材料科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)外語文章

1、3/7/20221Zhang PengQingdao Technological UniversityEnglish on Materials Science and Engineering材料科學(xué)與工程材料科學(xué)與工程 專業(yè)英語專業(yè)英語3/7/20222Unit 1Materials Science and Engineering材料科學(xué)與工程材料科學(xué)與工程n本單元所涉及到的課程：專業(yè)概論、材料科學(xué)基本單元所涉及到的課程：專業(yè)概論、材料科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)等。礎(chǔ)等。3/7/20223Part I Introduction, materials history（Paragraph 1 Paragraph 3

2、）Part 2 Materials Science and Engineering（Paragraph 4 Paragraph 9）Part 3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering（Paragraph 10 Paragraph 14） 3/7/20224 Materials are properly more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation and f

3、ood production virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Part I IntroductionParagraph 1(Materials history)deep-seated 深層的，根深蒂固的深層的，根深蒂固的virtually 事實(shí)上，實(shí)質(zhì)上事實(shí)上，實(shí)質(zhì)上3/7/20225Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intim

4、ately tied to the members abilities to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (i.e. Stone Age, Bronze Age). 從歷史觀點(diǎn)來說，社會(huì)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步是與人類生產(chǎn)從歷史觀點(diǎn)來說，社會(huì)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步是與人類生產(chǎn)和使用材料的能力緊密相關(guān)的。事實(shí)上，人類早期和使用材料的能力緊密相關(guān)的。事實(shí)上

5、，人類早期的文明程度是以材料的發(fā)展水平來命名的。的文明程度是以材料的發(fā)展水平來命名的。What about today? intimately 密切地，緊密地密切地，緊密地manipulate 使用，操作使用，操作designated 任命，指派，命名任命，指派，命名3/7/20226New Words in Paragraph 1 deep-seated adj. 深層的，根深蒂固的深層的，根深蒂固的virtually adv. 事實(shí)上，實(shí)質(zhì)上事實(shí)上，實(shí)質(zhì)上intimately adv. 密切的，緊密的密切的，緊密的manipulate vt. 使用，操作使用，操作designate vt.

6、 任命，指派，命名任命，指派，命名3/7/20227The earliest human has access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones: these new materi

7、als included pottery and various metals. access to 有能力使用有能力使用superior to 較高的，較好的較高的，較好的pottery 陶器，陶瓷陶器，陶瓷Paragraph 2(Materials history)3/7/20228Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point,

8、 materials utilization was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristic. alter 改變，變更改變，變更utilization 利用利用by virtue of 依靠，由于，憑借依靠，由于，憑借Paragraph 23/7/20229It was not until r

9、elatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. element 元素，成份元素，成份ac

10、quire 獲得，學(xué)到，占有獲得，學(xué)到，占有empower 授權(quán)，準(zhǔn)許，使能夠授權(quán)，準(zhǔn)許，使能夠fashion n. 流行，時(shí)尚；流行，時(shí)尚；vt. 改革，改進(jìn)，改變改革，改進(jìn)，改變Paragraph 23/7/202210Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society. evolve 發(fā)展，進(jìn)化發(fā)展，進(jìn)化Paragraph 23/7/2

11、02211New Words in Paragraph 2 access to 有能力使用有能力使用superior to 較高的，較好的較高的，較好的pottery n. 陶器，陶瓷陶器，陶瓷utilization n. 利用利用by virtue of 依靠，由于，憑借依靠，由于，憑借empower v. 授權(quán)，準(zhǔn)許，使能夠授權(quán)，準(zhǔn)許，使能夠fashion n. 流行，時(shí)尚；流行，時(shí)尚；vt. 改革，改進(jìn)，改變改革，改進(jìn)，改變evolve v.發(fā)展，進(jìn)化發(fā)展，進(jìn)化3/7/202212The development of many technologies that make our exi

12、stence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. Advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. associated with 聯(lián)合，關(guān)聯(lián)聯(lián)合，關(guān)聯(lián)accessibility 易接近性，可達(dá)到性易接近性，可達(dá)到性forerunner 先驅(qū)者，預(yù)兆，征兆先驅(qū)

13、者，預(yù)兆，征兆Paragraph 3(Materials history)3/7/202213For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitutes. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called sem

14、iconducting materials. substitute n. 替代品替代品; v. 代替，替代代替，替代sophisticate n. 久經(jīng)事故的人；久經(jīng)事故的人； v. 篡改，曲解篡改，曲解Paragraph 33/7/202214New Words in Paragraph 3 associated with 聯(lián)合，關(guān)聯(lián)聯(lián)合，關(guān)聯(lián)accessibility 易接近性，可達(dá)到性易接近性，可達(dá)到性forerunner n. 先驅(qū)者，預(yù)兆，征兆先驅(qū)者，預(yù)兆，征兆substitute n. 替代品替代品; v. 代替，替代代替，替代sophisticate n. 久經(jīng)事故的人；久經(jīng)事故

15、的人； v. 篡改，曲解篡改，曲解3/7/202215Materials science is an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry, physics, metallurgy, engineering and very recently life science. One aspect of materials science involves studying and designing materials to make them useful and reliable in the service of humankind.

16、 interdisciplinary adj. 多學(xué)科的，跨學(xué)科的多學(xué)科的，跨學(xué)科的metallurgy n. 冶金，冶金術(shù)冶金，冶金術(shù)Part II Materials Science and EngineeringParagraph 4(Materials science)3/7/202216It strives for basic understanding of how structures and processes on the atomic scale result in the properties and functions familiar at the engineeri

17、ng level. Materials scientists are interested in physical and chemical phenomena acting across large magnitudes of space and time scales. interdisciplinary v. 努力，奮斗，斗爭努力，奮斗，斗爭result in 導(dǎo)導(dǎo) 致致phenomena n. 現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)象Paragraph 4(Materials science)3/7/202217In this regard it differs from physics or chemistry w

18、here the emphasis is more on explaining the properties of pure substances. In materials science there is also an emphasis on developing and using knowledge to understand how the properties of materials can be controllably designed by varying the compositions, structures, and the way in which the bul

19、k and surfaces phase materials are processed. Paragraph 4(Materials science)3/7/202218In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of those structure properties correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. In other words, mat

20、erials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials in design and how materials are manufactured. in contrast 相反地相反地correlation n. 相互關(guān)系相互關(guān)系Paragraph 5(Materials engineering)3/7/202219Structure is a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually rela

21、tes to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei.nebulous adj. 模糊不清的，朦朧的模糊不清的，朦朧的subatomic adj. 亞原子的亞原子的Paragraph 6(Structure)3/7/202220On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization o

22、f atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next large structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed microscopic meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. encompasses vt. 環(huán)繞，包括，包含環(huán)繞，包括，包含realm

23、n. 領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)域agglomerate n. 大團(tuán)；大團(tuán)； vt. 使成團(tuán)，使成塊使成團(tuán)，使成塊Paragraph 6(Structure)3/7/202221Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed macroscopic. Paragraph 6(Structure)3/7/202222The notion of property deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to ex

24、ternal stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subject to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. elaboration n. 苦心經(jīng)營，詳細(xì)細(xì)節(jié)苦心經(jīng)營，詳細(xì)細(xì)節(jié)stimuli n. 經(jīng)歷，刺激，經(jīng)驗(yàn)經(jīng)歷，刺激，經(jīng)驗(yàn) (stimulus 刺激的復(fù)數(shù)刺激的復(fù)數(shù))Paragraph 7(Property)3/7/202223Property is a mater

25、ial trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size. trait n. 特點(diǎn)，特性特點(diǎn)，特性in terms of 根據(jù)，按照根據(jù)，按照Paragraph 7(Property)3/7/202224Virtually all important properties of solid materials

26、 may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. optical adj. 光學(xué)的光學(xué)的provoke vt. 激起，驅(qū)使激起，驅(qū)使Paragraph 8(Categories of properties)3/7/202225

27、Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force: example include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. dielectric constant 電容率電容率Paragraph 8(Categories of properties)3/

28、7/202226The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation: index of refrac

29、tion and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials. 折射，折射， 反射反射Paragraph 8(Categories of properties)3/7/202227In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the sci

30、ence and engineering of materials, namely processing and performance. With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. in addition to, in additionwith regard to, with respect toParagraph 9(Processing and Performance)3/7/202228

31、Furthermore, a materials performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is linear as follows:Processing Structure Properties PerformanceParagraph 9(Processing and Performance)3/7/202229Why do we study materials

32、? Many an applied scientists or engineers, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will be exposed to a design problem involving materials at one time or another. be exposed to 暴露，面臨，處于暴露，面臨，處于境地境地at one time or another 時(shí)不時(shí)地，有時(shí)候時(shí)不時(shí)地，有時(shí)候Part III Why Study MaterialsParagraph 103/7/202230Ex

33、amples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineering are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials. transmission gear 傳送帶傳送帶integr

34、ate 使成整體，使一體化使成整體，使一體化circuit chip 電路元件電路元件be involved in 限于，潛心于，專于限于，潛心于，專于Paragraph 103/7/202231Many times, a materials problem is to select the right material from many thousands available ones. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service

35、 conditions must be characterized. criteria 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，原則標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，原則in-service conditions 服役環(huán)境，使用條件服役環(huán)境，使用條件Paragraph 113/7/202232On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example

36、 involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. on only rare occasion 只有在很少的情況下只有在很少的情況下trade off 交替，替換，取長補(bǔ)短交替，替換，取長補(bǔ)短Paragraph 113/7/202233In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary. compromise n. v. 妥協(xié)，折衷妥