigation__________(involve)multipleagenciesworkingcollaboratively.Properhygienepracticescansignificantlyreducetheriskof__________(infect).Theprojectpresentsmany__________(challenge)totheteam,requiringinnovativesolutions.Thepatient's__________(react)tothemedicationwascarefullymonitoredbythe