外來人口在赫爾辛基居住政策方針

1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外 文 翻 譯原文：Policy approaches to residential segregation of immigrants in HelsinkiMixing policies have constituted an important part of urban planning in Helsinki since the 1970s. Planners and housing officials have strived to create and sustain spatially balanced urban development through p

2、olicies of tenure and social mixing. The rationale for mixing policies is rooted in the national ethos of egalitarian welfare politics. A socially and spatially balanced city structure has been perceived as a basis for a just and equal society, and housing policies, including housing allowances as w

3、ell as the production and allocation of affordable, decent-standard dwellings, are perceived as one of the means to pursue it. Tenure mix, in particular, is thought to have positive social and economic outcomes for the entire city . The main goal of mixing has been to prevent the accumulation of soc

4、ial problems in any given district.In Helsinki, tenure mix has been implemented by enforcing area-based tenure quotas for the production of new dwellings. Mixing of tenure types has taken place mainly at the neigh level, but also within blocks and housing estates. Urban renewal program have also bee

5、n used to diversify a homogeneous housing stock in some older residential districts. In addition, mixing policies have been implemented through practices of social mixing in council housing allocation. Low-income households are dispersed among the better-off when council dwellings are allocated. Tho

6、se with the most urgent need for housing are given first priority. However, the principle is sometimes breached in order to prevent residential segregation. For instance, according to the housing policy memorandum for the years 20042008:On the other hand, attempts to generate social mixing do not ov

7、erride peoples own freedom to choose where they want to live. Since the mid-1990s, council housing applicants have been able to specify the areas in which they wish to live, which means that council dwellings in other districts are not offered to them. In addition, applicants requests for certain fa

8、cilitiesImmigrants housing issues were incorporated into existing mixing policies in Helsinki at the beginning of the 1990s. Residential segregation of immigrants was identified as a matter of concern by a working group that was set up to draft an immigrant policy proposal for the city council in 19

9、91. Members of the working group listed housing as one of the basic communal services and suggested that preventing ethnic residential segregation was to be included as one of the objectives of the immigrant policy. According to their proposal: Helsinki housing prices relative to the income of local

10、 people is very cheap. The general urban apartment prices per square meter in 2000 to 3000. Specifically stated, people used to calculate the total price of the housing area is the usable area of real hand, there is no "floor area" concept, nor will the corridor, elevator, all sharing spac

11、e inside the property. Buyers are usually young people. The total area of the house naturally not large, small, more than forty square meters, large eighty or ninety meters, many do not have balcony. For the outsider, this is not one to pay money they can notAlthough not expressed explicitly, it app

12、ears that residential segregation is thought to hinder immigrants integration into Finnish society and increase their risk of wealth. Potential segregation would also pose a challenge to the prevailing egalitarian ethos of a socially and spatially just society. Positive impacts of ethnic clustering,

13、 such as mutual support generated by living close to each other, are not considered in the 1991 policy proposal. However, it may well be that these kinds of positive aspects have influenced the working groups reasoning and raised assumptions about the immigrants tendency to self-segregate. As Hieber

14、t have noted, such benefits of clustering are often used to give reasons for the purported voluntary segregation of ethnic minorities. Highway around, most are "blocks." If their relatively large mobility. And income is not high. As rent in the suburbs are more able to take. Finland is a h

15、igh welfare state, but also sparsely populated, even if the income is not high, get hold of decent housing is also not difficult. The fact is people live outside the district for the living conditions are very good, and taste all the municipal facilities, the government has regularly sent to clean u

16、p the house to some people, taking a bath (for example, drinking alcohol into the semi-disabled people) but room a bit smaller, the density too big, some geographical differencesAccording to the memorandum, immigrants cultural background and their wishes to live close to relatives or members of thei

17、r own ethnic group are respected when council dwellings grow. This change of tone is in line with the general changes in council housing allocation at the time: since the mid-1990s all council housing applicants have been able to specify which they wish to live in. The housing memorandums of Helsink

18、i overlook immigrants housing issues almost completely. Housing quotas, earmarked for refugees and Finns, are accounted for but the causes and consequences of ethnic residential segregation are not explicitly discussed The two housing policy memorandums for the years 19982002 and 20012005 form the o

19、nly exception. Herein, spatial dispersal of immigrants is to be promoted, as it is feared that segregation could trigger local conflicts, increase racism and hinder immigrants integration into the host society. Nevertheless, positive notions of clustering are also brought up. Spatial concentrations

20、are acknowledged to strengthen immigrantsfeelings of belonging, support community-formation and thereby provide a basis for a successful integration Management Centre of Finland, said the financial crisis, housing prices began to decline in Finland, Finland, President Ma Lila real estate brokerage f

21、irm, said in Helsinki, Finland has become the biggest housing price decline in the area. Helsinki in September 2008 prices decreased an average reduction of 5-10%, and the duplex structure and the larger of which housing prices decreased significantly, down 18%, since March has been the average pric

22、e per square meter fell about 900 . Reduced prices for most of these migrants is also a good opportunity to buy a house According to Phillips .residential segregation is not socially problematic per se, but it has negative consequences when linked with deprivation. On the basis of our analysis, it s

23、eems that it is precisely these kinds of consequences, wealth of vulnerable ethnic minorities, That Helsinki officials have been most afraid of. Combating residential segregation of immigrants, namely refugees and other low-income immigrants, has therefore been highly emphasized, even if positive as

24、pects of clustering are also acknowledged.Although, Helsinkis mixing policies have been fairly explicit in their goal, they have not specified what level of concentration is too much, or how the ambitious goals of spatial dispersal should be carried out on a grass-root level. When policies lack clea

25、r instructions on practical implementation, much room is left for individual decisions and interpretation of housing . In such situations assumptions and reasoning behind the practices of council housing allocation become particularly crucial. In Helsinki, decisions on council housing allocation are

26、 based on a case-specific reasoning. When vacancies appear, housing officials choose new residents on the basis of housing applicants own requests and the resident composition of a building. If the building in question houses many immigrants already, and especially if there are several large familie

27、s, officials try to direct prospective immigrant households into other buildings and choose another applicant instead. The logic behind the decisions is described well by two interviewees who refer to a notion of common sense: The government sector particularly of teachers, police and nurses in thes

28、e low-income middle class families and some have applied for government subsidies of foreign workers. The income of these families is often higher than the standard application for rental subsidies, but also on the free market economy can not afford the family-type housing. Most representative of th

29、e taka Surrey, nearly one-third of housing is social housing, the affordable rental housing by the city government and all other non-profit organizations. Another one-third of those affected by price regulation, the housing can be freely traded or only residence housing. The remaining one-third of p

30、rivate capital investment in the construction of housing, prices fully liberalized. "three one-third" model, in general, a bit like China's low-rent housing, affordable housing, and housing, but the proportion of the division to determine, especially in real estate only one-third of Ch

31、ina, it is worth considering.Source: J Hous and the Built Environ (2009) 24:423-439譯文：外來人口在赫爾辛基居住政策方針20世紀(jì)70年代以來在赫爾辛基，混合政策已成為對城市規(guī)劃的重要組成部分。規(guī)劃師和住房官員一直努力創(chuàng)造和維持著通過混合使用權(quán)和社會政策的空間均衡來發(fā)展城市。對于混合政策的理由是源自于外來人員的政治平等的福利。一個平衡的社會城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是被理解為是一個基礎(chǔ)的，公正的，平等的社會，而住房政策，包括住房津貼，以及生產(chǎn)和負(fù)擔(dān)得起住房費(fèi)用，以及體面的住房分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是我們一直所追求的。任期混合，尤其是被認(rèn)

32、為是積極的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展下的整個城市的成果?；旌险叩闹饕繕?biāo)是防止社會問題的積累（即問題逐漸擴(kuò)大）。在過去十年中，赫爾辛基市里已經(jīng)建造了許多針對外來人員的新的住房和建筑質(zhì)量高、居住密度高、交通易達(dá)和綠地充足的住宅社區(qū)。 當(dāng)然，大多數(shù)人會想知道赫爾辛基如何能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高質(zhì)量的多住戶單元住房。赫爾辛基市副市長Penttilä負(fù)責(zé)城市規(guī)劃和房地產(chǎn)，對他來講，答案很簡單。由于赫爾辛基市擁有百分之七十的土地，所以赫爾辛基對開發(fā)其擁有土地的方式有高度的可控性。加上來自房產(chǎn)稅的收入不到城市預(yù)算的百分之八（相比之下，典型的加拿大自治城市約為百分之四十），因此，赫爾辛基繼續(xù)建立非隔離的市場和經(jīng)濟(jì)上補(bǔ)貼住

33、房的長期政策是可行的，使以市場為導(dǎo)向的美學(xué)和補(bǔ)貼單元之間幾乎沒有明顯的差異。赫爾辛基擁有43,000個租住單位，20094個價格和質(zhì)量受控（HITAS）單位和2480個居住權(quán)公寓房，為城市570,000居民提供近百分之二十五的住房。而對于外來人口則可以提供百分之十八的住房。為了支持高品質(zhì)的房屋單位總數(shù)，30年前城市建立了HITAS部，負(fù)責(zé)管理通過私營部門建造的住房開發(fā)項目，從而監(jiān)測開發(fā)商的建設(shè)成本，保證了很高的住房質(zhì)量。這也是一個城市的慣常做法，在任何項目推出投標(biāo)之前舉行設(shè)計比賽，鼓勵房屋設(shè)計的持續(xù)創(chuàng)新。 為了幫助促進(jìn)赫爾辛基新區(qū)的改造重建規(guī)劃，外來人員的住房問題早在20世紀(jì)90年代開始就已經(jīng)納入現(xiàn)有的在赫爾辛基混合政策之中了。外來人員的居住隔離被認(rèn)為是一個令人關(guān)注的問題。所以就成立了一個工作組，并且成立了一個草案，而市議會在1991年的移民政策會議上也通過建議。赫爾辛基的房價相對于當(dāng)?shù)厝说氖杖雭碚f非常便宜。市區(qū)的一般公寓每平方米售價在2000到3000歐元。特別聲明，人家計算總價用的