功能翻譯理論

1、功能翻譯理論（functional translation theory）簡述功能翻譯理論（functional translation theory）誕生在20世紀(jì)70年代的德國，形成這一理論有三個(gè)杰出貢獻(xiàn)者：Katharine Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer and Christiane Nord。根據(jù)雜志上發(fā)表的論文、學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上宣讀的論文、學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告和出版的專著，功能翻譯理論（functional translation theory）的要點(diǎn)簡述如下： 1、分析概念段（conceptual paragraph，具有明確主題意義一個(gè)或多個(gè)自然段）和句子的修辭功能，使修辭功能的形

2、式重現(xiàn)，從形式的等同中求得功能的等值，意義的等值，這種翻譯叫做功能翻譯。翻譯應(yīng)該是在修辭功能等值的前提下，遵守“信、達(dá)、X”規(guī)范；文體不同，翻譯的目的不一樣，X不一樣。（張梅崗，中國科技翻譯，1994，（3）；劉重德，三湘譯論，湖南出版社，1995；周篤寶，中國翻譯，2000，（2） 2、功能翻譯理論（functional translation theory）強(qiáng)調(diào)修辭形式等同和功能等值的一致性，修辭是手段，是形式；功能是修辭產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或達(dá)到的目的，是內(nèi)容的總和。修辭包括概念段內(nèi)和句內(nèi)的修辭，即語言語境的修辭，也包括情景語境、文化語境、語用語境的修辭。（科技英語修辭，1998）換句話說，在概念

3、段和句子中，語義、語法和語用三者合為一體表達(dá)修辭功能。 3、功能是靠結(jié)構(gòu)（structures）來體現(xiàn)的，任何一種語言都是由四種符號(hào)元素（詞、詞標(biāo)識(shí)、詞序和語調(diào)）構(gòu)成。語言結(jié)構(gòu)（constructions）的認(rèn)知圖式與其他認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)知圖式類似，由簡單到復(fù)雜，由具體到抽象，構(gòu)成語言因果網(wǎng)絡(luò)。概念段貫穿了一條主題鏈，或稱因果鍵。這條因果鍵是命題或語言事件構(gòu)成的，也是它們的概念化的參考點(diǎn)。（中國翻譯，1998，（5）此文已被美國Colby Information Center of Science & Culture收錄，網(wǎng)上轉(zhuǎn)載。） 4、功能翻譯理論（functional transla

4、tion theory）強(qiáng)調(diào)認(rèn)知圖式理論對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐和翻譯研究的作用，各種普遍結(jié)構(gòu)和特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的認(rèn)知圖式越具體、越豐富，對(duì)翻譯研究和實(shí)踐的能力就越強(qiáng)，是譯者形成圖式文本的基礎(chǔ)。 5、功能翻譯理論（functional translation theory）強(qiáng)調(diào)，翻譯過程是個(gè)斡旋推理過程，因果鏈?zhǔn)沁壿嬐评淼幕窘Y(jié)構(gòu)，利用已知信息，對(duì)非語言要素（如情景、文化和語用等語境）的修辭功能進(jìn)行判斷，產(chǎn)生正確的推時(shí)結(jié)論。（英漢功能翻譯，1999）中國傳統(tǒng)翻譯理論研究局限于翻譯原則或者翻譯技巧的研究，缺乏真正的理論研究，自然也就缺乏方法論，所以中國的傳統(tǒng)翻譯理論很難指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐。本文簡略介紹功能翻譯理論（func

5、tional translation theory），并探究其理論基礎(chǔ)，通過關(guān)聯(lián)理論詳述功能翻譯理論（functional translation theory），從而豐富了功能翻譯理論（functional translation theory）的內(nèi)容。The functionalist translation theory came into being in 1970s in Germany, and there have been three distinguished contributors to the formation of this theory: Katharine Re

6、iss, Hans J. Vermeer and Christiane Nord.  In 1971, in her book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, Katharina Reiss put forward a model of translation criticism based on the functional relationship between source and target texts. However, her theory was firmly within equivalence

7、 principle. Yet Reiss is aware that there do exist situations “where equivalence is not possible and in some cases, not even desired” and there are “certain exceptions from the equivalence requirement”(Nord 2001: 9). One exception is when the target text has a different communicative function from t

8、he source text. “In such situations, she thinks that the functional perspective takes precedence over the normal standards of equivalence. Then translation critic can no longer rely on features derived from source-text analysis but has to judge whether the target is functional in terms of the transl

9、ation context.”(Nord 1997: 9)  Hans J. Vermeer, the student of Reiss, gave up the source-text centered linguistic translation theory altogether. Based on action theory, Vermeer defined translation as a purposeful human activity that takes place in a given situation. And he made a breakthrough b

10、y putting forward his famous Skopostheorie which is regarded as the landmark of functional translation. Skopos is a Greek word for “purpose”, and Skopostheorie means the theory of purposeful action. Skopostheorie includes three principal rules: namely, the Skopos rule, the coherence rule (intratextu

11、al coherence) and fidelity rule (intertextual coherence). Vermeer explains the Skopos rule in this way: Each text is produced for a given purpose which the text is intended to serve. The Skopos rule thus reads as follows: translate/ interpret/ speak/ write in a way that enables your text/ trans

12、lation to function in the situation in which it is used and with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function. (Vermeer 1989a: 20, cit. Nord, 1997)  Coherence rule specified that a translation should be acceptable in the sense that it is coherent with the rece

13、ivers situation, that is, the target-text receivers should be able to understand the target text and interpret it as being sufficiently coherent with their own communicative situation and culture. At the same time, we have to note that since the target text is produced according to the formation off

14、ered in the source text, it is expected to bear some kind of relationship with the source text. This relationship is what we call “intertextual coherence” or“ fidelity”.  On the basis of Skopostheorie by Hans J. Vermeer, Nord summarized other academic thought and Criticism to the functionalist translation theory. She put forward the loyalty rule, which is the supplement to Skopostheorie. Th