優(yōu)質(zhì)傳播學英文材料

1、Text One An Introduction to CommunicationI. Words Studyi) New Words: sociology n. 社會學 psychology n. 心理學 economics n. 經(jīng)濟學 politics n. 政治學 academic adj. 學院的 , 理論的 system n. 系統(tǒng)，體系 environment n. 環(huán)境 biological n. 生物學的 community n. 團體，社會，社區(qū) root n. 根 mechanism n. 機制symbol n. 象征 means n. 手段，方法 preserve v.

2、 保存 opposite adj. 相反的，對立的 conduct v. 進行，操作 gesture n. 姿勢，手勢 facial adj. 面部的 pitch n. 聲調(diào) pattern n. 類型，模式ii) Key Words & Expressions: communication n. 傳播 journalism n. 新聞學 transfer n.& v. 傳遞，遷移 information n. 信息 circulation n. 流通，運行，循環(huán)，傳播 convey v. 傳送，傳遞 feedback n. 反饋，反應 medium n. 媒體，媒介，中介II. Text S

3、tudySTUDY PREVIEW communication is an important word in our todays academic study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. It s also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what is com muni cati on?CommunicationThe transfer of social information & the circulation of social i

4、n formati on systems.SocialWhe n we say com muni catio n” in our study, we usually mea n huma n com muni cati on, not ani mal com muni catio n; a com muni cati on” happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological on es.Why we study huma n com muni cation ?Com

5、munication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is no accide nt that com muni cati on and com mun ity have the same word root. Without com muni cati on, there would be no com mun ities; and without com muni ty, there could be no com muni cati on.The sociologist Charles Cooley called com mun

6、i cati on the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop_ all the symbols of the mi nd, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserv ing them in tim”Transfer of information:Whe n com muni cati on” happe ns, in formati on flows from one pers on to ano ther, and t

7、he n the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this process, the information is shared, and the giver and receiver can play the opposite role.Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come to

8、gether, trying to share some information. But they are from different countries and have different life experiences. So if they want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language.In modern times, words are important tools or media for communicat

9、ion. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, in words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern, a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.Text Two Types of CommunicationI. Words Studyi） New Wo

10、rds: engage v. 使從事于，參加 differentiate v. 區(qū)別，區(qū)分 precede v. 領先，在之前，先于 prefixe n. 前綴 intrasquad adj. （班）內(nèi)部的 intercollegiate adj. 學院間的 intimacy n. 親密，隱私 auditorium n. 聽眾席，觀眾席，會堂，禮堂 define v. 定義，詳細說明 accomplish v. 完成，實現(xiàn) purpose n. 目的 inform v. 告知 entertain v. 娛樂persuade v. 說服，勸說，使相信 conceive v. 構(gòu)思，考慮 esse

11、ntially adv. 本質(zhì)上 distinctive adj. 與眾不同的，有特色的 craft n. & v. 工藝，手藝 background n. 背景 complex adj. 復雜的 device n. 設計，裝置，設備 printing press n. 印刷機 camera n. 照相機 recorder n. 錄音機 singular adj. 單數(shù)的 plural adj. 復數(shù)的ii) Key Words & Expressions: mass media 大眾傳播媒體 mass communication 大眾傳播 intrapersonal communicatio

12、n 自我傳播 interpersonal communication 人際傳播 group communication 群體傳播 audience 受眾，觀眾，聽眾 encode 編碼 code 代碼 transmit 傳輸，傳達，傳播 decode 解碼 internalize 使內(nèi)在化II. Text StudySTUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process

13、of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.Intrapersonal CommunicationWe engage in intrapersonal communication when we talk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting.Intrapersonal communication

14、 is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing into a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.Interpersonal CommunicationWhen people talk to each other, they are engagi

15、ng in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two people physically located in the same place. It can occur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.The difference between the prefixes intra- a

16、nd inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intrasquad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal communication is within ones self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.Interpers

17、onal communicationincludes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually reserved for situations in which just two people are communicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communicati

18、on is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the termpoint-to-point communication is sometimes used.Group CommunicationThere comes a point when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. Thats when the situation becomesgroup communication. A cl

19、ub meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.Mass Communication Capable of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mass communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of us

20、ing a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or persuading.In many respects the process of mass communication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into

21、 a common code, such as language. Then it s transmitted. Another person receives the message, decodes it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is also an intrapersonal act.In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective messagefor thousands of people of diverse bac

22、kgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Encoding the message is more complex because a device is always used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of t

23、he often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s”if you are using it to refer to a process. If you are referring to a communication as a thing, such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication in singular form and communication

24、in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the“s”.Review: communication: Exchange of ideas，information. intrapersonal Communication: Talking to oneself. interpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face. group Communication: More than two people

25、; in person. mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.Text Three Components of Mass Communication STUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as

26、the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages,mass media, mass communication and mass audience.Mass Communicators The heart of mass communication is the people who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors

27、, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on and on.Mass communicatorsare unlike other communicators because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top

28、10 list, but he cant see them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen audience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sens

29、ed they were being received. Mass communicators dont have that advantage, although a studio audience.Mass MessagesA news item is a mass messag,eas are a movie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The messageis the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is fo

30、r the messagesthat we pay attention to the media. We dont listen to the radio, for example, to marvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.Mass MediaThe mass mediaare the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordi

31、ngs, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages.The people who are experts at media include technicians who keep the pressesrunning and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors who come up with technical improveme

32、nts, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper pressesthat can produce high-quality color.Mass CommunicationThe process through which messagesreach the audience via the mass media is called mass communication. This is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should.

33、 Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remains a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior,

34、 triggered through the mass communication process?There is reason to believe that mass communication affects voting behavior, but how does this work? Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.Mass Aud

35、iencesThe size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only indirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messages have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences ar

36、e fickle. What attracts great attention one day may not the next. The challenge of trying to communicate to a mass audience is even more complex because people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.Review:mass Communicators

37、: Message crafters. mass Messag:eWhat is communicated. mass Media: Vehicles that carry messages. mass Audience:sRecipients of mass messages.Text Four Communication ModelsI. Words Studyi） New Words:devise vt. 設計 , 發(fā)明 , 圖謀 , 作出（計劃）, 想出（辦法）in an attempt to 力圖 , 試圖 simplification n. 簡化imperfect adj.有缺點的

38、,未完成的,減弱的illumination n. 照明, 闡明 , 啟發(fā) , 燈彩 （通常用復數(shù) ）mysterious adj 神秘的hobbyist n.沉溺于某種癖好者，嗜某愛好成癖的人automobile n. 汽車scale n. 刻度,衡量,比例facsimile n. 摹寫 , 傳真 architect n. 建筑師 passerby n. 過路人 , 行人plumbing n. 鉛工業(yè) , 鉛管品制造ventilation n. 通風 , 流通空氣nonetheless adv.雖然如此,但是adequately adv. 充分地lay out 擺開, 展示 , 布置, 安排

39、, 投資 advanced adj. 高級的 , 年老的 , 先進的 switching n. 開關(guān),轉(zhuǎn)換,交換,配電,配電系統(tǒng) ,整流 diagram n. 圖表referenee point參考點，控制點baseline n. 基線narrative adj. 敘述性的Yale n耶魯pose v. （使.）擺好姿勢 , 形成, 引起, 造成ehannel n. 渠道，途徑，方法 reservoir n. 水庫 , 蓄水池 dominanee n. 優(yōu)勢 , 統(tǒng)治 be eredited as 被譽為deseribe v. 描寫, 記述 , 形容, 形容originator n. 創(chuàng)作者

40、,發(fā)明人eontent n. 內(nèi)容interpretable adj. 能說明的 , 能翻譯的 , 可判斷的 reverse v. 顛倒 , 倒轉(zhuǎn)destination n. 目的地distortion n. 扭曲, 變形 , 曲解 , 失真 originate v. 起源, 發(fā)生literally adv. 照字面意義 , 逐字地 browser n. 瀏覽器 concentric adj. 同中心的 unique adj. 唯一的 , 獨特的 ring n. 環(huán) simultaneously adv. 同時地 resonate v. （使）共鳴, （使）共振 gatekeep v. 把關(guān)，

41、控制 variable n. 變數(shù), 可變物 , 變量 track v. 追蹤，探尋軌跡 comprehensive adj. 全面，廣泛，能充分理解的ii) Key Words & Expressions: communication model 傳播模式narrative model線性模式system model系統(tǒng)模式the SMCR model施拉姆模式concentric circle model同心圓模式Claude Shannon香農(nóng)Warren Weaver韋弗Harold Lasswell拉斯韋爾Wilbur Schramm施拉姆Thomas Bohn波恩II. Text

42、StudySTUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of the communication process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Like all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious communication process.Role of Communication Mo

43、delsHobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before they actually build something to full scale. Com

44、munication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.A reality about models is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect, for example, may have a model of what the bu

45、ilding will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the buildings heating system, traffic patterns, and electrical, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are useful.Communication models are like that. Diff

46、erent models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately cover it.Basic ModelTwo Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication modelin 1948. They were working on advanced switching syst

47、ems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard baseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communication process:O The human stimulation that results

48、 in a thought.O The encoding of the thought into a message.O The transmission of the message.O The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought.O The internalization of the message by the recipient.Narrative ModelYale professor Harold Lasswell, an early mass communication theorist, develo

49、ped a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswells narrative model poses four questions: Who says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?You can easily apply the model. Pick any bylined story from the front page of a newspaper.O Who says what? The newspaper reporter te

50、lls a story, often quoting someone who is especially knowledgeable4 on the subject.O In which channel? In this case the story is told through the newspaper, a mass medium.O To whom?The story is told to a newspaper reader.O With what effect? The reader decides to vote for Candidate A or B, or perhaps

51、 readers just add the information to their reservoir of knowledge.The SMCR ModelThe classic model that stresses the dominance of the media was developed by Wilbur Schramm (1982), often credited as the founder of mass communication studies. He created what is known as the Source-Message-Channel-Recei

52、ve(rSMCR) model.The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver(SMCR) model describes the exchange of information as the messagepassesfrom the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.The source is the originator of the communication.The message is the content of the communication, the

53、 information that is to be exchanged.An encoder translates the message into a form that can be communicated-often a form that is not directly interpretable by human senses.A channel is the medium or transmission system used to convey the message from one place to another.A decoder reverses the encod

54、ing process.The receiver is the destination of the communication.A feedbackmechanism between the source and the receiver regulates the flow of communication.Noise is any distortion or errors that may be introduced during the information exchange.This model can be applied to all forms of human commun

55、ication, but here we will just illustrate it with mass communication examples. When you are at home watching a television program, the television network (a corporate source) originates the message, which is encoded by the microphones and television cameras in the television studio. The channel is n

56、ot literally the number on the television dial to which you are tuned, but rather the entire chain of transmitters, satellite links, and cable television equipment required to convey the message to your home. Although we sometimes call a TV set a “receiver,”it is really the decoder and the viewer is

57、 the receiver. Feedback from viewers is via television rating services. Electronic interference with the broadcast and the distractions of barking dogs are possible noise components in this situation. The source of a message,which the author encoded with the software she used to compose the pages co

58、ntent. The channel is the Internet, including the computer that the Web page is stored on, and the network connections between that computer, called a server, and your own. Your computer acts as the decoder. It decodes the message with your browser software (such as Netscape or Internet Explorer), a

59、nd you are the receiver.In this classic view, mass communication is one-to-many communication, and the mass media are the various channels through which mass communication is delivered. That is, through newspapers,radio, TV, or film, the message is communicated from a single source to many receivers at ab