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1、5號(hào)宋體，居中空一行黑體4號(hào)，居中關(guān)于教育改革的研究馬?？w五號(hào)楷體五號(hào)宋體五號(hào)加黑摘要：近年來(lái)，我國(guó)世界一流大學(xué)的工作取得了積極的進(jìn)展，但也存在著若干誤區(qū)。一是單純地瞄準(zhǔn)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一流大學(xué)的成就，卻忽視了取得這些成就的內(nèi)在機(jī)制；二是在注重向發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家學(xué)習(xí)的同時(shí)，忽視了借鑒歷史上我國(guó)近代大學(xué)成功的辦學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。有鑒如此，當(dāng)前應(yīng)反思我們的大學(xué)制度，積極推進(jìn)制度創(chuàng)新。宋體五號(hào)加黑 關(guān)鍵詞：世界一流大學(xué) 大學(xué)制度 制度創(chuàng)新關(guān)鍵詞之間不用分號(hào)，空兩格。(大約200字左右)（中文摘要的內(nèi)容和關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)與英文摘要相對(duì)應(yīng)，關(guān)鍵詞3-5個(gè)，詞與詞之間用空格分開(kāi)）一級(jí)標(biāo)題、小四、Times New Roman、加粗空一行

2、、Times New Roman、小四Times New Roman、小三、加粗、居中ContentsIntroduction.1I. A Historical Retrospection of Metaphor.21.1 Aristotelian School: MetaphorA Device of Rhetoric.2二級(jí)標(biāo)題、小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、縮進(jìn)一個(gè)字母1.2 The Platonic SchoolLanguage is Metaphorical. 51.3 The Study of Metaphor from the 20th Century to th

3、e Present.6II. On Similarity72.1 Similarity: A Fundamental Criterion for the Classification of Metaphor.72.2 Similarity and Culture.92.3 Similarity and Category.102.4 The Relationship Between Similarity and Knowledge.13三級(jí)標(biāo)題、小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、縮進(jìn)約3個(gè)字母III. On the Mechanism of Metaphor.153.1 Blacks

4、 Interaction Theory.153.1.1 Introduction to the Interaction Theory.153.1.2 Some Defects of the Interaction Theory163.2 Lakoffian Conceptual Metaphor Theory.193.2.1 The Philosophical Basis of Lakoffian Theory.193.2.2 Lakoffian Theory on the Mechanism of Metaphor213.2.3 The Deficiencies of Lakoffian T

5、heory in Expounding the Creation of Similarity.263.3 Conceptual Integration Theory.29四級(jí)標(biāo)題、小四、Times New Roman、不加粗、縮進(jìn)約6個(gè)字母3.3.1 An Introduction to the Conceptual Integration Theory.293.3.1.1 Four Mental Spaces.293.3.1.2 Three Processes of BT.333.3.1.3 Optimality Principles of BT.343.3.2 The Advantages

6、 of BT in Solving the Paradox of the Two Former Theories.343.3.2.1 The Generic Mental Space.343.3.2.2 The Blending Space and Emergent Structure.353.3.2.3 The Other Advantages of BT.40Conclusion.42References.45另：目錄中的頁(yè)碼和標(biāo)題必須和文中一致?。ㄕ撐拇蛴∮肁4紙）頁(yè)面設(shè)置 左4 右 3 上 3 下 3 一級(jí)標(biāo)題 上面小三Times New Roman，空三行，單倍行距一級(jí)標(biāo)題Times

7、 New Roman三號(hào)、頂格加粗、下空小四一行每個(gè)自然段前頂格，段與段之間空一行 Introduction 正文小四、Times New Roman、 1.5倍行距The study of metaphor has long been with us and the focus of the study is the mechanism of metaphor. It is the most significant and indispensable part of the study. For more than two thousand years, the study is carri

8、ed on mainly from the perspective of rhetoric, viewing metaphor as a device of rhetoric, an embellishment of language. The representative of the theories in this long period is Aristotles Comparison Theory and Quintilians Theory of Substitution. Because metaphor is not only a rhetorical phenomenon,

9、but also one of cognition, the interpretation force of these theories is very limited. In 1936, I.A. Richards put forward Interaction Theory. Later Max Black m.(以下省略，此部分字?jǐn)?shù)最少不少于300字)一級(jí)標(biāo)題單獨(dú)起頁(yè)、Times New Roman三號(hào)、頂格加粗、下空小四一行一級(jí)標(biāo)題標(biāo)題上面小三Times New Roman，空三行，單倍行距二級(jí)標(biāo)題、Times New Roman四號(hào)、頂格加粗、下不空行I. A Historical

10、 Retrospection of Metaphor2.1 Aristotelian School: Metaphor-A Device of Rhetoric Andrew Ortony, one of the most influential writers on metaphor, has pointed out, and there are few who would disagree with him, that it is still the case that “Any serious study of metaphor is almost obliged to start wi

11、th the works of Aristotle” (Ortony 3).（此處指引文來(lái)源：作者 頁(yè)碼）In Poetics, Aristotle expounds the essence, function and the way of explanation of metaphor as three nuclei. He defines metaphor as “the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from s

12、pecies to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion”(Aristotle 71). Then he gives four kinds of metaphor:引文：前縮進(jìn)10個(gè)字母、后不縮進(jìn)、上下各空1行Since lying at anchor is a species of the genus lying, one can say there lies my ship (genus-to-species metaphor), since ten thousand is a species of a large number, one

13、can say verily ten thousand noble deeds hath Odysseus wrought (species-to-genus metaphor). Since to draw away and to cleave are each a species of the genus taking away, one can say with blade of bronze drew away the life (species-to-species metaphor). And since old age is to life as evening to the d

14、ay, one can say that old age is the evening of life (ibid.). (此符號(hào)ibid.意為同上，引文出處與上相同。本例為整段引用，即block quotation， 前后空五號(hào)字一行 )In Rhetoric,（書(shū)名斜體） Aristotle says that the best metaphors are those that achieve the effect of bringing things vividly before the eyes of the audience. He argues that this effect i

15、s “produced by words which refer to things in action”( ibid. 92-93). “The best image involves a metaphor”(ibid. 96). From the above statements, we know that Aristotle views metaphor as a rhetorical device and an embellishment of language. Finally he establishes his theory on metaphorComparison Theor

16、y. It is the earliest theory in the history of the study of metaphor. Its main gist is:A metaphor can therefore only describe preexisting similarities. It cant create similarities (Lakoff & Johnson 1980: 153).（如果在論文中引用同一作者的不同的著作，應(yīng)加上出版年代以示區(qū)別） 二級(jí)標(biāo)題、Times New Roman四號(hào)、頂格加粗、上空一行、下不空行4.1 Blacks Intera

17、ction Theory（章內(nèi)每節(jié)標(biāo)號(hào)及標(biāo)題左起頂格，四號(hào)字，加粗，前后空一行為小四號(hào)字。三級(jí)標(biāo)題、Times New Roman小四號(hào)、頂格加粗、上下不空行 Introduction to Interaction Theory Interaction Theory was originated from I. A. Richards theory. In his definition he says: “In the simplest formulation, when we use a metaphor we have two thoughts of different things ac

18、tive together and supported by a single word, or phrase, whose meaning is a resultant of their interaction”(Richard 89). The most important in this definition is “two active thoughts interact with each other.” He first provided the basic terminology and conceptual framework for discussing metaphor.

19、He argued that metaphor consists of two terms, the tenor, or topic, and the vehicle, and the 二級(jí)標(biāo)題、Times New Roman四號(hào)、頂格加粗、在頁(yè)首時(shí)上下都不空行4.3 The Conceptual Integration Theory .三級(jí)標(biāo)題、Times New Roman小四號(hào)、頂格加粗、上下都不空行4.3.1 An Introduction to the Conceptual Integration TheoryConceptual Integration Theory was pro

20、posed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner四級(jí)標(biāo)題、Times New Roman小四號(hào)、頂格不加粗、上下都不空行.1 Four Mental SpacesIn BT, the basis unit of cognitive organization is not the domain but the mental spaces, which are a partial and temporary representational structure that speakers 一級(jí)標(biāo)題標(biāo)題上面小三Times New Roman空三行，單倍行距一級(jí)標(biāo)題

21、單獨(dú)起頁(yè)、Times New Roman三號(hào)、頂格加粗、下空小四一行Conclusion The study of metaphor is, in essence, the study of how metaphor works. It is the nucleus of metaphor study. Modern scholars discard the perspective that metaphor is a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language, and claim that metaphor is of cognition a

22、nd is omnipresent; it is a way of human thinking. Moreover, they hold that metaphor creates similarity instead of comparing two things which are based on the preexisting similarity. Hence, the mechanism of metaphor is to interpret how similarity is created. Blacks theory and Lakoffian theory, due to

23、 some defects and deficiencies, are not able to give a clear description of the creation of similarity. They endeavor to expoundTimes New Roman三號(hào)、居中加粗、下空小四一行References雜志必寫(xiě)：年，期，冒號(hào)，空格，頁(yè)碼，句點(diǎn)1 Haspelmath, Martin. Against Markedness (and what to replace it with). Journal of Linguistics, 2005(41): 35-49.2

24、 Lyons, John. Semantics. London: Cambridge UN. Press, 1977.寫(xiě)完一個(gè)參考文獻(xiàn)必須后寫(xiě)一句點(diǎn)前面均不空格6 馮志偉，徐福吉. 花園幽徑句初探J. 2003年5月在HNG（第二屆）學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)上宣讀的論文.7 潘天舒. 北京大學(xué)和世界一流大學(xué)經(jīng)費(fèi)比較J. 高等教育論壇，1999 (2)4: 8-10.8 蘇云峰. 從清華學(xué)堂到清華大學(xué)M. 北京：三聯(lián)書(shū)店，1991: 11-12.宋體五號(hào)一行沒(méi)寫(xiě)下第二行往里縮進(jìn)。漢語(yǔ)要寫(xiě)J/M等標(biāo)號(hào) 說(shuō)明：參考文獻(xiàn)的排列順序，先英文，后中文。英文按開(kāi)頭字母從A到Z的順序排列，中文按開(kāi)頭文字的漢語(yǔ)拼音從A到Z的順序排列。論文中若有任何標(biāo)題正好寫(xiě)到這一頁(yè)的最后一行，就把此標(biāo)題移到下一頁(yè)去。所有英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)后都應(yīng)再打一空格，否則標(biāo)點(diǎn)前后兩句距離太近。文中出現(xiàn)的英語(yǔ)和數(shù)字一律用Times New Roman 字體，包括參考文獻(xiàn)。論文標(biāo)題：三號(hào)、Times New Roman、加粗、居中Incorporating Culture into English Teaching in Middle Schools小四、加粗、Times New Rom