《學術論文寫作》課程：研究報告

1、學術論文寫作課程：研究報告2011-2012學年度第1學期xx級英本（x）班 學號 xx 姓名 xx 成績 研究課題：the comparative study of "belly", "abdomen" and "stomach" in Chinese and in EnglishI. Introduction There are myriads kinds of languages in the world, but they are all contain the words and phrases that correspon

2、ding to human body, that is body parts word, which also called human word and organ word. Why this phenomenon exist? From the view of cognitive linguistics, people firstly know and familiar with their body, then set out to know and understand the external world from themselves. According to anthropo

3、centrism, "Everything is from people on their own, then apply to the outside world, to things in space, time, nature and so on." (Shen Jiaxuan, 1994,17-23), human beings all interpret the world in this way. This shows that, regardless of which kind of language, body parts word are an impor

4、tant part of the vocabulary system, it is very necessary to study it. In fact, there has been a lot of scholars at home and abroad interested in body parts word, and had further research of it, such as Lakoff, Johnson, Feng Lingyu, Li Shuxin, Fang Feixue, Shi Xiyao, who had been published articles o

5、r works related to body parts word.This paper attempts to study three specific body parts words-belly, abdomen and stomach. Aim at study their phrases' expression, usage and meaning both in Chinese and in English, including the words, phrases, collocation, how they make phrases and the sentences

6、' structure. I will collect the material from the dictionaries, the former researches and network corpus, then analyze the materials, inductive the similarities and differences, at last, I try to find out the background and reasons that make the differences and similarities . I.1 Anthropocentris

7、m Anthropocentrism is the guiding idea of modern western philosophy culture, it refers to person-centered, which indicate that the human beings is dominant and in ruling status, natural objects are being controlled and ruled. The core idea of anthropocentrism is "human beings is being put as th

8、e prerequisite of the theoretical of scientific research. Human beings is related to the trade-offs proportion between the unique perspective and theoretical premise, which means that people become the datum mark of analyzing a certain phenomenon, human beings takes parts in the analysis ,and decide

9、 the prospect and the final purpose of the analysis. But in the field of linguistics, anthropocentrism is put forward just in recent years, with the guidance of anthropocentrism, the results and contributions of studying linguistic are mainly reflected in the prominent characteristics of language at

10、 the level of philosophical ontology .some of the cognitive linguistics researches also proved the basic idea of anthropocentrism, on one hand, language is thought to be the most important of human understanding activity, studies of languages can help to reveal the mysteries of human cognitive activ

11、ities; On the other hand, the research of cognitive system can also help to study the structure of language system. Man is the subject to recognize and to understand the world, we are the starting point of the cognitive process, also are the final destination of the cognitive process. Researches of

12、contemporary cognitive linguistics found that people know things from the behavior of theirselves, then apply to the outside things, and finally to the space, time, nature and so on. Then form as anthropocentrism of the cognitive linguistics. literature Review As the materials that I can collected,

13、the former researcher study body parts word are mainly mainly from the following several aspects, 1, From the perspective of body parts word's rhetoric usage , especially from its metaphor usage. Such as, Min Na, Chinese Body Parts Word Metaphor of System Analysis (The Modern Chinese, 2007 the f

14、irst issue), Lakoff&Johnson, Metaphors we live by (University of Chicago Press, 1980), Lu Weizhong, The Cognitive Characteristics of Human Body Metaphor (The Foreign Language Teaching, 2003 the 6th issue 2nd volumes), Feng Lingyu, Human Metaphor and Counter-metaphor in Chinese (The Northern Revi

15、ew, no.4, 2007), etc. 2, From the perspective of body parts word's extended usage. Such as, Chen Ketong The "Beatific Union" and the Extended Meaning (The Academic Issue, no.4, 1993), Huang Yaojing The Extended Usage of Body Word (The Rhetoric Study, no.5, 1992), Xie Weili The Study of

16、 Body Parts' Original Meaning and Secondary Meaning (The Researchers, 3 rd issue, 2010), etc. 3, From the perspective of human body parts' idioms significance. Such as, Liu Zaixiong the cognitive interpretation of body parts word idioms significance in English (Journal of Shaoyang University

17、, no.4 volume 1, 2002), Li Lijun, Comparing English and Chinese Emotional Idioms Based on External Body Parts (Journal of Baoding Teachers College, 2005, 18(3), etc. 4, From the cultural perspective, reveals the deep cultural connotation behind the body parts word. Such as, Li Shuxin, On Cultural Co

18、nnotations in Chinese Body Language (Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 2002, 34(5), Xu Jun, Human Body Words and Expressions and the Analyze of Their Cultural Connotations (Inner Mongolia University, 2004), etc. 5, Extract some individual words from body parts wo

19、rd to study, a majority of them are about hand, heart and eyes. Such as, Yu Mingjie The Study of the Similarities and Differences of Two Polysemous Words "Head, Shou" in English and Chinese ( Overseas English, 2010, (10), Shi Xiyao, The Semantic and Pragmatic of "Heart" Class wor

20、ds (Chinese Language, 3rd issue, 1994), etc. Definitely, there still are a few research about face, mouth, etc.By contrast analyzing of the materials in my hand, I found that studies have been made for the cognitive analysis of the body parts word is not comprehensive. Most of the attention were foc

21、used on several main body parts, let's say hand and heart. But many parts got little attention or even not be paid any attention to, such as belly, abdomen, eyebrow and other internal organs in addition to heart. On the other hand, the ways of exploring cognitive interlinked still showed single

22、and drab. Most of the researches lack of a certain innovation and body parts word's cognitive analysis were not systematic enough, which give rise to that the conclusions were made with brief and boring classification. So the difference degree of the highlight and the mutual connection of body p

23、arts word is not be fully cognized. These above conditions obligate spaces for further comprehensive and systematic cognitive study.It's easy to see that there are lots of studies about body parts word, but according to the statistical analysis of the data I read, no one had ever carried out a c

24、omprehensive research to the word "belly" , so I am trying to give an all-sided research on this word, taking this opportunity to add new data to the body parts word vocabulary system research, and to fill blank of the previous studies.Belly and the parts included in the same area are quit

25、e important to human beings and animals, badly hurt to belly may be deadly. According to the cognitive linguistics and anthropocentrism, words produced by belly projecting in our environment are quite a lot, the same to their usages. Refers to the predecessors' researches theory and method, I wi

26、ll study belly from many perspectives. But when I set out to study, I found that belly is very often associated with abdomen and stomach. And in the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Chinese-English Edition), du can be translated into belly, abdomen and stomach in English, but these three English wor

27、ds are translated to du, fu, wei accurately. For these reasons, when I search of the relevant materials of du, abdomen and stomach cannot be avoided, therefore, I enlarge my topic as "the comparative study of "belly", "abdomen" and "stomach" in Chinese and in Engli

28、sh". The Significance of StudyThis essay has a certain theoretical and practical significance.Firstly, mass of study on body parts words is made in China and abroad, while most of the researches are mainly about the body parts word's rhetorical usage, that's say, metaphorical and metony

29、my, or about some specific body parts words, but few of them mentioned belly, abdomen and stomach. This thesis tries to make a deeply and comprehensively research on these three words both in Chinese and in English, this is a further complementary to body parts word studies, the research of body par

30、ts words could be developed. People also should open up eyesight, make further study about other body parts words which can be used in language as nouns, verbs, adjectives and so on.Secondly, as we know, people get to know the outside world after they know well about themselves, lots of words can be

31、 made up by body parts word and many phenomenas can be describe by using body parts word. Belly, abdomen and stomach are very important parts of our body, better understanding and using of these three words could help us enrich our language to be vivid and interesting. Besides, by comparative study

32、of these three words in Chinese and English, readers can know more about the differences between this two country. So, it will be research about different cultures and diversity of different languages. Beyond that, this study offers guidance not only for cross-culture communications, but also langua

33、ge teaching. And it's also very crucial about the language expression and language realization.OutlineIntroduction literature ReviewThe comparative of Du&Belly3.1 Du in Chinese3.2 Belly in English3.3 Similarities3.4 Differences3.5 SummaryThe comparative of Fu&Abdomen4.1 Fu in Chinese42 A

34、bdomen in English4.3 Similarities4.4 Differences4.5 SummaryThe comparative of Wei&Stomach5.1 Wei in Chinese5.2 Stomach in English5.3 Similarities5.4 Differences5.5 Summary Join up to compare 6.1 Du, Fu&Wei 6.2 Belly, Abdomen&Stomach Conclusion Bibliography1. AS Hornby. Oxford Advanced Le

35、arners English-Chinese Dictionary (Extended fourth edition) D. China:The Commercial Press & Oxford University Press, 2002.2. M, Johnson. The Body in the Mind : The Bodily Basis of Meaning , Imagination ,and ReasonM. Chicago :University of Chicago Press , 1987.3. M, Johnson. The Body in the Mind

36、: The Bodily Basis of Meaning , Imagination ,and ReasonM. Chicago :University of Chicago Press , 1987.4. M, Johnson. The Body in the Mind : The Bodily Basis of Meaning , Imagination ,and ReasonM. Chicago :University of Chicago Press , 1987.5. G, Lakoff. &M.Johnson. The Philosophy in the Flesh :The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western ThoughtM. New York :BasicBooks , 1999.6.G,Lakoff.&M.Johnson. Metaph