口譯課堂筆記.ppt

1、Interpretation,-being joyful with pains,Requirements of Interpretation Course,As far as Chinese students are concerned, in the first place, the crux to learn interpretation course well is to lay a solid foundation in the four basic skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.,Second, what is ta

2、ught in interpretation class is supposed to fully embody the features and regularity of interpretation. Attention should be given to note-taking, sight interpretation, capacity of induction, bilingual eloquence, commonly-used words and expressions, figure interpretation, etc.,Interpretation course i

3、s ideally intended for senior excellent students and graduates, in other words, they wont begin to learn interpretation techniques until they make a good mastery of Chinese and English.,2. Teaching Approach,Theory The Definition of Interpretation The types of Interpretation The characteristics of In

4、terpretation The qualification of an Interpreter The criteria of Interpretation The difficulties of Interpretation Practice Numbers Sentences Short Paragraphs Specific Topics Test,Contents,The Definition of Interpretation The Types of Interpretation The Characteristics of Interpretation At all offic

5、ial international meetings, the term “translate”, “translator”, or “translation” is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text; and the term “interpret”, “interpreter” or “interpretation”, when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken

6、by the original speaker.,For Example:,用詞上的區(qū)別 口語筆語 to seeto behold to askto interrogate in thisherein of thishereof after thatthereafter aboutwith reference to,我干了一天活，累得連炕都上不去，渾身疼得要命，睡也睡不著。 I was so fatigued after a days drudgery that I found it very hard to mount the kang . My whole frame aching acu

7、tely, I could not go to sleep, however hard I tried . I was so tired after a days work that I could hardly get on to the kang. As my whole body ached like anything , I simply couldnt get to sleep even if I tried to.,句法上的區(qū)別,Now the superpowers have been exposed to the charge that they reserve their n

8、uclear weapons for the revolutionary people of the world.,現(xiàn)在超級大國已受到他們儲存核武器是為了對付世界革命人民的指責(zé)。,(wrong),現(xiàn)在超級大國已受到這樣的指責(zé)，即他們儲存核武器是為了對付世界革命人民。,(right),I am very glad to hear that the contract has been signed only after two rounds of discussions.,我很高興地聽說只經(jīng)過兩輪談判，合同就簽下來了。,(translation),聽說只經(jīng)過兩輪談判，合同就簽下來了，我感到很高興。

9、,(interpretation),The Types of Interpretation,操作形式分：,Consecutive Interpretation 接續(xù)口譯 Simultaneous Interpretation 同聲傳譯 whispering interpretation 耳語口譯 sight interpretation 視閱口譯 alternating interpretation 交替口譯,傳譯方向分：,One-way interpretation 單向口譯 Two-way interpretation 雙向口譯,操作內(nèi)容：,Guide interpretation 導(dǎo)游口

10、譯 Ceremony interpretation 禮儀口譯 Conference interpretation 會議口譯 Information interpretation 宣傳口譯 Negotiation interpretation 談判口譯,The Characteristics of Interpretation 630, 000或記作630,_ b. 字母筆記法 凡過百萬的數(shù)字，英譯漢可用兩個字母“m”和“b”做符號，漢譯英的非整數(shù)，繼續(xù)用分節(jié)號“，”。6 million 記作 6m; 6,300 million: 6.3b。如果出現(xiàn)從各位到百萬位、千萬位的非整數(shù)，無論中英文，只

11、好全數(shù)記下：66,666,666 c. 整數(shù)漢字筆記 遇到千、萬、十萬、億四種位數(shù)的整數(shù)，無論英語還是漢語，通過多次練習(xí)或?qū)嶋H操作，都可以直接用千、萬、十萬、億這四個漢字記錄。6,000 記作 6千；600,000,000 記作6億。,中文縮略語,繁榮-prosp 重要的-impt 中華人民共和國-PRC 韓國- Kor 香港-HK 中國人民銀行-PBC 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值-GDP 中國人民-中人；,美國人民-美人；A人 中國政府-Chi gov； 特殊政策和靈活措施-特靈； 甘肅人民政府-甘府； 社會主義制度-社制； 野生動物保護(hù)區(qū)-野區(qū)； 物質(zhì)文明和精神文明-物神；雙文明；,英文縮略語,GDP:

12、 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值； SOE: state-owned enterprise GNP: 國民生產(chǎn)總值； FIE: foreign-invested enterprise FDI: foreign direct investment; JV: joint venture; SEZ: special economic zone; IOU: I owe you TQC-total quality control; CI: corporate image h.o.-head office; Int-tele：因特網(wǎng)電話； mob tele: 移動電話；,IDD: 國際長途直撥； B-ISTN: 寬帶綜合業(yè)

13、務(wù)數(shù)網(wǎng) E-b: 電子商務(wù)； CAD: 計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計； CTV: 有線電視 SPC: 程控電話交換機(jī); R dept.,其他縮略語,度量衡縮略語 m; km; km2; t; kg; gal; kw (kilowatt); mw (瓦); V (voltage); kwh kilowatt hour) 機(jī)構(gòu)縮略語 NPC; CPPCC; MOFTEC (中國經(jīng)貿(mào)部); CCPIT (國際貿(mào)易促進(jìn)會); PBC (中國人民銀行); ICBC（工行），PICC; COSCO (遠(yuǎn)洋運輸公司); EPB (環(huán)保局); GE (通用電器公司); GM (通用汽車公司); UNESCO; EU; AS

14、EAN (東南亞國家聯(lián)盟); APEC; OECD (經(jīng)濟(jì)合作發(fā)展組織；經(jīng)合組織) 地名縮略語 BJ; SH; GD; HK; MC (Macao); NY; LA 國名縮略語 CHN/Chi/China; NZL; Sing.; Tha; Inda. 金屬縮略語 Fe (iron); Cu (copper); Ni (nickel); Zn (zinc); Ti (titanium); Ca (calcium); Ag (silver); Au (gold); Al (aluminum); Si (silicon); Hg (mercury),符號,+, 表示同意；贊成；支持；好 我方同意：

15、We; Its a good idea to: id 名牌產(chǎn)品：品X: 表示不好；不是；不對；沒有 沒有問題：x文,: 表示加強(qiáng)；大于；超過；越來越；勝過 越來越多的家庭上因特網(wǎng)：家Int: 表示小于；少于；次于 one thing I was less than totally happy about: Ihap:表示交流；交換；替代 exchange of visiting professors: V profs:表示重要；優(yōu)秀；最好等 That is a very important point that you: P,U 效率高，質(zhì)量好，效益也是同行最好的：efic,質(zhì),益:表示總和；

16、總數(shù)；總共 外貿(mào)進(jìn)出口總額達(dá)到137億美元：貿(mào)13.7b U$:表示大約；左右:表示終止；停頓,Interpretation of Figures,任何話題的口譯都可能遇到各種復(fù)雜的數(shù)字。而數(shù)字的口譯又必須準(zhǔn)確無誤，不得有半點疏忽。對初任口譯的人來說，數(shù)字的口譯往往是一大難點。造成漢英數(shù)字互譯困難的原因有幾個方面： 一是漢語和英語的數(shù)字表達(dá)方式和四位以上數(shù)字的數(shù)位分段法不同。漢語數(shù)位的個、十、百、千、萬、十萬、百萬、千萬、億、十億等都是用10的倍數(shù)來表達(dá)的。漢語四位以上的數(shù)字每四位為一段；而英語則每三位為一段。,英語數(shù)詞中沒有與漢語“萬”、“十萬”、“千萬”、“億”等相對應(yīng)的詞，這就給漢英數(shù)字

17、互譯帶來很大不便。漢譯英時遇到以上數(shù)字時，譯員必須很快推算出與其相對應(yīng)的英語數(shù)位和表達(dá)方式。用“ten thousand”表示“萬”，用“hundred thousand”表示“十萬”，用“ten million”表示“千萬”，用“hundred million”表示“億”等。英譯漢時則要做相反的推算和轉(zhuǎn)換。這樣，譯員在進(jìn)行語言轉(zhuǎn)換的同時，要不停地進(jìn)行數(shù)位的推導(dǎo)和換算，腦子活動異常緊張，稍不注意便會出錯。,造成漢英數(shù)字互譯困難的另一個原因是英語有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞之分，在表示與可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞相關(guān)的不定數(shù)字或倍數(shù)時，漢英兩種語言的表達(dá)方式不同。例如：下列幾組不定數(shù)字的漢語表達(dá)方式基本上是一樣的，

18、而英語則不同。 很多人（書） many people（books） 很多水（啤酒）much water（beer） 很多人（水） a lot of people (water) 大量的參考書 a large number of reference books 大量有用的信息 a large quantity of useful information 大批的產(chǎn)品（食物） large quantities of products (food) 你要多少（面包）就拿多少。Take as much（bread）as you want. 你要多少（桔子）就拿多少。Take as many (orang

19、es) as you want.,由此可見，數(shù)字的口譯的確比較復(fù)雜、困難，但還是有一定的規(guī)律可循。譯員可根據(jù)具體情況采取以下做法：,1三位以內(nèi)數(shù)字的口譯。三位以內(nèi)數(shù)字的漢英互譯在語言表達(dá)上基本一致，各數(shù)字都有相應(yīng)的詞，無須推算，只要按英語和漢語的習(xí)慣讀出數(shù)字就行了。只是英語的百位和十位之間一般要加“and”。請看下列數(shù)字互譯練習(xí)。,用英語朗讀下列數(shù)字,15 fifteen 20 twenty 35 thirty-five 63 sixty-three 101 one hundred and one 207 two hundred and seven,370 three hundred and

20、seventy 414 four hundred and fourteen 839 eight hundred and thirty-nine 948 nine hundred and forty-eight,2四位以上數(shù)字的口譯,四位以上數(shù)字的口譯較為復(fù)雜，因為英漢數(shù)字分段方法和表達(dá)方式的不同，在譯出之前需要進(jìn)行一番換算。 另外，數(shù)字互譯時，譯員要學(xué)會記錄和分段，這樣翻譯起來就容易多了。例如，英譯漢時，聽到英語數(shù)字時，特別是較為復(fù)雜的數(shù)字和系列數(shù)字時，立即用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字記錄下來，記錄的同時按英語數(shù)位分段法，從后往前每三位數(shù)為一段，用一逗號分開。這樣就會在“thousand”，“million”

21、，“billion”等各數(shù)位后分別有一逗號。因為英語數(shù)字的分段法正好和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的分節(jié)法相一致，都是三位一段。分段后的數(shù)字以逗號為參照，按英漢數(shù)字換算規(guī)律，第一個逗號前一位譯成“千”，前兩位譯成“萬”，前三位譯成“十萬”；第二個逗號前一位譯成“百萬”，前兩位譯成“千萬”，前三位譯成“億”；第三個逗號前一位譯成“十億”，這樣，依此類推，容易多了。漢譯英時，也是把聽到的數(shù)字用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字記錄下來，從后往前，每三位用一逗號分開，然后用英語讀出每位數(shù)就行了。讀時，把握好第一個逗號前的數(shù)字讀 “x thousand”，第二個逗號前讀“x million”，第三個逗號前讀“x billion”等規(guī)律。每個段

22、位的其它數(shù)字按10進(jìn)規(guī)律，依次讀為“ten thousand”、“hundred thousand”、“ten million”、“hundred million” 數(shù)字記錄可采用各種簡便符號或標(biāo)點。如35,000可記錄成“35,”，用“”表示“000”，或者只用“35，”表示逗號后有三個“0”。3,000,000可記錄成“3,”或者“3，”。,用英語朗讀下列數(shù)字,1,369 one thousand three hundred and sixty-nine 2,010 two thousand and ten 4,705 four thousand seven hundred and fiv

23、e 6,003 six thousand and three 15,600 fifteen thousand six hundred,75,426,391 seventy five million, four hundred and twenty-six thousand, three hundred and ninety-one 564,000,000 five hundred and sixty-four million 1,250,000,000 one billion two hundred and fifty million,3模糊數(shù)字的口譯,口譯中經(jīng)常遇到一些模糊數(shù)字，如“幾個”、

24、“十幾個”、“幾十個”、“成百上千個”等等。模糊數(shù)字的口譯雖也有一定的規(guī)律，但主要靠平時熟記，用時才能熟練自如，準(zhǔn)確無誤。注意以下模糊數(shù)字的口譯。,幾個 some; a few; several; a number of 兩、三個 two or three 五、六個 five or six 十幾個 more than ten; over a dozen; less/no more than twenty 三十來個 about/ around thirty 幾十個 dozens of 幾十年 decades 十幾歲 in ones teens 四十出頭 a little/a bit over f

25、orty 五十歲左右 more or less fifty (years old); about fifty (years old),近八十歲了 nearly/almost eighty (years old) 九十好幾了 well over ninety (years old) 五點左右 around five oclock 三天左右 three days or so 大約150米處 somewhere about 150 meters 好幾百 hundreds of 成千上萬，千千萬萬 thousands of 幾十萬 hundreds of thousands of 幾百萬 millio

26、ns of 億萬 hundreds of millions of,4、百分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)的口譯,8% eight percent 15% fifteen percent 42% forty-two percent 4.35% four point three five percent 0.5% point five percent 4.032 four point naught three two 71.006 seventy-one point naught naught six, one half; a half 1/3 one third a quarter 3/5 three-fift

27、hs 1/10 one-tenth 1/100 one-hundredth；one percent 1/1000 one-thousandth 1/10000 one-ten thousandths 4-2/3 four and two-thirds,5. 增/減倍數(shù)的口譯,英漢倍數(shù)的表達(dá)有相似之處，也有不同。英漢互譯時要特別注意不同的英語句型和表達(dá)方法所表示的倍數(shù)概念與漢語不同。英語用times 表示倍數(shù)。無論在何種句型中都表示乘的關(guān)系，即包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)。請注意以下表示倍數(shù)的英語句型及其含義： A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B. A is

28、 larger（longer，heavier）than B by N times. A is N times as large（long，heavy）as B. 這三句英語的含義都是“A的大小(長度、重量)是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（長、重）N-1倍”。,根據(jù)以上規(guī)律，請翻譯下列英語句子：,(1) The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍) (2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the popu

29、lation has doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold. 自本世紀(jì)中葉以來，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長了將近四倍，人口翻了一番。結(jié)果，糧食的需求增加了近兩倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。 (3) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world. 30年內(nèi)，全世界的城市居民將是農(nóng)村人口的兩倍。 (4)

30、Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution. 雖然倫敦占地不到40萬英畝，卻需要近5000萬英畝的土地125倍于它本身的面積來供給它食品，原木和其他資源，并吸收它產(chǎn)生的污染物。,漢語倍數(shù)的表示法歸納起來有兩類,第一類表示是(原數(shù)的)幾倍，幾倍于(原數(shù))或增加到(原數(shù)的)幾倍。 第二

31、類表示(比原數(shù))大幾倍或(比原數(shù))增加了幾倍。 這兩類說法含義不同。第一類表示包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)，與英語倍數(shù)表示法的含義相同。第二類表示凈增倍數(shù)。因此，漢語倍數(shù)的英譯首先要區(qū)分不同含義，選用恰當(dāng)?shù)木湫?，靈活準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)。如果用能N times/表示英語的包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)，那么漢語的第二類表示“增加了幾倍”的英譯就要用 (N+1) times 來表示。例如：,去年這個公司手機(jī)的銷量增長了近一倍（為原來的兩倍）。 The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year. The sal

32、es volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year. 漢語增加倍數(shù)的說法很多，英譯時，首先要仔細(xì)區(qū)分是包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的增加倍數(shù)還是凈增倍數(shù)，然后決定用N times 還是（N+1）times 來表達(dá)。例如： (1) 過去20年中，中國的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長了近五倍。 In the past 20 years, Chinas gross domestic product increased nearly six times. (2) 1978年至1997年，中國人均生產(chǎn)總值增長了3.4倍。 Chinas per c

33、apita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997. (3) 中國城鎮(zhèn)居民人均居住面積由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米，增加1.4倍。 The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square meters in 1997, a rise of 2.4 times.,(4) 1949年至1998年, 中國的糧食總產(chǎn)量由1.1億噸增加到5.1億噸, 增長3.

34、5倍, 年平均增長3.1%, 是人口增長率的2.5倍。 Chinas total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent, 2.5 times that of the population growth. (5) 1997年, 全國高等學(xué)校在校生總數(shù)為608萬人, 其中研究生18萬人, 分別是1979年的2

35、.2倍和9.6倍。 In 1997，6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively.,由于漢語很少用“減少了若干倍”的說法，而多用“減少了百分之幾”或“減少了幾成”的說法，因此，減少多用百分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)表示。例如：,(1) 由于水災(zāi)，去年的收成減少了三成。 Owing to flood, the crop last year was de

36、clined by 30 percent. (2) 該公司的員工裁減了近三分之一，開支減少了四分之一。 The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth. (3) 1998年，政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革目標(biāo)實現(xiàn)。國務(wù)院下設(shè)部門從40個減少到29個，人員減少了近一半。 In 1998，the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments under the State

37、 Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.,6.增/減百分比的口譯,“增/減了百分之幾”英語和漢語的含義一致，都表示凈增或凈減百分?jǐn)?shù)。英漢增/減百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法有以下幾種： 1）增/減了% increase/rise/grow% decrease/drop/fall/sink % 或者 increase/rise/grow/go up by % decrease/drop/fall/go down by %,Between 1986 and 1987, Nikes sales dropped

38、 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok. 與“銳步”鞋業(yè)競爭的結(jié)果， 耐克（鞋）從1986到1987年的銷售額下降了18%，利潤下降了40%多。 By putting out more than one new shoe style everyday on average, in 1995 and 1996, Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively；mean

39、while, Nikes closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. 靠平均每天推出一個以上新（鞋）款式，1995到1996，耐克的銷售額和利潤分別上漲了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的競爭對手銳步只上漲了9%。 Procter & Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as 8%. (美國) 普羅科特甘布爾公司剛剛把他們的紙制品價格提高了8%。,Spending on non-durables-everything from s

40、oap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30% last year. 去年非耐用品，從皂片、剃須刀到網(wǎng)球鞋的消費上升了30%。 In the fiscal year of 2000, ending on March 30, export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan, 10 percent in Thailand, 9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong. However, the Chinese mainland posted a respect

41、able 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter. 在3月30日剛剛結(jié)束的2000財政年度，臺灣的出口猛跌了11.3%，泰國10%、南韓9.9%、香港2.4%。然而，中國大陸卻公布了第一季度7.5%的可觀增長。 In America, the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997, down 8.7 percent from 1992, while the number between (the age of)

42、25 to 34 fell 28 percent. 在美國以農(nóng)業(yè)為主要職業(yè)的人數(shù)1997下降到961，560人，比1992下降了8.7%，而年齡在25到34歲的人數(shù)下降了28%。,2) 與相比，增/減了% increase/rise/grow /go up by % (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to / over decrease/drop/fall/go down by % (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to /over,1999年，普通高校招生規(guī)模比上年擴(kuò)大了47.4%。 University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year. 同1997年相比，1998年工業(yè)排污減少了11