2000考研英語(yǔ)答案

2000年考研英語(yǔ)答案【篇一：2000年考研英語(yǔ)真題(含答案解析)】class=txt>partⅠclosetestdirections：foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked［a］,［b］,［c］and［d］.choosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronanswersheet1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)①ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.②hemuststorealargequantityofgrain1consumingallhisgrainimmediately.③hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily2heproducesasurplus.④hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance3theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto4oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto5thesoil.⑤hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation6andimprovehisfarminotherways.⑥ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe7.⑦h(yuǎn)emusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor8extrafundsintheformofloans.⑧naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow9ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot10obtainable.［139words］1.［a］otherthan［b］aswellas［c］insteadof［d］morethan2.［a］onlyif［b］muchas［c］longbefore［d］eversince3.［a］for［b］against［c］of［d］towards4.［a］replace［b］purchase［c］supplement［d］dispose5.［a］enhance［b］mix［c］feed［d］raise6.［a］vessels［b］routes［c］paths［d］channels7.［a］self-confident［b］self-sufficient［c］self-satisfied［d］self-restrained8.［a］search［b］save［c］offer［d］seek9.［a］proportion［b］percentage［c］rate［d］ratio10.［a］genuinely［b］obviously［c］presumably［d］frequentlypartⅡreadingcomprehensiondirections:eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked［a］,［b］,［c］and［d］.readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.thenmarkyouransweronanswersheet1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)passage1①ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.②whentheunitedstatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendofthesecondworldwar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.③itsscientistsweretheworld?sbest;itsworkersthemostskilled.④(11)americaandamericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheeuropeansandasianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.①itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.②justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.③bythemid-1980samericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.④somehugeamericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.⑤by1987therewasonlyoneamericantelevisionmakerleft,zenith.⑥(nowthereisnone:zenithwasboughtbysouthkorea’slgelectronicsinjuly.)⑦（12）foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.?america’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.⑧forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichamericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.①allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.②americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.③theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.④themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofamerica’sindustrialdecline.⑤theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.①howthingshavechanged!②in1995theunitedstatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhilejapanhasbeenstruggling.③（14）fewamericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.④self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.⑤“americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtorichardcavanaugh,executivedeanofharvard’skennedyschoolofgovernment.⑥“itmakesmeproudtobeanamericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysstephenmooreofthecatoinstitute,athink-tankinwashington,dc.⑦andwilliamsahlmanoftheharvardbusinessschoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheunitedstates.”［429words］11.theu.s.achieveditspredominanceafterworldwariibecause.［a］ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal［b］itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore［c］thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors［d］theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy12.thelossofu.s.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheamerican.［a］tvindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket［b］semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises［c］machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions［d］autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket13.whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?［a］itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.［b］intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.［c］therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperate［d］alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.14.theauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheu.s.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe.［a］turningofthebusinesscycle［b］restructuringofindustry［c］improvedbusinessmanagement［d］successineducationpassage2（15）①beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.②thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.③butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.④now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.⑤thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.⑥moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.⑦fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.?akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.⑧todayitmakesalmostnodifference.sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.①thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.②fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.③exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.④nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.⑤mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.⑥（16）again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.⑦indiashowswhatishappening.?thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.⑧thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classindiacomparedtothetribes.forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalutopiahasarrived.②strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.③nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.④butinthepast100,000years—eventhepast100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.⑤（17）wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.⑥darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“l(fā)ookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”⑦nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.?buthoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromutopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.［406words］15.whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?［a］alackofmates.［b］afiercecompetition.［c］alowersurvivalrate.［d］adefectivegene.16.whatdoestheexampleofindiaillustrate?［a］wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.［b］naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.［c］themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.［d］indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.17.theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.［a］lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance［b］thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining［c］ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution［d］thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing18.whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?［a］sexratiochangesinhumanevolution.［b］waysofcontinuingman’sevolution.［c］theevolutionaryfutureofnature.［d］humanevolutiongoingnowhere.passage3①（20）whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandueasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.②withregardtofuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverfuturistpoetrymaybe—evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight—itcanhardlybeclassedasliterature.①this,inbrief,iswhatthefuturistsays:foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.②consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.③（21）thisspeedingupoflife,saysthefuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.④wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.⑤wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.⑥insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.①certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.②butitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaturkishandabulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver—andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:“pluff!pluff!ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”①（22）this,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsoffuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasliterature.②allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.③thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?［334words］19.thispassageismainly.［a］asurveyofnewapproachestoart［b］areviewoffuturistpoetry［c］aboutmeritsofthefuturistmovement［d］aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature20.whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto.［a］determineitspurposes［b］ignoreitsflaws【篇二：2000年考研英語(yǔ)真題及答案解析】irections：foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked［a］,［b］,［c］and［d］.choosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronanswersheet1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)①ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.②hemuststorealargequantityofgrain1consumingallhisgrainimmediately.③hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily2heproducesasurplus.④hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance3theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto4oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto5thesoil.⑤hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation6andimprovehisfarminotherways.⑥ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe7.⑦h(yuǎn)emusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor8extrafundsintheformofloans.⑧naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow9ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot10obtainable.［139words］1.［a］otherthan2.［a］onlyif3.［a］for4.［a］replace5.［a］enhance6.［a］vessels［b］aswellas［b］muchas［c］insteadof［c］of［c］feed［d］morethan［d］towards［d］dispose［d］raise［c］longbefore［d］eversince［b］against［b］purchase［b］mix［c］supplement［b］routes［c］paths［d］channels7.［a］self-confident［c］self-satisfied8.［a］search9.［a］proportion10.［a］genuinelydirections:［b］self-sufficient［d］self-restrained［c］offer［c］rate［d］seek［d］ratio［d］frequently［b］save［b］percentage［b］obviously［c］presumablypartⅡreadingcomprehensioneachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked［a］,［b］,［c］and［d］.readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.thenmarkyouransweronanswersheet1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)passage1①ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.②whentheunitedstatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendofthesecondworldwar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.③itsscientistsweretheworld?sbest;itsworkersthemostskilled.④(11)americaandamericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheeuropeansandasianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.①itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.②justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.③bythemid-1980samericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.④somehugeamericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.⑤by1987therewasonlyoneamericantelevisionmakerleft,zenith.⑥(nowthereisnone:zenithwasboughtbysouthkorea’slgelectronicsinjuly.)⑦（12）foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.?america’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.⑧forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichamericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.①allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.②americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.③theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.④themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofamerica’sindustrialdecline.⑤theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.①howthingshavechanged!②in1995theunitedstatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhilejapanhasbeenstruggling.③（14）fewamericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.④self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.⑤“americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtorichardcavanaugh,executivedeanofharvard’skennedyschoolofgovernment.⑥“itmakesmeproudtobeanamericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysstephenmooreofthecatoinstitute,athink-tankinwashington,dc.⑦andwilliamsahlmanoftheharvardbusinessschoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheunitedstates.”［429words］11.theu.s.achieveditspredominanceafterworldwariibecause.［a］ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal［b］itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore［c］thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors［d］theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy12.thelossofu.s.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheamerican.［a］tvindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket［b］semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises［c］machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions［d］autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket13.whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?［a］itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.［b］intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.［c］therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.［d］alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.14.theauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheu.s.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe.［a］turningofthebusinesscycle［c］improvedbusinessmanagementpassage2①（15）beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.②thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.③butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.④now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.⑤thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.⑥moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.⑦fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.?akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.⑧todayitmakesalmostnodifference.sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.①thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.②fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.③exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.④nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.⑤mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.⑥（16）again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.⑦indiashowswhatishappening.?thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.⑧thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classindiacomparedtothetribes.forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalutopiahasarrived.②strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.③nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.④butinthepast100,000years—eventhepast100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.⑤（17）wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.⑥darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“l(fā)ookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”⑦nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.?buthoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromutopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.［406words］15.whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?［a］alackofmates.［b］afiercecompetition.［d］adefectivegene.［c］alowersurvivalrate.［b］restructuringofindustry［d］successineducation16.whatdoestheexampleofindiaillustrate?［a］wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.［b］naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.［c］themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.［d］indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.17.theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause.［a］lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance［b］thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining［c］ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution［d］thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing18.whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?［a］sexratiochangesinhumanevolution.［b］waysofcontinuingman’sevolution.［c］theevolutionaryfutureofnature.［d］humanevolutiongoingnowhere.passage3①（20）whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandueasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.②withregardtofuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverfuturistpoetrymaybe—evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight—itcanhardlybeclassedasliterature.①this,inbrief,iswhatthefuturistsays:foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.②consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.③（21）thisspeedingupoflife,saysthefuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.④wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.⑤wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.⑥insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.sofbattlesareconfused.②butitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaturkishandabulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver—andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:“pluff!pluff!ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”①（22）this,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsoffuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasliterature.②allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.③thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?［334words］19.thispassageismainly.［a］asurveyofnewapproachestoart［b］areviewoffuturistpoetry［c］aboutmeritsofthefuturistmovement［d］aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature20.whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto.［a］determineitspurposes［c］followthenewfashions21.futuristsclaimthatwemust.［a］increasetheproductionofliterature［b］usepoetrytorelievemodernstress［c］developnewmodesofexpression［d］avoidusingadjectivesandverbs22.theauthorbelievesthatfuturistpoetryis.［a］basedonreasonableprinciples［b］newandacceptabletoordinarypeople［c］indicativeofabasicchangeinhumannature［b］ignoreitsflaws［d］accepttheprinciples［d］moreofatransientphenomenonthanliteraturepassage4①（23）aimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarjapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheunitedstatesandeurope.②butincreasinglythejapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.③tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowjapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.①thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingjapan’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.②inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofjapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheunitedstates.③inaddition,farmorejapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.①whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.②（25）“thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores—personality,ability,courageorhumanity—arecompletelyignored,”saystoshikikaifu,chairmanoftherulingliberaldemocraticparty’seducationcommittee.③“frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.”④lastyearjapanexperienced2，125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.⑤amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.⑥lastyearmitsuosetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheamericanoccupationauthoritiesafterworldwariihadweakenedthe“japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”①（26）butthatmayhavemoretodowithjapaneselife-styles.②“injapan,”sayseducatoryokomuro,“it’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.”③witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofjapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,two-generationhouseholds.④urbanjapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.⑤inthepastdecade,thejapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheunitedstates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.［447words］23.inthewesterners’eyes,thepostwarjapanwas.［a］underaimlessdevelopment［c］arivaltothewest［b］apositiveexample［d］onthedecline24.accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofjapanesesociety?［a］women’sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.［b］moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.［c］excessiveemphasishasbeenplacedonthebasics.［d］thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbywesternvalues.25.whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?［a］japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingthe