PointsinTobaccoHistory

1、evolution of tobaccooffice of tobacco prevention and controltexas department of healthtobacco in historyspiritualmedicinalpoliticalculturalspiritualmayans and aztecs (300 b.c. 1500 a.d.)tobacco flourished in this sub-tropical climatefire worshippeople inhaled smoke and discovered narcotic properties

2、priests persuade followers that this intoxication was a divine possessionspiritualsmoked in hollow reeds or leavessnorted it through a y-shaped pipealso smoked though y pipe with bowl underneathspiritualnative americansconsidered a holy plantlong, thin pipes fashioned out of woodsacred tooleuropean

3、discoverychristopher columbus (1492)arawak indians offered dried tobacco leaves leaves discarded as worthlesslater witnessed natives using it and his crewmen are the first reported europeans to use tobaccoeuropean discoveryorigin of “tobacco”the arawak indians smoked tobacco through a pipe they call

4、ed a “tobago”the european explorers thought they were referring to the leaves they were smoking and adapted the name.new world to old worldmany accounts of how tobacco made the journey to europeportugal grew the first plants 1512 portuguese were key to the spread of the tobacco plant among the known

5、 world.in 1559, jean nicot introduced the tobacco plant to france.new world to old worldenglish probably brought back tobacco themselvessir walter raleigh made pipe smoking popularmedicinaltobacco was used to treat a variety of ailments: asthma headaches open sores cancer intestinal worms toothaches

6、medicinalnative americansuse before treatment givenused to treat: pain crushed leaves applied infection rash toothache ground, mixed with water and chewed snakebites chewed leaves placed on bitemedicinalpopularity throughout europe as a healing agentclyster treatment for indigestion, kidney stones a

7、nd other digestive problemsmedicinalnicot was educated in portugal about its use in medicine.gave snuff to french queen mother, catherine de medici for her migrainesmedicinalthought to help fight the plague that ravaged europesmoke thought to have disinfectant propertiesdamming nasal passages with s

8、nuffhelped to calm fearssteeped with wine and served with lemon to soothe the plague strickenmedicinaluse did not cease when need for tobacco to fight or treat illnesses endedpeople became addicted to the pleasurable feelings that tobacco use gave thempoliticalused to forge friendly relationsused to

9、 finance governmentused to reinforce barriersused to control and retain powerpoliticalmany rulers despised the use of tobacco acts based on novelty should not be trusted sir walter raleigh rodrigo de jerezwhatever is enjoyed by others and not oneself is wrong james ipoliticalpunishments for tobacco

10、use:russia noses cut off; lips split; flogging; exiledturkey pipes were thrust through noses and offender led down street on mule; executedpersia molten lead poured down throatchina sellers were decapitatedfrance decapitation for snuff usepoliticalmany countries had anti-tobacco policies, but as rul

11、ers discovered how profitable duties and taxes on tobacco could be, policies were abolished.politicaljamestown colony john rolfedecided tobacco could be their staple crop and would turn the failing colony aroundplanted nicotiana tabacum which is more palatable than the rustica commonly grown at the

12、timepoliticaljamestown colony john rolfeenglish tobacco buyers loved crop and soon more was imported from virginia than from spainjamestown colonist cleared their corn and wheat fields in order to grow higher-paid tobacco cropsprovided james i with an immense revenuepoliticalmore colonies establishe

13、dfertile land neededmore room to grow tobaccotobacco financed revolutionary warworldwide use became commonplaceculturaltobacco use and its different forms faded in and out of popularityinitially influenced by ruling classtied to social change and revolutionlater influenced by industry advertising an

14、d marketing strategiesculturalqueen mother of france made snuff use for headaches stylishled to elaborately decorated snuff boxes carried by european aristocratsculturalnapoleonavid snuff user identified that tobacco could bear taxation like no other productdied from excessive snuff useculturalwhile

15、 most of europe was consumed with snuff, pipe smoking was most popular in englandcigars took precedence in the 1800searly cigarettes were a byproduct of cigar makingculturalcrimean war (1854 1856)british soldiers encountered turkish cigarettes smoked by russians philip morris (1850s)london tobacco m

16、erchantbegan manufacturing cigarettescigarette spread to americaculturalamerica always seemed a step behind the times1700s pipes and snuff1800s chew and the spitoonlate 1800s ulysses s. grant was poster boy for cigar1900s - cigarettesindustry builds in america1849 j.e. liggett and brother1875 r.j. r

17、eynolds tobacco co.1890 american tobacco co.1902 philip morrisindustry builds in americajames buchanan duke (1881)used milder tobacco and flue-cured leaf secured exclusive rights to bonsack cigarette rolling machineinserted pictures into packs to stiffen introduced cameo for women (1886)industry bui

18、lds in americaamerican tobacco company (1890)duke convinced 4 rival companies to join togetherduke was appointed presidentacquired other industries crucial to making cigarettessherman anti-trust act broke up company in 1911culturalbetween 1890 1930, fifteen states enacted laws to ban cigarette sale,

19、 manufacture, possession or use and twenty-two others considered such legislationcultural camel1913 introduction of flue-cured bright with turkish seasoning and sweetened with burley which made it distinctivepackaging used likeness of “old joe” a barnum and bailey circus attraction cultural camelspe

20、nt 1.5 million on ads and promotion for its introductionbought out red kamel to have exclusive use of camel imagehuge success rjr held 40% of cigarette market at the time of wwicultural world war i (1914 1918)imports from turkey were halted and americans turned to domestic cigarettes rjr profitedgov

21、ernment contracts awarded on basis of domestic sales rjr profited by receiving contract culturalworld war i (1914 1918)world war ii (1939 1945)decided that cigarettes were essential for the soldiers fighting overseas helped ward off boredom, hunger and cold helped soldiers resist “worse” temptations

22、 cigarettes included in rations american government became single largest purchaser of cigarettes community groups (ymca, red cross) went from warning of the dangers to distributing them to the soldiersculturalworld war i and world war ii having emphasis on soldiers smoking connected tobacco with vi

23、rtues of freedom, democracy and modernityculturalworld war i and world war ii “smokes for soldiers” funds“l(fā)ucky strike green has gone to war”after end of wwii, american cigarettes became the most stable currency in occupied europecultural the combination of a more positive perception of cigarettes a

24、nd the steady stream of customers once the soldiers returned home, insured success for the tobacco industry in americacultural the industry has a secured market on young male smokers and seeks to lure more young females1927 ads targeting women1929 - easter parade in new yorkcultural lucky strike“its toasted!”“reach for a lucky instead of a sweet”“l(fā)ucky strike green has gone to war”l.s. / m.f.t.culturalbrand preference determined according to marketing strategieslucky strikes battled for first place with camel for brand preference between 1930 195