限定詞教資材料

1、一、限定詞的概念限定詞（determiner）是在名詞詞組中對(duì)名詞中心詞起特指（specific reference）、類指（generic reference）以及表示確定數(shù)量（definite quantity）和非確定數(shù)量（indefinite quantity）等限定作用的詞類。名詞詞組除有詞匯意義外，還有其所指意義（referential meaning），是特指（即指特寫的對(duì)象），還是類指（即泛指一類人或物）；是有確定的數(shù)量，還是沒有確定的數(shù)量。能在名詞詞組中表示這種所指意義的詞類就是限定詞。二、限定詞包括哪些詞定冠詞（defintite article）：the；不定冠詞（ind

2、efintite article）：a, an；零冠詞（zero article）物主限定詞（possessive determiner）：my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its；名詞屬格（genitive noun）：toms, my mothers；指示限定詞（demonstrative determiner）：this, that, these, those, such；關(guān)系限定詞（relative determiner）：whose, which；疑問限定詞（interrogative determiner）：what,

3、 which, whose；不定限定詞（indefintite determiner）：no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another；基數(shù)詞（cardinal numeral）：one, two, three, four, five；序數(shù)詞（ordinal numeral）：first, second, third, fourth, fifth；倍數(shù)詞（multiplicative num

4、eral）：one third, two thirds；分?jǐn)?shù)詞（fractional numeral）：twice, three times；量詞（quantifier）a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of。三、限定詞的分類按照限定詞與限定詞的相互搭配關(guān)系，限定詞可分為前位限定詞(pre-determiner)、中位限定詞(central determiner)和后位限

5、定詞(post-determiner)。其相互搭配關(guān)系為：前位+中位+后位在這三類限定詞中，前位限定詞與前位限定詞以及中位限定詞與中位限定詞是相互排斥的，后位限定詞與后位限定詞之間雖不相互排斥但有搭配限制。前位限定詞包括：all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等中位限定詞包括：冠詞：a(n), the指示代詞：this, that, these, those形容詞性物主代詞：my, your, his, her, our, etc名詞屬格

6、：jims, my mothers不定代詞：some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, etc連接代詞what(ever), which(ever), whose, etc后位限定詞包括：one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several,

7、 plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等。四、限定詞與形容詞的差別限定詞是在名詞詞組中對(duì)名詞中心詞起特指、類指以及表示數(shù)量等限定作用的詞類。限定詞與形容詞的差別有以下幾個(gè)方面：一、當(dāng)限定詞與形容詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)名詞詞組里時(shí)，通常的順序是：限定詞在前，形容詞在后。二、限定詞的選擇受名詞中心詞的類別的嚴(yán)格限制，而形容詞的選擇雖也受詞匯意義的限制，但沒有語法意義上的限制。三、限定詞對(duì)名詞中心詞只在所指

8、意義上起限定作用，而形容詞作為前置修飾語則起描寫作用。四、限定詞通常只能前置，而形容詞作名詞修飾語時(shí)既可前置又可后置。五、除few, little, many, much外，限定詞一般沒有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式，而形容詞通常有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。wish 類的虛擬語氣英語中，wish 之后的賓語從句，表示一種沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)或根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前 (1) had + 過去分詞； (2) would / could / might / should + have + 過去分詞與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)

9、生(1) 過去時(shí)(be 用were )；(2) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后would / could / might / should + 原形動(dòng)詞注意:從句的時(shí)態(tài)只與從句所指的時(shí)間有關(guān)，而與 wish 的時(shí)態(tài)無關(guān)。比較：i wish i were rich. 要是我現(xiàn)在有錢就好了。i wish i had been rich. 要是那時(shí)我有錢就好了。i wished i were rich. 當(dāng)時(shí)我后悔自己沒有錢。i wished i had been rich. 當(dāng)時(shí)我后悔自己曾經(jīng)沒有錢。以上第一句和第三句的wish分別用了現(xiàn)在

10、時(shí)和過去時(shí)，但賓語從句中都用的were，只是意思有所不同：wish表示現(xiàn)在的愿望，wished表示過去的愿望。另外，wish后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，但與之意義相近的hope卻不能用虛擬語氣，千萬別混在一起了。if only后的句子用虛擬語氣if only 與 i wish一樣，也用于表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)與 wish 后所接時(shí)態(tài)的情況相同。但if only 通常獨(dú)立使用，沒有主句。if only i had listened to my parents! 我要是當(dāng)時(shí)聽了父母的話就好了。if only&#

11、160;she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!as if (though) 從句用虛擬語氣（方式狀從）以as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句或表語從句，有時(shí)用虛擬語氣，若表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，或與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)（be 用were）；若表示與過去事實(shí)相反，或發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前，用過去完成時(shí)had done；表示將來的可能性不大，發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后,用would (might, could)+動(dòng)詞原形。he talks as if he had a potato in his mouth.他說起話來好像嘴里

12、含了個(gè)土豆。he talks as if he had been abroad. 他說起話來好像曾經(jīng)出過國(guó)。she looked as of she had seen a ghost.他看起來好像剛才遇見鬼似的。he coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽兩聲就好像有人要來了。兩點(diǎn)說明：(1) 從句所表示的內(nèi)容若為事實(shí)或可能為事實(shí)，也可用陳述語氣：it looks as if well be late. 我們似乎要遲到了。(2) 注意 it isnt as if的翻譯：it isnt as if

13、 he were poor. 他不像窮的樣子(或他又不窮)。it isnt as if you were going away for good. 又不是你離開不回來了。(3) 比較下面兩個(gè)句子：he looks as if he is rich.他看上去好像很有錢。he talks as if he wad rich.他看上去就像是很有錢的樣子。第一句的as if從句用了陳述語氣，表明說話者認(rèn)為他也許真的很有錢比如看到他穿名牌，開高級(jí)轎車，出入豪華賓館等。第二句的as if從句使用了虛擬語氣，表明說話者認(rèn)為他其實(shí)不是很有錢，認(rèn)為他夸夸其談的樣子像是在吹牛，或者說

14、認(rèn)為“他很有錢”這一描述是非真實(shí)的。目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣(1) 在 for fear that, in case, lest 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，若用虛擬語氣時(shí)，從句謂語為： should + 動(dòng)詞原形。并且 should 不能省略he started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。(2) 在 so that, in order that 所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 動(dòng)詞原形。he goe

15、s closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近說話的人以便能挺得更清楚。讓步狀語從句中的虛擬語氣(1) 在 even if, even though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，可用虛擬語氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與 if 所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。nobody could save him even though hua tuo should come here. 即使華佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, howeve

16、r, no matter wh-word 等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為： may +動(dòng)詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。we will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。 may +完成式(指過去) ，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。you mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進(jìn)步，你也不能驕傲(3) 在though, although等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

17、中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為 should +動(dòng)詞原形，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。although / though he should often be late, he is a good student. 盡管他經(jīng)常遲到，他還是個(gè)好學(xué)生。 原因狀語從句中的虛擬語氣amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 原形動(dòng)詞(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。he was

18、 angry that you should call him by name. 他很生氣，你竟然對(duì)他直呼其名。 should + 完成式, 指過去。im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遺憾，你這次考試竟然失敗了。表語從句及同位語從句中虛擬語氣英語中，表示請(qǐng)求、要求、命令、建議等名詞advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,

19、 wish充當(dāng)句子的主語而后面接表語從句或它們后面接同位語時(shí)，都須用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should)  + 動(dòng)詞原形。he told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告訴了我們他的想法：他想上大學(xué)。his suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建議就是我們的工作要更細(xì)心些。it is time的虛擬語氣英語中，表示“早該做某事了”時(shí)，定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞須用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：it is (high / abou

20、t) time that + 主語+ 動(dòng)詞的過去式/ should + 動(dòng)詞原形。定語從句謂語通常用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚袝r(shí)也用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)或“should+動(dòng)詞原形”(較少見，且should不能省略)im getting tired. its time we went home. 我累了，我們?cè)摶丶伊?。i think its time they were taught a lesson. 我想現(xiàn)在該給他們一點(diǎn)教訓(xùn)了。兩點(diǎn)說明:(1) time前有時(shí)有about和high修飾：its high time we left.  我們?cè)缭搫?dòng)身了。it

21、s high time you bought a new car. 你該買輛新車了。(2) 與其他的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)不同，該結(jié)構(gòu)不能在該用 was 時(shí)而用 were：its time i was in bed. 我該上床睡了。(不用were)賓語從句中的虛擬語氣1英語中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(堅(jiān)決要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建議) 表示請(qǐng)求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動(dòng)詞所接的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(sh

22、ould) + 原形動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)insist的意思為：堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為，堅(jiān)持說；suggest的意思為：表明，暗含，暗示等時(shí)，賓語從句一般不用虛擬語氣。如：tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch. 湯姆堅(jiān)持說他沒有偷那塊手表。his smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考試中成功了。2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine 等動(dòng)詞的否定句或疑問句中的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：should + 原形動(dòng)詞。c

23、an you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟殺死了一只老虎？3. 英語中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實(shí)不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。意思是“寧愿、希望”其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)過去had + 過去分詞；現(xiàn)在過去時(shí)(be 用were )將來過去時(shí)(be 用were )id rather you were here now. 我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。1. “i still havent thanked aunt lucy for

24、her present. ” “its time you _. ”a. do                        b. did                 

25、        c. had                          d. would2. “ive told everyone about it. ” “oh, id rather you _. ”a.

26、60;dont                    b. hadnt                    c. couldnt    &

27、#160;               d. wouldnt3. it has been raining for a day, but even though it hadnt rained, we _ there by tomorrow.a. cant get           

28、60;    b. wont get               c. hadnt got                 d. wouldnt get4. yesterday, jane walke

29、d away from the discussion. otherwise, she _ something she would regret later.a. had said                  b. said            

30、0;          c. might say                 d. might have said5. all the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he&#

31、160;_ at once.a. should be; be operated on                           b. were; must be operated onc. was; should be operated   

32、0;                         d. was; be operated on6. i forget where i read the article, or i _ it to you now.a. will show     

33、          b. would show             c. am going to show    d. am showing7. why didnt you go to yesterdays meeting?i would have but i _ 

34、too busy working on the important experiment.a. had been                  b. was                    

35、   c. were                       d. am8.dont you think it necessary that he _ to miami but to new york? i agree, but the problem is _ he has

36、 refused to.a. will not be sent; that                                  b. not be sent; thatc. should not be sent; w

37、hat                            d. should not send; what9. the workers will go on strike if the demands they _ put forward are turned down.a.

38、 could                       b. would                  c. 不填   &#

39、160;                    d. had10. _ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.a. would you be         

40、b. should you be         c. could you be             d. might you be答案與解析:1. b。its time you did 為 its time you thanked aunt lucy for her present 之略。按照英語語法，

41、its time 后從句通常要用過去式。2. b。id rather 后接從句時(shí)，從句謂語的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)律是：用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚眠^去完成式表示過去。3. a。we cant get there by tomorrow 為客觀事實(shí)，故宜用陳述語氣。4. dotherwise 在此相當(dāng)于 if she had not walked away from the discussion，即暗示一個(gè)與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句。5. d。insisted 接第一個(gè)賓語從句，表示“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為(是怎么回事)”，用

42、陳述語氣；接第二個(gè)賓語從句，表示“堅(jiān)決要求(做某事)”，用虛擬語氣。6. b。根據(jù)上文的語境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個(gè)虛擬的條件，即 or=if i didnt forget where i read the article（要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過這篇文章的話但事實(shí)上忘了）。7. b。易受前面虛擬語氣的影響而誤選a。實(shí)際上前面虛擬語氣的答語采用了省略形式?？裳a(bǔ)充為：i would have gone to yesterdays meeting if i hadnt been too busy. 所以be too busy是過去的一

43、種實(shí)際情況，并不是虛擬的情況。故填空處用陳述語氣。8. b。因?yàn)閚ecessary后的從句要用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”，排除選項(xiàng)a; 因he與send是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，send要用被動(dòng)式，排除選項(xiàng)d; 答句中的表語從句中不缺任何句子成分，用that。值得說明的是，refuse to后省略了be sent to new york。9. c。they put forward為修飾名詞demands的定語從句，按英語語法，當(dāng)demand用作動(dòng)詞后接賓語從句，或用作名詞后接定語從句或同位語從句時(shí)，從句謂語習(xí)慣上要用should+動(dòng)詞原形這樣的虛擬語氣，其中的should可以省略。10. b。should you be fired是由if you should be fired變來的，又如：should you require (=if you should require) anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以給我打電話。thank you very much indeed. if it had not been for your advice i really _&#