2025版高考英語一輪復習第2部分人與社會主題群3歷史社會與文化主題語境4法律常識與法律意識等教師用書教案

PAGE主題語境(四)法律常識與法律意識等閱讀理解A(2024·北京卷·D)PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It'shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork，entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫車)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基礎設施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責任與維護問題).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇爭論文。文章主要探討了有關無人駕駛汽車的發(fā)展前景和面臨的問題。1．Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan________.A．helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB．providebetterservicestocustomersC．causedamagetoourenvironmentD．makesomepeoplelosejobsA[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段第一句“Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafety...offermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.”可知，人們對無人駕駛汽車的關注點在于其平安性以及有助于削減交通擁堵等方面。故選A。]2．Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern?A．Safety. B．Sideeffects.C．Affordability. D．Management.D[推理推斷題。依據(jù)最終一段第一句“Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabout...thecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.”并結合上文內(nèi)容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考慮這些無人駕駛車輛的管理，不要擴大現(xiàn)有汽車管理運輸系統(tǒng)中的最糟糕的方面，故選D。]3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean?A．Employed. B．Replaced.C．Shared. D．Reduced.A[詞義揣測題。依據(jù)第四段中畫線詞所在句的前半部分內(nèi)容“Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainly”并結合下句中“asthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology”可知，隨著價格的降低以及人們對這項技術起先應用自如，第一批上市的無人駕駛車輛會“被應用”到“叫車服務”中。故選A。]4．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A．Doubtful. B．Positive.C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.B[觀點看法題。依據(jù)最終一段最終兩句“Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.”可知，無人駕駛車輛的時代立刻來到，打算好迎接它的到來吧。由此推斷作者對于這種新科技持主動樂觀的看法。]B(2024·江蘇卷·C)Ifyouwanttodisturbthecarindustry,you'dbetterhaveafewbilliondollars:Mom-and-popcarmakersareunlikelytobeatthebiggestcarcompanies.Butinagriculture,smallfarmerscangetthebestofthemajorplayers.Byconnectingdirectlywithcustomers,andbyrespondingquicklytochangesinthemarketsaswellasintheecosystems(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)),smallfarmerscankeeponestepaheadofthebigguys.Astheco-founderoftheNationalYoungFarmersCoalition(NYFC，美國青年農(nóng)會)andafamilyfarmermyself,Ihaveafront-rowseattotheinnovationsamongsmallfarmersthataretransformingtheindustry.Forexample,taketheQuickCutGreensHarvester,atooldevelopedjustacoupleofyearsagobyayoungfarmer,JonathanDysinger,inTennessee,withasmallloanfromalocalSlowMoneygroup.Itenablessmall-scalefarmerstoharvest175poundsofgreenvegetablesperhour—ahugeimprovementoverharvestingjustafewdozenpoundsbyhand—suddenlymakingitpossibleforthelittleguystocompetewithlargefarmsofCalifornia.Beforethetoolcameout，smallfarmerscouldn'ttouchthepriceperpoundofferedbyCaliforniafarms.Butnow,withthecombinationofabetterpricepointandagenerallyfresherproduct,theycanstayinbusiness.Thesustainablesuccessofsmallfarmers,though,won'thappenwithoutfundamentalchangestotheindustry.Onecrucialfactorissecureaccesstoland.Competitionfrominvestors,developers,andestablishedlargefarmersmakesowningone'sownlandunattainableformanynewfarmers.From2004to2013，agriculturallandvaluesdoubled,andtheycontinuetoriseinmanyregions.Anotherchallengeformorethanamillionofthemostqualifiedfarmworkersandmanagersisanon-existentpathtocitizenship—thegreatestbarriertobuildingafarmoftheirown.Withfarmersovertheageof65outnumbering(多于)farmersyoungerthan35bysixtoone,andwithtwo-thirdsofthenation'sfarmlandinneedofanewfarmer,wemustclearthepathfortalentedpeoplewillingtogrowthenation'sfood.Therearesolutionsthatcouldlightapathtowardamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy,butfarmerscan'tclumsilyputthemtogetherbeforeus.WeattheNYFCneedbroadsupportasweurgeCongresstoincreasefarmlandconservation,aswepushforimmigrationreform,andasweseekpoliciesthatwillensurethesuccessofadiverseandambitiousnextgenerationoffarmersfromallbackgrounds.WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttakeastandwithyoungfarmers.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇爭論文。文章分析了美國小農(nóng)場主具有的優(yōu)勢，同時也分析了目前美國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展所面臨的問題，督促國會對某些領域進行改革以支持美國國內(nèi)小農(nóng)場的發(fā)展。5．Theauthormentionscarindustryatthebeginningofthepassagetointroduce________.A．theprogressmadeincarindustryB．a(chǎn)specialfeatureofagricultureC．a(chǎn)trendofdevelopmentinagricultureD．theimportanceofinvestingincarindustryB[推理推斷題。文章開頭首先提到汽車行業(yè)的特點，“假如想進軍汽車行業(yè)，你最好有幾十億美元：家庭經(jīng)營的汽車制造廠不大可能擊敗最大的汽車公司”；接著指出“但是在農(nóng)業(yè)方面，小農(nóng)場主可以賽過大農(nóng)場主”。由此可知，作者開頭提到汽車行業(yè)是為了通過對比介紹農(nóng)業(yè)不同于工業(yè)的地方。]6．WhatdoestheauthorwanttoillustratewiththeexampleinParagraph2?A．Loanstosmalllocalfarmersarenecessary.B．Technologyisvitalforagriculturaldevelopment.C．Competitionbetweensmallandbigfarmsisfierce.D．Smallfarmersmaygainsomeadvantagesoverbigones.D[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段中的“suddenlymakingitpossibleforthelittleguystocompetewithlargefarmsofCalifornia”以及“theycanstayinbusiness”可知，QuickCutGreensHarvester的獨創(chuàng)讓小農(nóng)場可以與加利福尼亞的大農(nóng)場競爭，并且可以接著經(jīng)營下去，也就是說小農(nóng)場主可能比大農(nóng)場主獲得了一些優(yōu)勢。]7．Whatisthedifficultyforthosenewfarmers?A．Togainmorefinancialaid.B．Tohiregoodfarmmanagers.C．Tohavefarmsoftheirown.D．Towinoldfarmers'support.C[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第四段第一句“Anotherchallenge...thegreatestbarriertobuildingafarmoftheirown.”可知，新農(nóng)夫面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)是無法獲得公民身份，因此不能建設自己的農(nóng)場，故選C。]8．Whatshouldfarmersdoforamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy?A．SeeksupportbeyondNYFC.B．Expandfarmlandconservation.C．BecomemembersofNYFC.D．Investmoretoimprovetechnology.A[推理推斷題。最終一段提到NYFC在敦促國會增加耕地愛護等方面須要支持，有關國會將要探討的新農(nóng)業(yè)法案，消費者必需與年輕農(nóng)夫站在一起。由此可知，為了使農(nóng)場經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)和公允發(fā)展，農(nóng)場主須要尋求NYFC以外的支持。]C(2024·天津卷·C)Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主駕駛車輛).Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(財產(chǎn))damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving，”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律責任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall，”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’，peopleexpectdriverlesscars，”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown，saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere，”saysCalo.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇爭論文。隨著無人駕駛車輛的逐步推廣，無人駕駛車輛出現(xiàn)事故時的責任認定成為一個難題。德國交通部長提出了第一套自主駕駛車輛的交通法規(guī)，并就此提出了自己的主見。9．Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?A．Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B．Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C．Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D．Asituationwheredrivers'roleisnotclear.D[詞義揣測題。依據(jù)下文“thegreyareabetween...thedriverlessfuture”對“死亡谷”的說明，可知這里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自動駕駛與完全無人駕駛的汽車之間的灰色地帶(界限不明、難以界定的領域)，故應指駕駛員的角色不明朗的情景，D項描述與之吻合。]10．TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto________.A．stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB．helppromotefullyautomaticdrivingC．protectdriversofallagesandracesD．preventseriouspropertydamageB[推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段提到德國交通部長希望的三件事以及第四段說交通道路法規(guī)中關于自主駕駛車輛的這種變更將會允許完全自主駕駛的車輛投入運用(permitfullyautomaticdriving)可知，選B。]11．Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?A．Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.B．Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.C．Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.D．Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.D[推理推斷題。題干詢問消費者(乘客)對于無人駕駛汽車的看法，在談到誰應擔當無人駕駛車輛的責任時，第七段說，當你說無人駕駛車輛的時候，人們以為是沒有司機，從這些信息可以推斷出，消費者在這種狀況下會覺得沒有為無人駕駛車輛的平安問題負責的人，故選D。]12．Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein________.A．Singapore B．theUKC．theUS D．GermanyC[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。在談到無人駕駛車輛在各國的前景時，最終兩段談到在英國和新加坡，由政府供應的無人駕駛車輛正在投入運用，但是在美國這種狀況就會很糟糕(godownpoorlyintheUS)，在這里，認為政府會接管無人駕駛車輛，把它們作為對公眾有益的事物，這是完全行不通的(wouldgetabsolutelynowhere)，由此推斷，作者覺得這種無人駕駛車輛在美國看不到光明的發(fā)展前景。]13．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AutonomousDriving:WhoseLiability?B．FullyAutomaticCars:ANewBreakthroughC．AutonomousVehicles:DriverRemoved!D．DriverlessCars:RootofRoadAccidentsA[標題歸納題。全文以德國交通部長的提議引入，講解并描述了無人駕駛車輛的法律責任的認定，無人駕駛車輛在遇到車禍時首先應當保障的是車輛還是乘客的平安等問題，因此選A。]D(2024·江蘇卷·C)Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast-growingindustry,urgingantitrust(反壟斷)regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.Acenturyago,theresourceinquestionwasoil.Nowsimilarconcernsarebeingraisedbythegiants(巨頭)thatdealindata,theoilofthedigitalage.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMicrosoft.Alllookunstoppable.Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.Butsizealoneisnotacrime.Thegiants'successhasbenefitedconsumers.Fewwanttolivewithoutsearchenginesoraquickdelivery.Farfromchargingconsumershighprices,manyoftheseservicesarefree(userspay,ineffect,byhandingoveryetmoredata).Andtheappearanceofnew-borngiantssuggeststhatnewcomerscanmakewaves,too.Butthereiscauseforconcern.Theinternethasmadedataabundant,all-presentandfarmorevaluable,changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.Googleinitiallyusedthedatacollectedfromuserstotargetadvertisingbetter.Butrecentlyithasdiscoveredthatdatacanbeturnedintonewservices:translationandvisualrecognition,tobesoldtoothercompanies.Internetcompanies'controlofdatagivesthemenormouspower.Sotheyhavea“God'seyeview”ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsandbeyond.Thisnatureofdatamakestheantitrustmeasuresofthepastlessuseful.BreakingupfirmslikeGoogleintofivesmalloneswouldnotstopremakingthemselves:intime,oneofthemwouldbecomegreatagain.Arethinkisrequired—andasanewapproachstartstobecomeapparent,twoideasstandout.Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stcentury.Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodeterminewhentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms'dataassets(資產(chǎn))whenassessingtheimpactofdeals.Thepurchasepricecouldalsobeasignalthatanestablishedcompanyisbuyinganew-bornthreat.Whenthistakesplace,especiallywhenanew-borncompanyhasnorevenuetospeakof,theregulatorsshouldraiseredflags.Thesecondprincipleistoloosenthecontrolthatprovidersofon-lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.Companiescouldbeforcedtorevealtoconsumerswhatinformationtheyholdandhowmuchmoneytheymakefromit.Governmentscouldorderthesharingofcertainkindsofdata,withusers'consent.Restartingantitrustfortheinformationagewillnotbeeasy.Butifgovernmentsdon'twantadataeconomycontrolledbyafewgiants,theymustactsoon.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇爭論文。隨著網(wǎng)絡的發(fā)展，有些大型數(shù)據(jù)公司限制著大量的數(shù)據(jù)。人們呼吁把這些巨頭拆分。但問題的根源不在這里，反壟斷部門應當出面打破這些公司的數(shù)據(jù)壟斷局面，給小公司更多的生存機會。14．Whyisthereacalltobreakupgiants?A．Theyhavecontrolledthedatamarket.B．Theycollectenormousprivatedata.C．Theynolongerprovidefreeservices.D．Theydismissedsomenew-borngiants.A[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段的首句“Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.”可知，這種形勢要求科技巨頭拆分。這種形勢是指上文提及的那幾家大公司壟斷了數(shù)據(jù)市場，故本題答案為A。]15．WhatdoesthetechnologicalinnovationinParagraph3indicate?A．Datagiants'technologyisveryexpensive.B．Google'sideaispopularamongdatafirms.C．Datacanstrengthengiants'controllingposition.D．Datacanbeturnedintonewservicesorproducts.C[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。從第三段可知，以谷歌公司為例，這些科技巨頭發(fā)覺了數(shù)據(jù)可以轉變?yōu)樾碌姆眨绶g和視覺識別，這些都可以賣給其他公司。網(wǎng)絡公司對于數(shù)據(jù)的限制給予了他們巨大的權力，從而可以增加他們的限制地位。]16．Bypayingattentiontofirms'dataassets,antitrustregulatorscould________.A．killanewthreatB．a(chǎn)voidthesizetrapC．favourbiggerfirmsD．chargehigherpricesB[推理推斷題。依據(jù)第五段可知，反壟斷部門在考慮兼并時，通常依據(jù)規(guī)模的大小來確定何時進行干預，現(xiàn)在當評估這些交易的影響時，他們須要考慮到這些公司的數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)的范圍，再依據(jù)“Thepurchasepricecould...anew-bornthreat.”可知，通過重新考慮被兼并公司的數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)，反壟斷部門就可以避開落入規(guī)模大小這個陷阱。]17．Whatisthepurposeoflooseningthegiants'controlofdata?A．Bigcompaniescouldrelievedatasecuritypressure.B．Governmentscouldrelievetheirfinancialpressure.C．Consumerscouldbetterprotecttheirprivacy.D．Smallcompaniescouldgetmoreopportunities.D[推理推斷題。依據(jù)倒數(shù)其次段可知，放松網(wǎng)絡服務的供應商對于網(wǎng)絡數(shù)據(jù)的限制，把更多的份額給數(shù)據(jù)供應者，從而讓小公司也有機會發(fā)展。]Ⅰ.寫出所給單詞的漢語意思1．materializev.發(fā)生；成真2．potentialn.潛力；潛能3．worsenv.使變糟4．ownershipn.全部權5．a(chǎn)spectn.方面6．loann.借貸7．clumsilyadv.笨拙地8．definev.認定；下定義9．delayv.推遲；延期10．issuen.問題；爭辯點11．deadlyadj.致命的12．profitableadj.利潤豐厚的13．digitaladj.數(shù)字的14．initiallyadv.最初15．a(chǎn)ssessv.評估_16．securityn.平安Ⅱ.依據(jù)所給漢語寫出英文單詞1．debaten.&v.爭辯；辯論2．harvestv.收獲；收割3．competev.競賽；競爭4．reformn.改革5．crashn.&v.撞壞；墜毀6．checkv.檢查；核對7．legaladj.合法的8．controln.&v.限制9．threatn.威逼Ⅲ.依據(jù)所給提示寫出派生單詞1．a(chǎn)pparentadj.明顯的→apparentlyadv.自不待言地2．safeadj.平安的→safetyn.平安3．a(chǎn)rrivev.到達→arrivaln.到達4．a(chǎn)ppointv.約會；約定→appointmentn.約會；約定5．insurev.保險；擔?！鷌nsurancen.保險6．confusev.使困惑→confusionn.困惑；混亂；混淆7．deliverv.運輸；輸送→deliveryn.運輸；輸送8．translatev.翻譯→translationn.翻譯Ⅳ.依據(jù)所給漢語寫出慣用習語1．lead_the_way領先；帶路2．respond_to對……作出反應3．bring_about帶來(變更)4．far_from遠非5．stand_out突出[即時演練]單句語法填空1．Thelatearrival(arrive)ofthetrainhadmessedupallourplans.2．Ourdaughterisagreatdancer;shestandsoutabovetherest.3．Ofthesixpeopleintheplanethatcrashed(crash),onlyonesurvived.4．Shewasveryangrywithherhusbandbecausehemadetheirroomsinconfusion(confuse)．5．Withtheboyleadingthe_way,wehadnodifficultyfindingthevillage.6．Theboymanagedtoclimboutofthecar,apparently(apparent)unhurt.7．Hesetabouthelpinghomelesswomenandchildrentoplaceofsafety(safe)．8．Hegavemehisassurancethatthegoodsshouldbe_delivered(deliver)tomorrowmorning.9．Thegreatdamagewhichtheearthquakebroughtaboutmademanypeoplehomelessorlosetheirlives.Ⅰ.熟詞生義(寫出句中黑體詞的漢語意思)1．Therearesolutionsthatcouldlightapathtowardamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy,butfarmerscan'tclumsilyputthemtogetherbeforeus.引路2．...thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace...種族3．Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.操作Ⅱ.似易實難(將句中黑體詞部分譯成漢語)1．Butinagriculture,smallfarmerscangetthebestofthemajorplayers.[譯文]但是在農(nóng)業(yè)方面，小農(nóng)場主能夠戰(zhàn)勝主要的競爭對手。2．Andtheappearanceofnew-borngiantssuggeststhatnewcomerscanmakewaves,too.[譯文]新生巨頭的出現(xiàn)表明新來的也能掀起風波。Ⅲ.困難晦澀(分析句子結構并譯成漢語)1．Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.[分析]本句是一個主從復合句。句中however引導讓步狀語從句，主句中dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，其中howthetransformationisregulated為賓語從句作介詞on的賓語。[譯文]但不管須要多長時間，這項技術有潛力變更我們的交通系統(tǒng)和城市向好或壞的方向發(fā)展，這取決于轉換是如何被監(jiān)管的。2．Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissionsandoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.[分析]本句是一個主從復合句。While引導讓步狀語從句，主句中howself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissionsandoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions為賓語從句，作talkingabout的賓語。[譯文]雖然到目前為止的爭辯大多集中在無人駕駛汽車的平安問題上(應當如此)，但決策者也應當探討自動駕駛汽車如何有助于緩解交通堵塞、削減排放，并供應更多便利、更實惠的出行選擇。3．Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.[分析]本句是一個主從復合句。whatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles為賓語從句，thatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture為定語從句修飾先行詞thegreyarea。[譯文]該提案試圖解決一些人所說的無人駕駛汽車的“死亡谷”問題：半自動駕駛汽車和真正意義上的無人駕駛汽車之間的灰色地帶，而這可能會推遲無人駕駛汽車的到來。4．Thesecondprincipleistoloosenthecontrolthatprovidersofon-lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.[分析]本句是一個復合句。主句的主語是Thesecondprinciple，系動詞is后是兩個并列的不定式短語toloosenthecontrol和(to)givemore...，thatprovidersofon-lineserviceshaveoverdata為定語從句修飾先行詞thecontrol，whosupplythem為定語從句修飾先行詞those。[譯文]其次個原則是放松在線服務供應商對數(shù)據(jù)的限制，并將更多的數(shù)據(jù)供應應用戶。1．permitn.執(zhí)照；許可證；通行證v.許可；允許；準許(1)permitdoingsth.允許做某事permitsb.todosth.允許某人做某事eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(2weather/timepermitting,ifweather/timepermits))天氣/時間允許的話(3)permissionn.允許；許可askforpermission懇求許可withoutpermission未經(jīng)許可needtoobtainaworkpermit須要獲得一個工作執(zhí)照bepermittedtocarryonlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane只允許攜帶一個手提行李包登機askthegovernmentforpermissiontomovethebookstoasafeplace懇求政府把書籍轉移到一個平安的地方[名師點津]permit既可用于permitdoingsth.，也可用于permitsb.todosth.，有相同用法的動詞還有：advise,allow,forbid等。[基礎練習]——單句語法填空①Thesecuritysystemwillnotpermityouto_enter(enter)withoutthecorrectpassword.②Thevisitorsareremindedthatthemuseumdoesn'tpermitsmoking(smoke)．③Iwillcomeafterthemeetingiftimepermits，butIshouldaskformyheadmaster'spermission(permit)first.[實力提升]——句式升級一般表達：Iftimepermits,Iexpecttohavemoresparetimetospendwithmyfriendssothatwecanhaveabetterrelationship.高級表達：Time_permitting,Iexpecttohavemoresparetimetospendwithmyfriendssothatwecanhaveabetterrelationship.(獨立主格結構)2．convenientadj.便利的；便利的(1)Itisconvenientforsb.todosth.對于某人來說做某事是便利的beconvenientforsb.對某人來說是便利的beconvenientfor/tosth.離……很近(2)conveniencen.便利；便利atone'sconvenience在某人便利的時候forconvenience為便利起見(3)inconvenientadj.不便利的；麻煩的enjoythepleasuresandconvenienceoflivinginacitycenter享受住在市中心的樂趣和便利arrangeaconvenienttimeandspacefortheapplicantstohaveaninterview為參與面試的求職者支配了合適的時間和地點makeitmoreconvenientforustochoosewhatbookswelike使得我們選擇喜愛的書籍更加便利[名師點津]“當你便利的時候”應譯成“whenitisconvenientforyou”，而不是“whenyouareconvenient”。[基礎練習]——單句語法填空①Woulditbeconvenientforyouto_pick(pick)meupatfouro'clockandtakemetotheairport?②Mostofuschoosetousecreditcardstobuythingsbecauseoftheirconvenience(convenient).③Weboughtthehouseforconvenience.It'sveryneartotheshopwhereIwork.[實力提升]——一句多譯你能在便利的時候過來幫我一把嗎？①Canyoucomeandgivemeahandat_your_convenience?(convenience)②Canyoucomeandgivemeahandwhen_it_is_convenient_for_you?(convenient)3．toleratev.容忍，忍受；對……有耐性(1)toleratesb.doingsth.容忍某人做某事(2)tolerantadj.容忍的；寬容的betolerantof對……寬容；對……有耐受性(3)tolerancen.容忍，忍耐力toleratetheextremesofheatinthedesert忍受沙漠的酷熱nottolerateanycheatingonexams容不得任何考試作弊行為createatolerantandcosmopolitanculture促成了寬容和應有盡有的文化[名師點津]除了tolerate外，其他表示“容忍，忍受”的動詞及短語還有：stand,bear,putupwith等。[基礎練習]——單句語法填空①Hewon'ttolerateanyonequestioning(question)hisdecisions.②Luckily,myparentsaretolerantofmychoiceofmusic.③WhatIwanttostressisthatsuchbehaviourcannotbe_tolerated(tolerate)．[實力提升]——完成句子我們應當對他人的缺點更寬容一些。Weshouldbemore_tolerant_ofothers'shortcomings.4．causevt.引起；導致n.緣由；事業(yè)；目標(1)causesb.sth.給某人帶來某事causesb.todosth.導致某人做某事causedamage/lossto對……造成損害/損失(2)thecauseof...……的緣由causeandeffect因果won'tcauseyoutoomuchtrouble不會給你造成太多麻煩causeglobalconcernaboutflightsafety引起全球對飛行平安的關注findthecauseofthemineaccident找出這起礦難的起因fightforthecauseofpeaceallherlife她畢生為和平事業(yè)而抗爭[基礎練習]——單句語法填空①Hearguesthatoneoftherootcauses(cause)ofcrimeispoverty.②Istilldon'tknowwhatcausedthecomputerto_crash(crash)．③Drinkinganddrivingisoneofthemostcommoncausesoftrafficaccidents.[實力提升]——句式升級一般表達：Thatsummer,aterriblefloodbrokeoutinthesouthofChina,anditcausedgreatlosstothepeoplethere.高級表達：Thatsummer,aterriblefloodbrokeoutinthesouthofChina,causing_great_loss_to_the_people_there.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語)5．replacevt.代替；取代；把……放回原處(1)replace...with/by...用……替換……，以……接替……(2)taketheplaceof＝takeone'splace接替；代替inplaceof＝inone'splace代替(3)replacementn.替代；替代的人(物)gototheconferenceinplaceofher代替她出席了這次會議largelyreplacethetraditionalletter極大地替代了傳統(tǒng)書信replaceallthefurnituredamagedintheflood更換在洪水中損壞的全部家具replacethechinaplateontheshelf把磁盤放回到架子上[基礎練習]——單句語法填空①Teacherswillneverbe_replaced(replace)withcomputersintheclassroom.②It'snotagoodideatomissmealsandreplacethemwithsnacks.③Joeresignedaschairpersonin2024andItooktheplaceofhim.[實力提升]——一句多譯我們的班長將代替我們的班主任參與這次會議。①Ourmonitorwillreplace/take_the_place_ofourheadteachertoattendthemeeting.②Ourmonitorwillattendthemeeting_in_place_ofourheadteacher.6．urgev.督促；極力主見n.沖動；劇烈的愿望；迫切的要求(1)urgesb.todosth./intodoingsth.力勸/敦促某人做某事urgethat...劇烈要求；極力主見[從句謂語動詞用(should＋)動詞原形]urge(sb.)on力勸；強調；劇烈要求(2)urgentadj.緊急的；迫切的inurgentneedof急需(3)urgencyn.緊急；緊急狀況inurgentneedoffood,medicineandshelter急需食品、藥品和居處urgeyoutodomorereading督促你多閱讀amatterofgreaturgency一件特別緊急的事[基礎練習]——單句語法填空①Theyknowthatourcountryisinurgent(urge)needofthosewhohavemuchknowledge.②It'sofgreaturgency(urge)thatweneedtomaketherelativelawswiththerapidgrowthofonlineshopping.③Theteacherurgedhisstudentsontheimportanceofstudyingabroad.[實力提升]——一句多譯隨著高考的接近，我們的老師督促我們要更加努力學習。①Ourteacherurges_us_to_study_harderwiththeCollegeEntranceExaminationdrawingnear.(urgesb.todo)②Ourteacherurges_that_we_(should)_study_harderwiththeCollegeEntranceExaminationdrawingnear.(urgethat)7．holdv.保持；拿著；限制；容納；實行n.握??；限制；把握；保持holdback阻擋；隱瞞；抑制，限制；扣留holdup舉起；支撐；使停頓；耽擱holdon(打電話時)等一下，不要掛斷；堅持holdonto抓??；堅持；不放棄holdout伸出；接著；堅持；忍耐[一詞多義]——寫出下列句中hold的含義①Sheisholdinganotebookandapen.拿著②Heholdstheworldrecordforthe100-metredash.保持③Theywillholdameetingtodiscussthisproblemtomorrow.實行④Thestadiuminourschoolcanhold5,000peopleinall.容納biteherliptoholdbackthetears她咬著嘴唇強忍住眼淚beheldupinthetrafficjam受困于交通擁堵bereadytoholdoutafriendlyhand樂于伸出友情之手[基礎練習]——單句語法填空①WomenareplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinsocietyinmodernChina—theyholduphalfthesky.②Whenheleftthetelephonetofindapencil,heaskedmetoholdon.③Doyouthinkthatmixedabilityclassesholdbackthebetterstudents?[實力提升]——完成句子無論困難有多大，我們絕不會被其阻擋。Wewillnever_be_held_back_by_difficulties,nomatterhowgreattheyare!1．WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttakeastandwithyoungfarmers.在國會要探討新的農(nóng)業(yè)法案，消費者必需與年輕農(nóng)夫站在一起。[句型公式]WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress屬于“with＋賓語＋賓語補足語”的復合結構。該結構常作緣由、條件、時間、方式或伴隨狀語，也可作后置定語。常見的with復合結構：(1)with＋賓語＋形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(2)with＋賓語＋doing(表主動、進行)(3)with＋賓語＋done(表被動、完成)(4)with＋賓語＋todo(表未做)[基礎練習]——單句語法填空①Withtheexamapproaching(approach),itisagoodideatoreviewyourclassnotes.②Withsomanyessaysto_write(write),hewon'thavetimet