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1、A COURSE OFENGLISH-CHINESE TRANSLATION,2,導學,教學目的:旨在讓學生了解本課程開設的意義、要求,課時安排及學法指導。 教學內容: 課程要求 課時安排 學法指導 參考書 學習網站,3,第一章:翻譯概述,教學目的:本章旨在讓學生了解什么是翻譯,掌握翻譯的類別、標準、過程;同時了解部分中西代表譯論。 教學內容: 翻譯的定義、分類 翻譯的標準 翻譯的過程:理解表達校對 中、西譯史 練 習,4,第二章:英漢語言現(xiàn)象對比,Teaching aims: to learn about the similarities and differences of Chinese

2、 and English in word forming and vocabulary so as to translate them accurately. Main Language points: Comparative studies of language family Comparative studies of word building in English and Chinese Comparative studies of syllable Exercise,5,第三章:詞語的翻譯,教學目的:旨在幫助學生了解詞義的多樣性(引申、褒貶);并掌握詞語翻譯的選詞技巧。 教學內容:

3、 1. 詞義的選擇 2. 詞義的引申 3. 詞義的褒貶 4. 翻譯練習,6,第四章:句子翻譯技巧(上),一、教學目的:要求熟練理解句子的翻譯技巧,從而在英漢翻譯時做到通順、準確。 二、教學過程: 1. 增譯法 省譯法 詞類轉換 正說反譯、反說正譯法 翻譯練習1、2、3、4,7,第五章:句子翻譯技巧(下),一、教學目的:要求熟練理解句子的翻譯技巧,從而在漢英翻譯時做到通順、準確。 二、教學過程: 重譯法 語態(tài)變換法 詞序調整法 拆譯法 翻譯練習1、2、3、4,8,第六章:常見句型/文體的翻譯,一、教學目的:要求理解并熟悉常見文體(含旅游景點、歡迎詞/祝詞、廣告等)的翻譯,力求在漢英翻譯時做到通順

4、、準確。 二、教學過程: 常見句型的翻譯 科技文體的翻譯 法律文書的翻譯 翻譯練習,導學課程要求,Meeting Time practice more; think more; discuss more,17,英漢互譯實用教程,郭著章、李慶生 編著,武 漢大學出版社,2005年。 英漢漢英翻譯教程,張春柏 編著, 高等教育出版社,2006年。 英漢翻譯概要,靳梅林 編著, 南開大學出版社,1998年。 新編漢英翻譯教程,陳宏薇 編著,上海外語教育出版社,2004年。 英漢翻譯教程,連淑能 編著,高等教育出版社,2006年。,參考書:,18,中國翻譯協(xié)會 http:/www.tac- 中國科技翻

5、譯 譯路網 譯商網 譯龍翻譯網 詞匯術語網 /news/a1/1.htm 英語之聲 舍生取譯網 ,19,1. 我們在任何時候都需要爭取外援,特別需要學習外國一切對我們有益的先進事物。 It is necessary for us to try to win foreign aid and , in particular, to learn all that is advanced and beneficial from other country. 2. 在我們同東歐各國各黨的關系這個問題上,我們有相當?shù)呢熑巍?So far as our relation

6、s with the countries and parties of eastern Europe are concerned, we are largely responsible for the problems that occurred. We should take considerable ( or a good portion of ) responsibility for the problems that arouse.,20,1. What is translation?(翻譯的定義),The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from

7、 one language into another(從一種語言轉換成另一種語言); Websters third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into ones own or another language(轉換成本族語或另一種語言)。 翻譯是一種“語言轉換”活動。,21,The definition is:,Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation i

8、n one language of what is written or said in another language. To be more exact, in Nidas faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、達、貼),27,C. Fu Leis (傅雷) spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit (神似) D. Qian Zhongshu (錢鐘書) transmigration (化境) E. 魯迅:翻譯:一當然力求其易解,一則保存原作的豐姿。反對牛頭不對馬嘴,提出“寧信而不順”之原則。

9、林語堂的“忠實、通順、美” 梁實秋的“寧錯務順” 瞿秋白的“信順統(tǒng)一” 許淵沖的“音美、形美、意美(三美)”,Criteria for beginners: Faithfulness Smoothness,28,“泰特勒三原則” 奈達(美)的“動態(tài)對等”和“功能對等” 紐馬克(英)的“文本中心”論,Criteria in the West (reading after class),29,十八世紀末的英國學者亞歷山大泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler, 1747-1814)。他在論翻譯的原則(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一書

10、中提出了著名的翻譯三原則: (1)譯文應完全復寫出原作的思想(A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.) (2)譯文的風格和筆調應與原文的性質相同(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.) (3)譯文應和原作同樣流暢(A translation should have all the ease of the original compo

11、sition.),Three Principles of Translation:,30,美國翻譯理論家Eugene A. Nida:,把翻譯中的“意義”概括成“語義”和“語體”: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (所謂翻譯,是指在譯語中用最切近而又自然的對等語再現(xiàn)原

12、語的信息,首先在語義上,其次在文體上。),31,Peter Newmark,交際翻譯注重譯文讀者產生于原文讀者相同的效果,語義翻譯注重譯出原文的所有含義,它們的根本區(qū)別在于交際翻譯強調信息產生的效果,語義翻譯強調信息內容,但是,它們之間的區(qū)別是相對的,在翻譯實踐中,往往是兩種翻譯方法交替使用,相輔相成,以期達到譯文的最佳效果.,Commenting on these methods, I should first say that only semantic and communicative translations fulfill the two main aims of translat

13、ion” (Newmark,Peter,2001),32,A. Preparation: basic knowledge about both languages as well as the background knowledge; basic skills in translation are necessary; B. Comprehension: understanding accurately the meaning of the source language; How? C. Expression/Representation: try to express the meani

14、ng in idiomatic Chinese; D. Revision /proofreading: check again and again to polish the language.,The Process of Translation,33,Eugene A. Nida 的翻譯過程,34,4. History of Translation in China,1)佛經翻譯時期,從東漢開始至唐宋,1000余年(支謙、道安,鳩摩羅什、真諦、玄奘) 2)明末清初:西方科技翻譯 (徐光啟、利瑪竇;李之藻) 3)清朝后期:西方哲學、文學翻譯 重要人物:林紓、嚴復 4)中國近代翻譯史:“五四”

15、運動是分水嶺; 重要人物:魯迅、瞿秋白、林語堂、朱生豪 5)繁榮階段:新中國的成立,35,Western translation history (reading after the Class),第一個高潮是在公元前3世紀中葉。 第二個高潮發(fā)生于公元4世紀至6世紀之間。 第三個高潮是11世紀至12世紀之間。 第四次高潮是14-16世紀的歐洲文藝復興時期。 第五次高潮,是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結束以來。,36,a.) word meaning in context-No context, no text. 維特根斯坦(1953:31): The meaning of a word is its use

16、 in the language. 一個詞的意義就是它在語言中的運用。 Hymes (1972: xix ) points out, “The key to understanding language in context is to start not with language, but with context.” Each word when used in a new context is a new word.(J.R. Firth,1890-1960,a famous linguist in England P.30),How to understand?,37,Dear Ma

17、rk, New York is finally getting a real sales manager. Congratulations on your new promotion. Your marketing ability has put you well above everyone else in the company, and probably everyone else in the industry. The company will benefit from the enthusiasm and intelligence youve always shown, and I

18、 imagine that before long youll be moving the whole firm into the number - one position. Version,38,親愛的馬克: 紐約終于有了位真正的 銷售(部)經理, 祝賀你(的)又一次高升。 你所具有的市場營銷知識(能力)使你 在公司里出人頭地,很可能 在整個營銷業(yè)中 你也 高人一籌。 你一貫表現(xiàn)出來的 熱情 及 聰明才智將會 使你的公司受益匪淺,我想 不久你就會使你的公司名列同行之首。 Original,39,第二章:英漢語言現(xiàn)象比較,As you know, our native language Ch

19、inese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two languages. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques

20、concerning English-Chinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important, so to say, to master the languages peculiarities.,40,Only by doing so can we raise our distinguishing ability, have a good command of the characteristics and apply the techniques consciously in our translation.

21、 Thus we can achieve better comprehension and better representation. The comparison here will be shown in the following points:,I. Language Families (語系),41,English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(印歐語系). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family(漢藏語系). I

22、t is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the basis of Angles language (Anglo-Saxon), English was built by absorbing words in various languages: E.g. Latin: Pen, pencil, cup, butter, silk French: pork, feast, sir, noble, Italian: piano, solo, studio, opera,

23、 umbrella, pilgrim,42,Spanish: cargo, cigarette, cigar, Greek: paper, alphabet, dialogue, comedy Chinese: tea, chow mein, kowtow, toufu, Originally English had its gender, case, number, conjugationthese complicated changes. Because of the wide borrowings, English couldnt keep the changes, case disap

24、pearing, gender being not so strict as some other languages, only subjective case and objective case remaining and only pronouns having the changes. As English absorbed foreign words only, without absorbing grammar rules, new words can only be formed by means of derivation, composition and conversio

25、n, etc.,43,II. Word-building,The major ways of word-building in English are composition, conversion, and derivation (affixation). And in Chinese we have the same major ways. English: Composition: motherland, blackboard, waterworks, handwriting, silkworm, outbreak, easy-going, home-made, whitewash; T

26、he United Stated is a “do-it-yourself” country. Conversion: paper the window, empty the basket, elbow ones way, ups and downs, many ifs; He bicycled off a moment ago.,44,Derivation: able-unable, take-mistake, hope-hopeless- hopelessness, act- inaction,Chinese:,Composition: 并列式:語言,改革,樹立,遙遠,左右,出入,好歹;

27、偏正式:學分,本科,紅糖,笑聲,新衣; 主謂式(主從式):耳聞,目睹,臉紅,膽小,月明; 動賓式:思甜,攻關,滅火,開車,憶苦,踢球; 補充式:提前,救活,改善,說明,調好; 重迭式:平平安安,高高興興,懶洋洋,亮晶晶,方方面面,英語中也有主謂式,但較少:eyestrain, heartburn, face-ache 英語中也有動賓式或動補式,但一樣較少:do-all, breakneck, make-peace,45,Conversion: 一棵大樹, 十年樹人; 出售油漆,油漆門窗; 雞鴨魚肉,魚肉百姓; 他在辦公室,他在辦公室打電話; 安全第一,不太安全; 今天真熱,把飯熱一下; 廉頗老

28、矣,尚能飯否?,46,Derivation: 前綴 (Prefix) 超 超人,超額,超支,超音速,超短波; 非 非人,非常,非原則,非正式,非軍事化, 無 無視,無限,無線電,無名氏,無疑; 漢語中的“非”,“無”相當于英語中的前綴un-,in-, il- 和后綴-less: invalid, inorganic, unconscious, unmatched, informal, illegal, endless, fearless, merciless,47,Derivation: 前綴 (Prefix) 反 反動,反攻, 反駁,反問,反腐敗,反法西斯; 可 可親,可愛,可口,可調整,可

29、憐兮兮; 某些相當于英語的后綴able, 和ful: shameful, reliable, hateful, pitiful, fearful, valuable, considerable, 后綴(Suffix): 手 助手,舵手,選手,幫手,一把手; 年 幼年,晚年,青少年,周年,光年; 子 金子,銀子,票子,耗子,妻子,愛面子; 頭 外頭,對頭,拳頭,風頭,枕頭,苗頭; 其中表示人的后綴有“員,者,家,師,士”等,相當于英語中的后綴:-er, -or, -eer, -ian, -ist等。,48,III. 音節(jié)及其他,. 英漢兩種語言里都有單音節(jié)詞(monosyllabic), 雙音節(jié)

30、詞(dissyllabic) 和多音節(jié)詞(poly-syllabic): e.g. 我,study 學習,perseverance 鍥而不舍; 2. 還有,漢語中既有字也有詞,而英語中一般只稱作詞。如漢語里的連綿詞,分開則叫字,合起來才叫詞。如:澎湃,鴛鴦,徘徊等; 英語句子中,詞與詞之間有空格,而漢語句子中,詞與詞之間無空格,每個字所占位置幾乎一樣大。 當然在書寫成漢語拼音時,詞與詞之間有空格。 如: Xuexi yingyu yao xia kugong.,49,3. 兩種語言中均有擬聲詞, 如: Tick 嘀嗒(鐘表聲) baa 咩咩(綿羊或羔羊叫聲) 4. 英語中有縮略詞,類似漢語中的

31、簡化字或縮略語,如: Advertisementad numberno. 馬克思主義、列寧主義馬列主義;業(yè)業(yè);鞏鞏; 高等院校高校, 公共關系公關; 5. 因為漢語中不僅有詞,還有字,所以除了構詞法外, 還有“六書”構字法,即:指事、象形、會意、形聲、轉注、假借。這是英語中所沒有的。,50,I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with

32、 an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),譯文1: 我愛我的愛人為了一個E,因為她是Enticing (迷人的);我恨我的愛人為了一個E, 因為她是Engaged (訂了婚的)。我用我的愛人象征Exquisite (美妙), 我勸我的愛人從事Elopement (私奔),她的名字是Emily (愛彌麗),她的住處在East (東方)。(董秋斯),R,51,譯2: 我愛我的愛人,因為她很迷人;我恨我的愛人,因已許配他人;他在我心中是美人,我?guī)奖?,以避開外人;她

33、名叫虞美人,是東方麗人。(姜秋霞、張柏然),I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),R,52,譯文3: 我愛我的那個“麗”,可愛迷人有魅力;我恨我的那個“麗

34、”,要和他人結伉儷;她文雅大方又美麗,和我出逃去游歷; 她芳名就叫愛米麗,家住東方人俏麗。(馬紅軍),I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),R,53,譯文

35、4: 我愛我的心上人,因為她那樣地叫人入迷(enticing);我恨我的心上人,因為她已訂婚將作他人妻(engaged);她花容月貌無可比擬(exquisite),我勸她私奔跟我在一起(elopement);她的名字叫埃米莉(Emily),她的家就在東城里(east)。我為我的心上人呀,一切都因為這個E?。懩耸ィ?I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and tre

36、ated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield),R,54,第三章 詞語的翻譯詞義的選擇,詞義的選擇,英漢兩種語言都有一詞多類、一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。一詞多類就是指一個詞往往屬于幾個詞類,具有幾個不同的意義。一詞多義就是說同一個詞在同一個詞類中,又往往有幾個不同的詞義。在英漢翻譯過程中,我們在弄清原句結構后就要善于選擇和確定原句中關鍵詞的詞義。選擇和確定詞義通常從以下幾個方面著手(教材P30-46): 1. 根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定詞義 選擇某

37、個詞的詞義,首先要判明這個詞在原句中應屬哪一種詞類,然后再進一步確定其詞義。例如: Like charges repel. Unlike charges attract.,12345, ,55,但在下面例句中,like又分屬其他幾個不同詞類: 1) He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜歡數(shù)學甚于喜歡物理學。(動詞) 2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗內的陽光里,細微的塵埃象金子一般在閃閃

38、發(fā)光。(介詞) 3) Like knows like. 英雄識英雄。(名詞),12345,56,4). 啟事:信 招領啟事 推薦信 鳴謝啟事 證明信 征稿啟事 口信 更正啟事 表 病歷表 履歷表 時間表 日程表,Case History Form,Acknowledgements,Certificate,Corrections,Letter of Recommendation,Contributions Wanted,Found,Timetable,Resume,Schedule,An Oral Message,57,2. 根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句子中的搭配關系來選擇和確定詞義 英語中同一個詞

39、,同一詞類,在不同場合往往也有不同的含義,必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系以及詞的搭配關系或句型來判斷和確定某個詞在特定場合下所應具有的詞義。例如“Last”這一形容詞: 1)He is the last man to come. 他是最后來的。 (Being, coming, or placed after all others; final) 2)He is the last man to do it. 他絕對不會干那件事。 (Least likely or expected) 3)He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干這個工作。(The least d

40、esirable or suitable),12345,“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.” J.R. Firth,58,再如“take (off)這一動詞: 1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 脫鞋或穿鞋對她是一種痛苦,但這已經是多年以來的痛苦了。 The flyers practiced taking off time after time from this

41、restricted space. 飛行 人員反復地在一塊有限空地上練習起飛。,12345,3)took the brake off, took 20 percent off. 松開剎車 優(yōu)惠百分之二十,59,何為詞義的引申,詞義的引申是指在一個詞所具有的原始意義的基礎上,根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關系進一步加以引申,選擇適當確切的目標語詞語來表達,避免生搬硬套地逐句死譯,使譯文更加通順流暢。 由于英語詞義對上下文的依賴性強,可變性大,因此詞義引申對英譯漢尤為重要。當然,詞義的引申不得超出原始意義所允許的范圍。,60,詞義引申的手段,詞義的轉化 詞義的具體化 詞義的抽象化,61,詞義的轉化,翻譯時,如果

42、完全生搬硬套字典所給的字面意思,“對號入座”,會使譯文生硬晦澀,含糊不清,甚至令人不知所云。因此,應根據(jù)上下文和原詞的字面意思,作適當?shù)霓D化。,62,Case 1,The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here. 譯:可能影響投資開支的因素并不止這些。 析:do not stop here 由“不停留在這里”轉譯為“并不止這些”。,63,Case 2,Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are no

43、t going to reverse the trend. 譯:不管你對它的態(tài)度如何,經濟全球化已成為我們生活的一部分,這個趨勢不可逆轉。 析:若把它死譯為“呆在這里”,不通順。但引申為“已成為我們生活的一部分”,把原文的信息充分地傳達出來,且易于讀者理解。,64,Case 3,Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service. 譯:我們的產品如果適當?shù)囟ㄆ跈z修,至少可以使用20年。 析:see twenty years service 由“看見20年的服務”轉譯為

44、“使用20年”。,65,Case 4,Thats a tall story about the towns high street. 原譯:這就是有關鎮(zhèn)上高處街道的大故事。 改譯: 有關這城主街的說法是在令人難以置信。 high street: the main street of a town or a city; tall: a. hard to believe, exaggerated,66,詞義的具體化,詞義的具體化是指把原義抽象籠統(tǒng)的詞語,根據(jù)目標語的表達習慣,引申為意義明確具體的詞語。英語中常用代表抽象意義的詞表示一種具體事物,譯成漢語時一般須作具體化的引申,否則意義會不明朗。,6

45、7,Case 1,There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness. 譯:他們的生活遠不止那些政治的、社會的和經濟的問題,遠不止一時的柴米油鹽問題。 析:everydayness 由“日常性”具體引申為日常生活所必需的“柴米油鹽”。,68,Case 2,The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses. 譯:這家工廠以擁有眾多技術精英而著稱。 析:arsena

46、l 由“軍火庫”具體引申為“眾多”。,69,詞義的抽象化,詞義的抽象化是指是將表示具體形象的詞作概括性的引申,譯成意義抽象的詞。例如,將“之乎者也”譯成“l(fā)iterary jargons”或 “pedantic jargons”就是一種詞義抽象化的處理。現(xiàn)代英語常用表示具體形象的詞指代一種屬性、一種概念或一個事物,翻譯時宜作抽象化的處理,使譯文更加自然流暢。,70,Case 1,The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent. 譯:利率一直在10到15之間不斷波動。 析:see-saw 由 “蹺蹺板一上一下的交替擺動”抽象

47、化為“波動”。,71,Case 2,Brain drain has been Kangdings No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area. 譯:人才外流一直是康定的頭號問題,實際上,它已經成為那一地區(qū)帶普遍性的嚴峻問題。 析:brain 由“頭腦”抽象化為“人才”,concern 由“關心的事情”抽象化為“問題”,epidemic 由“流行病”抽象化為“帶普遍性的嚴峻問題”。,72,Case 3,There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in t

48、he character of the imperialists. 譯:帝國主義者的性格既 殘暴,又狡猾。 析:這里把tiger和ape這兩個具體形象引申為這兩個形象所代表的的屬性:“殘暴”和“狡猾”。,73,Case 4,Every life has its roses and thorns. 譯:每個人的生活都有甜和苦。 析: 這里把roses(玫瑰)和thorns(刺)這兩個具體形象引伸為這兩個形象所代表的屬性:“甜”和“苦”。,74,詞義的褒貶,語言本身雖沒有階級性,但在具體使用時不可能不為一定的階級服務。為了忠實于原文的思想內容,翻譯時必須正確理解原作者的基本政治立場和觀點,然后選用

49、適當?shù)恼Z言手段來加以表達。 1. 英語中有些詞本身就有褒貶意義,漢譯時就應相應地表達出來,如: 1) He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。(褒),75,2) As a demanding boss, he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是個苛刻的老板,要求手下的人對他忠心耿耿,鞠躬盡瘁。(貶) 3) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉過去的人注定要重蹈覆轍

50、。(貶) 4)He was polite and always gave advice willingly, she recalled. 她回憶說,“他彬彬有禮,總是誨人不倦。”(褒),76,2. 根據(jù)上下文來確定其褒貶意義,5)The adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking results. 采取各項新政策必將帶來顯著成果。 6) There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures. 若不是采取了嚴厲措施,那將會出現(xiàn)的更痛苦的

51、后果。,77,This is the last place where I expected to meet you. Thats a tall story about the towns high street. She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby. He is unhappy now, because he had a blue with his friend just now. a broken man a broken soldier broken money We should settle the disputes i

52、n the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom. Mr. Smith has stepped into the vintage years. Version,78,我怎么也沒料到會在這個地方見到你。 有關這城主街的說法是在令人難以置信。 她對我說她那18歲的兒子是她子女中最小的。 他正悶悶不樂,因他剛才和朋友吵了架。 一個絕望的人,一個殘廢兵,零錢 我們應本著和平共處五項原則的

53、精神解決爭端。 我們又一次領受了他淵博的知識、豐富的經驗和無窮的智慧。 史密斯先生已步入成熟之年。(即老年) Original,79,By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear, to make it more like the language translated into. Of course words thus supplied must indispensable either syntac

54、tically or semantically. In other words, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to the original. There are two kinds: 1)Words for syntactic constructionto secure correctness, 2)Words supplied for semantic completionto secure clearness. Both aim at making the version expressive and readily u

55、nderstood by the reader.,Amplification (增譯法),第四講:翻譯技巧(上)增譯法 ,80,1、增加動詞,1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.,讀書使人充實,討論使人機智,筆記(寫作)使人準確。,第四講:翻譯技巧(上)增譯法 ,2) . We dont regret, we never have and never will.,我們不會后悔,我們從來沒有后悔過,我們將來也不會后悔。,3). After the basketball, he

56、 still has an important conference.,看完籃球比賽之后,他還有一個重要會議要參加。,81,2. 增加形容詞或副詞,1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!,中國人民正以多么高的熱情建設社會主義?。?人群漸漸散開了。,2). The crowds melted away.,他一坐下來就講開了,滔滔不絕地講個沒完。,3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.,第四講:翻譯技巧(上)增譯法 ,82,4).

57、She lingered long over his letter.,5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together.,在那時候的電影里,總是老一套:男拖拉機手和女拖拉機手始而相遇,繼而相愛,終而并肩開拖拉機了。,她反反復復地回味著他的來信。,第四講:翻譯技巧(上)增譯法 ,83,瑪麗的丈夫癌癥去世后,就靠洗衣服維持生活。,2).

58、 Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer.,3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.,他吃了 點東西,喝了點酒,因為他疲憊不堪了。,3. 增加名詞,1). First you borrow, then you beg.,頭一遭借錢,下一遭就討飯。,84,4). That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine.,那件黑夾克真是價廉物美。,5). He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair

59、.,他滿臉皺紋,皮膚黝黑,頭發(fā)灰白稀疏。,6). A new kind of carsmall, cheapis attracting increasing attention.,一種新型轎車正越來越引起人們的注意這種轎車體積小,價錢便宜。,由例、可見,均在形容詞前增加名詞,從而使譯文更具體,更符合譯語習慣。,85,8). His arrogance made everyone dislike him.,他的傲慢態(tài)度使誰也不喜歡他。,9). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.,一切準備工作就緒以后, 飛機就飛越美國去了舊金山。,由例8 、9可以看出, 某些動詞或形容詞派生來的抽象名詞,翻譯時可以根據(jù)上下文在其后面增添適當?shù)拿~,使譯文更符合規(guī)范。 又如:,86,to persuade 說服 persuasion說服工作 to prepare 準備 prepa

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