Chinese Calligraphy and Painting

1、Introducing Chinese CultureCheng ZhenquanSchool of Foreign Studies, SCNU Q & AnDirections:nSix questioners appointed in the last lesson take turns to pose a question for the class based on the text previewed.nEach question is expected to be answered by lucky dogs chosen randomly by the teacher.C

2、hinese Calligraphy & paintingWarming-up discussionnWhat does calligraphy mean? How much do you agree with the saying “the handwriting reveals the writer” （字如其人）?nWhat benefits can one possibly have when he or she practices calligraphy?nWhat are the earliest Chinese characters?nHow many styles of

3、 Chinese scripts are there? What are they? Which style do you like best? Why?nWhat are the “Four Treasures of the Study”?nWhat is Qi Baishi famous for?Calligraphy nCalligraphy is the art of producing beautiful handwriting using a brush or a special pen. This unique art is related to writing, but spe

4、aks of much more than simple even attractive, penmanship.SFS, SCNU字如其人字如其人nThe handwriting reveals the inner world of the writer.nOnes personality can be echoed through calligraphy.nThe force used in writing betrays ones disposition (性情)，and the written characters reveal the calligraphers understand

5、ing of life and arts.筆者，鍵人，鼠輩，觸生筆者，鍵人，鼠輩，觸生?n老師：以后寫文章不要自稱筆者，因為現在沒有人用筆。學生：那應該叫什么？老師：鍵人。學生：哦。那些只用鼠標的呢? 老師：鼠輩。學生：可是，現在大家都用智能手機了，都是觸摸式的，那應該叫什么呢？ 老師：畜生（觸生）。SFS, SCNUThe funny joke reminds/warns us of a growing tendency that fewer and fewer youngsters take to practicing handwriting nowadays, let alone cal

6、ligraphy. With the popularity of typing and digital devices, more and more people are writing poorly. Some students hand-written assignments are reaching the extent of being almost illegible. What can be done to enhance childrens interest in calligraphy deserves our attention. The benefits of practi

7、cing calligraphynPracticing calligraphy can help a person not only to achieve relaxation but enhance his/her aesthetic ability as well. nPracticing calligraphy can help to repel outside disturbances and train ones mind, attention and perseverance. nTo sum up, practicing calligraphy is a way to keep

8、mind and body fit and healthy.SFS, SCNUThe earliest Chinese charactersnThe earliest Chinese characters were inscriptions on tortoise shells and animal bones of the Shang dynasty.SFS, SCNUFive Styles of Chinese Script nThe seal scriptnThe official scriptnThe regular scriptnThe running scriptnThe curs

9、ive scriptFour Treasures of the Study P69-70nwriting brushnink stick （墨錠; 墨條）npapernink slab/stonenSome famous brands of calligraphic tools in China:nHu writing brush（湖筆）nHui ink sticks（徽墨）nXuan paper（宣紙）nDuan ink stone. （端硯）Hu writing brush（湖筆）（湖筆）nMade in Huzhou, Zhejiang ProvincenMade of hair of

10、goats or wolves, being round, neat, strong and pointednGoat hair brush is soft, suitable for writing big charactersnWolf hair brush is hard, suitable for writing small charactersHui ink sticks（徽墨）（徽墨）nProduced in Huizhou, Anhui ProvincenMade from the ashes of burnt green pine from Mount Huangshan an

11、d then mixed with gluenThe mix is put in Nanmu wood (楠木) moulds and carved with scenes of pavilions, pagodas, hills, brooks and plantsnA good ink stick is black in color with lustre, characters written with it will not fade easilyXuan paper（宣紙）（宣紙）nOriginally produced in Xuanzhou, Tang DynastynMade

12、in 18-step process from the bark of wingceltis tree（青檀樹皮）and rice strawnThe paper is snow-white, soft, durable, absorbent and moth proofnA principle type of paper for traditional Chinese calligraphy and paintingDuan ink stone. （端硯）（端硯）nFirst introduced in Duanzhou, Guangdong ProvincenThey have fine,

13、 solid texture and glossy sheen 光澤nInk prepared in them does not dry quicklynCarved into various shapes and designs, Duan ink stone also serve as fine desk ornamentsPhonetic or Pictographic nWith respect to the orthographic (writing) representation system, natural languages generally fall into two l

14、arge categories: phonetic languages vs pictographic languages.Phonetic languagesnPhonetic languages adopt a phonemic orthography, a system for writing a language in which the written symbols correspond to the significant spoken sounds of the language. nLanguages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthog

15、raphies; a high degree of grapheme-phoneme correspondence can be expected in orthographies based on alphabetic writing systems, but they differ in the degree to which they are in fact fully phonemic. nEnglish orthography, for example, is alphabetic but highly non-phonemic. However, Italian and Finni

16、sh orthographic systems come much closer to being consistent phonemic representations.nFrom: /wiki/Phonemic_orthographyPictographic languagesnPictographic languages adopt a pictographic orthography, a system for writing a language in which the characters are to a considerable

17、extent pictorial in appearance, i.e. the character conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object. nEarly written symbols were based on pictographs (pictures which resemble what they signify) and ideograms(symbols which represent ideas). Ancient Sumerian (閃族語，Sumer is a d

18、ivision of ancient Babylonia), Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations began to adapt such symbols to represent concepts, developing them into logographic writing systems. (/wiki/Pictogram)The Aesthetic Value of ChinesenChinese belongs to the category of pictographic languages. Ch

19、inese characters are generally square-shaped pictographic characters, whose beautiful forms provided preliminary conditions for the art of calligraphy. Some pictographic symbols of Chinese Characters express peoples keen observation and experience of the world.nIn addition, the great invention of wr

20、iting brush, which is made from either rabbit, sheep or wolf hair, feels soft, supple （柔軟的） and is elastic and highly ductile（有韌性的）, also contributes to the evolution of Chinese calligraphy. Oracle-bone inscriptionsSFS, SCNU天球上黃道南北兩邊各9寬的環(huán)帶區(qū)域。月球和一些主要行星(冥王星除外)的軌道都在黃道帶中。黃道十二宮的一宮各占整個黃道帶的1/12(30)。據說，當一個人

21、出生時，太陽和其他行星的位置以及它們在這些黃道星座間的運動會對他或她的一生有影響。盡管歲差已使星象向東移動，黃道十二宮與太陽實際所處的黃道星座已不能再對應：白羊座(3月21日4月19日)；金牛座(4月20日5月20日)；雙子座(5月21日6月21日)；巨蟹座(6月22日7月22日)；獅子座(7月23日8月22日)；處女座(8月23日9月22日)；天秤座(9月23日10月23日)；天蝎座(10月24日11月21日)；人馬座(11月22日12月21日)；摩羯座(12月22日1月19日)；寶瓶座(1月20日2月18日)；雙魚座(2月19日3月20日)。 Chinese Animal Zodiacn據

22、說，當一個人出生時，太陽和其他行星的位置以及它們在這些黃道星座間的運動會對他或她的一生有影響。盡管歲差已使星象向東移動，黃道十二宮與太陽實際所處的黃道星座已不能再對應：白羊座(3月21日4月19日)；金牛座(4月20日5月20日)；雙子座(5月21日6月21日)；巨蟹座(6月22日7月22日)；獅子座(7月23日8月22日)；處女座(8月23日9月22日)；天秤座(9月23日10月23日)；天蝎座(10月24日11月21日)；人馬座(11月22日12月21日)；摩羯座(12月22日1月19日)；寶瓶座(1月20日2月18日)；雙魚座(2月19日3月20日)。 the Chinese anima

23、l zodiacnChinese people believe that from the exact date of a persons birth, you could predict their future. Included in this prediction was a persons zodiac sign, one of 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac cycle.nThe zodiac is a diagram used by astrologers to represent the positions of the planets and

24、 stars. It is divided into twelve sections, each of which has its own name and symbol. The zodiac is used to try to calculate the influence of the planets, especially on someones life. (From Collins Dict.)The art of calligraphynChinese characters evolved from pictures and signs, and the Chinese art

25、of calligraphy developed naturally from this special writing system, so Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines, stroke （筆畫）.nCalligraphy calligraphernPurpose: to retain the beauty of nature and illuminate mans spiritual beauty.nStress: the overall layout and harmony between words and li

26、nes.Twelve standardized strokesnWhereas the words of Indo-European languages are made up of syllables which themselves are made up of letters, the words of the Chinese language are made up of characters, which, in turn, are made up of calligraphic strokes. Amazingly, there are only 12 standardized s

27、trokes in the Chinese language in use today, however complex a character might be.strokesDot strokeHorizontal strokeVertical strokeCurved strokeAngular strokeHooked strokecategories of Chinese scriptsnThe seal form / script 篆書nThe official form / script 隸書nThe cursive form / script 草書nThe regular fo

28、rm / script 楷書nThe running form / script 行書The Seal ScriptnAn ancient script that mainly appeared on the bronze vessels during the Warring States period and pre-Qin times. nSoft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shapes keep the seal characters more close to pictographs. Each of characters has

29、 a balanced and symmetrical pattern.The Official ScriptnIt came into being during the period between the Qin and Han dynasties. It turned the remaining curved and round strokes of the seal script into linear and flat square shapes. The Cursive ScriptIt originated from the Han dynasty. This style of

30、calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together. The flow of lines and rhythm of the brush create an abstract beauty of the whole. Better express a persons emotionWang Xianzhi, son of Wang Xizhi, Eastern Jin Dynasty, advocated “ one-stroke character.”The strokes

31、 may not look connected on the exterior but closely related in the interior. Without interior linkage, a character lacks vigor and vitality. 王獻之：鴨頭丸貼The Regular ScriptnDeveloped during the Wei and Jin dynasties and came to prominence in the Tang dynasty.nThe characters of this style are square in fo

32、rm, and non-cursive in strokes.顏體”是針對顏真卿的楷書而言的，其楷書結體方正茂密，筆畫橫輕豎重，筆力雄強圓厚，氣勢莊嚴雄渾。The Running ScriptnSomewhere between the regular script and the cursive script, allowing simpler and faster writing.nThe running regular script （行楷） when carefully written with distinguishable strokes, close to the regular

33、 style.nThe running cursive script when swiftly executed, like the cursive style.Master Wang XizhinEastern Jin dynasty, traditionally referred to as the Sage of Chinese Calligraphy （書圣）.nHis running calligraphy demonstrates the vigor and fluency of this style. For example, in his The Preface to the

34、Lanting Collection of Calligraphy 蘭亭集序，he describe a summer outing at a place called Lanting. This work is considered the greatest masterpiece of Chinese calligraphy in history.SFS, SCNUMaster Wang nOral practice:n曦之吃墨的故事：n王羲之小的時候，練字十分刻苦。據說他練字用壞的毛筆，堆在一起成了一座小山，人們叫它“筆山”。他家的旁邊有一個小水池，他常在這水池里洗毛筆各硯臺，后來小水池

35、的水都變黑了，人們就把這個水池叫做“墨池”。 n 有一天，他聚精會神地在書房練字，連吃飯都忘了。丫環(huán)送來了他最愛吃的蒜泥和饃饃，催著他吃，他好象沒有聽見一樣還是埋頭寫字。丫環(huán)沒有辦法，只好去告訴他的夫人。夫人和丫環(huán)來到書房的時候，看見王羲之正拿著一個沾滿墨汁的饃饃往嘴里送，弄得滿嘴烏黑。她們忍不住笑出了聲。原來，王羲之邊吃邊練字的時候，眼睛還看著字，錯把墨汁當成蒜泥蘸了。夫人心疼地對王羲之說：“你要保重身體呀！你的字寫得很好了，為什么還要這樣苦練呢？”王羲之抬起頭，回答說：“我的字雖然寫得不錯，可那都是學習前人的寫法。我要有自己的寫法，自成一體，那就非下苦功夫不可?！苯涍^一段時間的艱苦摸索，王

36、羲之終于寫出了一種妍美流利的新字體。大家都稱贊他寫的字象彩云那樣輕松自如，象飛龍那樣雄健有力，他也被公認為我國歷史上杰出的寫字家之一nOnce, Master Wang concentrated on the practice of calligraphy in the Study, completely neglecting the meal. The maidservant brought his favorite garlic juice and Mantou, urging him to have the meal. He seemed not to hear her, still a

37、bsorbed in the practice. The maidservant had no choice but to tell his mother. When they later arrived at the Study, only to see Master Wang was holding a Mantou full of black ink with his mouth all black. They burst into a laugh. The fact was that Xizhi took the black ink for his garlic juice while

38、 he was practising the calligraphy, with his eyes fixed on the written characters.Three treasures by Emperor QianlongnWang Xizhi : A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow 快雪時晴帖nWang Xianzhi: Mid-Autumn 中秋帖nWang Xun: Boyuan 伯遠帖Four great regular script mastersn歐陽詢 “Ou ti” Ou style, the vigor of strokes is o

39、utstanding, canonical, easier to learn by beginnersn顏真卿 “Yan ti” Yan style, a good example in the Tang Dynastyn柳公權 “Liu ti” Liu style, his characters are famous for their powerful strokesn趙孟頫 “Zhao ti” Zhao style, elegant and vigorous with strict structure歐體楷書歐體楷書SFS, SCNU顏體楷書顏體楷書SFS, SCNU柳體楷書柳體楷書SF

40、S, SCNU趙體楷書趙體楷書SFS, SCNUHow to practice Chinese calligraphy?nChoose a good copybooknPut a transparent paper over itnWrite with a brush over themnAfter mastering the tracing skills, one can begin practicing it by imitating the models.nThe beginner usually starts with the regular form.Three treasures

41、of ChinanTraditional Chinese Painting (ink-wash painting)nBeijing OperanTraditional Chinese Medicine( TCM)Chinese paintingn中國畫 shortened into 國畫nthe unity of form and spirit 形神兼?zhèn)鋘 It can be divided into landscpes painting, birds and flowers painting and figure painting.水墨畫水墨畫n由水和墨經過調配所畫出的畫，是繪畫的一種形式，

42、更多時候，水墨畫被視為中國傳統(tǒng)繪畫，也就是國畫的代表。也稱國畫，中國畫。n基本的水墨畫，僅有水與墨，黑與白色，但進階的水墨畫，也有工筆花鳥畫，色彩繽紛。后者有時也稱為彩墨畫(colored ink-wash painting)。n在中國畫中，以中國畫特有的材料之一，墨為主要原料加以清水的多少引為濃墨、淡墨、干墨、濕墨、焦墨等，畫出不同濃淡（黑、白、灰）層次。n“墨即是色”，指墨的濃淡變化( variation in shade)就是色的層次變化，“墨分五彩”，指色彩繽紛可以用多層次的水墨色度代替之Ink-wash painting水墨畫水墨畫nChinese traditional paint

43、ing refers to ink-wash painting. It can be traced back to the Tang dynasty and flourished from the Yuan dynasty onwards, holding a special place in the history of traditional landscape painting.nFeature 1: harmony between water, ink and xuan papernFeature 2: It focuses on the artistic effect of the

44、style, which lies in its being alike, yet unlike. nChinese painters dip their brushes in ink to create classic pictures with lines and dots. Variation in shade enables the artists to create human figures, landscape, flowers, birds and pavilions common themes of tradItional Chinese painting.The main

45、principle of Chinese landscape painting : a sense of great distance in a small space.在有限的篇幅中表現山水的無限與遙遠。birds and flowers painting figure paintingTraditional Chinese painting combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy and seal engraving to achieve an artistic unison（一致）. The painting are usually mounted （裝裱）on a scroll by pasting them on a long piece of paper which can be rolled up or hung vertically on the wall. calligraphic writing, seal stamps, the painting itself徐悲鴻（徐悲鴻（1895-1953年）年）nA celebrated modern painter and a master of fine arts, achieved eminence both in tr