現(xiàn)代英語詞匯學(xué)4 word-formation

1、 Word-formation IVThe Minor ProcessesEnglish Lexicology(II)2 Important PointsnI. Abbreviation/ShorteningnAcronymy: Initialisms/AcronymsnClipping:nBlendingnII. Back-formationnIII. ReduplicationnIV. AnaloguenV. Words from Proper NounsEnglish Lexicology(II)3I. The Introduction of ShorteningnWhen new wo

2、rds are formed by compounding or affixation, the result is of course a longer unit. Shortening is contrary to the tend of compounding or affixation.nThere are several ways of shortening English words as follows:nAcronymy: Initialisms/AcronymsnClipping n BlendingEnglish Lexicology(II)4I. Acronymy1.1

3、Initialisms 1.2 AcronymsEnglish Lexicology(II)51.1 InitialimsInitialisms are words formed from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g., EEC. Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, e.g. radar (radio detecting an

4、d ranging). 1) non-technical: O.K. (= all correct) / VIP (very important person) 2) borrowings: AD (= L. Anno Domini) English Lexicology(II)63) proper nouns: U.S.A. / OPEC (=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) / IBM (=International Business Machines Corporation) 4) technical: IQ(intellige

5、nce quotient) / N-bomb (= nuclear bombEnglish Lexicology(II)7nIOC=International Olympic CommitteenBBC=British Broadcasting CorporationnISBN=International Standard Book NumbernCAD=computer assisted designncm=centimeternTB=tuberculosisEnglish Lexicology(II)8nCPUnDIYnCEOnITnAInSOSncentral processing un

6、itnDo it yourselfnChief Executive OfficernInformation technologynartificial intelligencenSave our shipninternational direct dialWrite out in full the following initialismsEnglish Lexicology(II)9nIDDnGMTnVIPnP.S.na.m. np.m.ninternational direct dialnGreenwich Mean Timenvery important personnpostscrip

7、tnante meridiemnpost meridiemWrite out in full the following initialismsEnglish Lexicology(II)101.2 AcronymsAcronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. Most of the words are from the name of an organization or scientific termsEnglish Lexicology(II)11nradarnWAVESnN

8、ATOnAIDSnBASICnRadio detecting and rangingnWomen Appointed for Voluntary Emergency ServicenThe North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationnAcquired Immune Deficiency SyndromenBeginners all-purpose symbolic Instruction CodeWrite out in full the following initialismsEnglish Lexicology(II)12nN-bombnD-NoticenG-m

9、annD-daynV-daynNuclear bombnDefense NoticenGovernment mannDecimalization daynVictory daySome acronyms are formed with the intial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second.English Lexicology(II)13 This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables (usually a noun) is

10、 shortened without a change in its function taking place. Advertisement, examination, gymnasium, laboratory, photograph. professor, all have commonly-used clipped forms: ad or advert, exam, gym, lab, photo, Prof. Clipped words are generally used in less formal situations than their full-length equiv

11、alents: they indicate an attitude of familiarity on the part of the user, either towards the object denoted, or towards the audience.II. ClippingEnglish Lexicology(II)142.1Clipped Wordsnad=advertisementnexpo=expositionnphone=telephonenpro=professionalnmemo=memorandumntec=detectivenheli or copter=hel

12、icopterncomfy=comfortableEnglish Lexicology(II)15ngymnasium ndormitory nhandkerchief ngasoline nkilogram ngymndormnhankynGasnkiloGive clippings for the following wordsEnglish Lexicology(II)16ninfluenza nbusiness nparachute nrefrigerator ntaxicab nflunbiznchutenfridgentaxi or cabGive clippings for th

13、e following wordsEnglish Lexicology(II)171.Noun-verb conversion2.2 Types of Clipping nBack Clippings/Back Clippings/ApocopeApocopenFront Clippings/AphaeresisFront Clippings/AphaeresisnFront and back ClippingsFront and back ClippingsnMiddle Clippings/SyncopeMiddle Clippings/SyncopenPhrase ClippingPhr

14、ase ClippingEnglish Lexicology(II)181.2.1 Back ClippingThe shortening may occur at the end of the word, sometimes with an addition of -o, -y, or -i.e., npicturenPoliomyelitisnProfessionalnRhinocerosnstereophonicnpicnPolionPronRhinonstereoEnglish Lexicology(II)19nadvertisement nbusiness nCoca-cola nc

15、hampionndemobilize ndoctorngasolinengentlementnadnbizncokenchampndemobnDocnGasngentGive clippings for the following wordsEnglish Lexicology(II)20nhippopotamusninformationnlaboratory nlavatorynmathematicsnmechanicnhipponinfonlabnlavnmathnmecGive clippings for the following wordsEnglish Lexicology(II)

16、21nammunitionnconscious objectorntelevisionnAustraliannrecruitntrigonometrynumpirenveterinariannammonconchyntellynAussienrookientrignumpnvetGive clippings for the following wordsEnglish Lexicology(II)222.2.3 Front Clipping bus (= omnibus) / bo (= hobo) / chute (=parachute) / coon (=raccoon) / copter

17、 (= helicopter) / dozer (=bulldozer) / mum (=chrysanthemum) / phone (= telephone) / quake (=earthquake) 1.2.4 front and back clippingsflu (= influenza) / fridge (=refrigerator) / tec (=detective) / scrip (=subscription)/ vic (=convict)English Lexicology(II)231.2.5 Middle Clippingbike (= bicycle) / t

18、rike (= tricycle )/ cric (= critic) / Frisco (=San Francisco 1.2.6 Some clipped words are used only in journalismGovt (= government ); I nt l (= International); Dept (= department); Hkong(=HongKong); Spore (=Singapore English Lexicology(II)241.2.1 Phrase ClippingMany phrases and sentences have short

19、ened, simply because they are too lengthy and used too often in conversation. Goodbye and farewell were once God be with you and Fare thee well. After all is said to be the remnant of after all is said and done, and the Americanism fall is shortened from of fall of the leaf. The following are some r

20、ecent examples:English Lexicology(II)25 consols (= consolidated annuities)pyro (= pyro-gallic acid)jet (=jet-propelled plane)private (= private common soldier)lube (lubricating oil)/ pub (public house)English Lexicology(II)26III. BlendingnThe definition of blendingnBlending（拼綴法）拼綴法）is a process of w

21、ord-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word ( 并合詞）并合詞）. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.English Lexicology(II)27nExamplesnnewscast (newsbroadcast) nb

22、runch (breakfastlunch) nsmog (smokefog) ntalkathon (talkmarathon) nslimnastics (slimgymnastics) nvideophone ( video telephone)English Lexicology(II)28nsci-finhi-finworkaholicnstagflationnUnicomnsitcomnmotelndawknsciencefiction nhighfidelity nworkalcoholic nstagnationinflation nUnited Communicationsn

23、situationcomedynmotorhotelndovehawkEnglish Lexicology(II)29Structurally blends may be divided into four types.English Lexicology(II)30navionicsnbeautilitynbitnbotelnlidarnmingynsmognaviationelectronicsnbeautyutility nbinarydigit nboathotelnlight radarnmeanstingynsmokefog A. First part of the first w

24、ord + Last part of the second oneEnglish Lexicology(II)31ncomsatnfortrannmopednsitcomnSci-fintelexncommunicationsatellitenformulatranslationnmotorpedalnsituationcomedynscience fictionnteleprinterexchange B. First part of the first word + First part of the second oneEnglish Lexicology(II)32nairtelnfa

25、ctionnlunarnautnslimnasticsntalkathonnairhotelnfactfictionnlunarastronautnslimgymnasticsntalk marathon C. Whole form of the first word + Last part of the second oneEnglish Lexicology(II)33ndocudramanmedicarenmotownndocumentarydramanmedicalcarenmotortown D. Whole form of the first word + Last part of

26、 the second oneEnglish Lexicology(II)34II. Backformationn1.The definition of backformationnBack-formation（逆成法）逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. This is because many of the removed suffixes ar

27、e not true suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.neg. editor-editorEnglish Lexicology(II)35nExamplesnedit from editornautomate from automationnenthuse from enthusiasmngloom from gloomyndonate from donationnbrainwash from brainwashingnsleep-walk from sleep-walkingEnglish Lexicology(II)362. Back

28、-formation usually involves the following types of words:2.1 Abstract Nounsdiagnose diagnosisdonate donationenthuse enthusiasm emote emotionEnglish Lexicology(II)372.2 Human nounsnExamplesnloafnsculptnburglenbegnLoafernSculptornBurglarnbeggarEnglish Lexicology(II)382.3 Compound nounsnExamplesneavesd

29、ropnmerrymakenbabysitneavesdeoppingnMerry-makingnbaysitterEnglish Lexicology(II)392.4 Adjectives nExamplesndrowsenlazenfrivolndrowsynlazynfrivolousEnglish Lexicology(II)40nNote: Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and

30、 verbs.neg.gloom-gloomy greed-greedynStylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance. Therefore, they should be used with care.English Lexicology(II)41III. RedulicationnMinor type of word-formation by which a compound is created by the repetit

31、ion. They are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated.neg. go-go, ping pong, teeny-weenynWilly-nilly, wishy-washy, dilly-dallynShilly-shallyEnglish Lexicology(II)42The common use of Reduplicative are:A. To imitate sounds: tick-tick, quack-quackB. To suggest alternating movements sea-saw: up and

32、 down, to and pro zigzag: right and left alternatively at sharp anglesC. To express ones contempt of the character, appearance and behavior of a personeg. hocus-pocus, dum-dum, no-noEnglish Lexicology(II)43nD. to disparage by suggesting that sth is in disorder, or of small value or of inferior quali

33、ty.neg. fiddle-faddle hurry-skurrynTopsy-turvynE. to show ones approvalnSuper-dupernTip-topEnglish Lexicology(II)44IV. AnalogynThe definition of analogy（類比）類比）nThe process by which words or phrases are created or re-formed according to the existing patterns in the languageEnglish Lexicology(II)45nEx

34、amplesnMarathon-telethon, talkathonnblue-collar workers-white-collar workers, gray-collar workers, pink-collar workers, gold-collar workersnenvironmental pollution-visual or eye pollution, noise pollution, cultural pollution, graffiti pollutionnFirst Family-First Lady, First Dog nLandscape-moonscape

35、, marscapenBirds eye-fish-eye, worms-eye, cats-eyeEnglish Lexicology(II)46V. Words form Proper NamenName of PeopleName of PeoplenName of PlacesName of PlacesnName of BooksName of BooksnTrade namesTrade namesEnglish Lexicology(II)47nBoycott: v&nn refusal or refuse to do business with, attend or take part in, as a way of disapproval or opposition.nFrom the 19th century landlord Captain BoycottnCabal: v&nnA clique or make secret plans for political action.nFrom the initial letters of the five ministers Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, and LauderdaleEnglish Lexic