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1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)B級(jí)統(tǒng)考之語(yǔ)法概要大學(xué)英語(yǔ)B級(jí)統(tǒng)考之語(yǔ)法部分主要涉及到連接詞、動(dòng)詞形式與時(shí)態(tài)、主謂語(yǔ)一致、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等內(nèi)容,為方便考生對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的復(fù)習(xí),現(xiàn)將考試當(dāng)中重點(diǎn)涉及的內(nèi)容總結(jié)如下:(一)名詞A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)名詞可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分。1不可數(shù)名詞只用單數(shù)形式。如果要表示數(shù)量多少,需在其前面加量詞來(lái)表達(dá)。如:a piece of news(一條新聞);two pieces of advice(兩條建議)2名詞所有格的構(gòu)成是名詞加“s”,如:Marys room;如原詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s,則只加“”,如:the students hall, 通常用于有生命的存在物的名詞;名詞
2、所有格也可以由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成,通常用于無(wú)生命的存在物的名詞, 如:the window of the classroom. B例題講解What a beautiful house! Especially there are many _.A. furnitureB. furnituresC. pieces of furnitureD. pieces of furnitures解析:此題考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。Furniture 為不可數(shù)名詞,后面不能加s。很多家具用many pieces of furniture,因此答案為C。(二)冠詞A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)冠詞是一種虛詞,用在名詞前面,說(shuō)明名詞是特指
3、還是泛指。冠詞分不定冠詞和定冠詞。1. 不定冠詞: a / an表示“一”、“某一”概念,用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。a用在輔音開(kāi)頭的詞前,an用在元音開(kāi)頭的詞前。如:an English teacher/ a second year一位老師/又一年;2. 定冠詞:the表示“特指的一個(gè)或一些”。通常用在形容詞最高級(jí)及序數(shù)詞前,或世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前;也用于樂(lè)器名詞前。如:the best season最好的季節(jié)/the first lady第一夫人/the earth 地球/play the piano 彈鋼琴;3. 不使用冠詞的情況:在三餐飯、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)的名稱之前。在某些慣用詞中也不用冠
4、詞,以具體名詞表示抽象概念。 如:have lunch吃午飯/ play basketball打籃球/ go to school上學(xué)B例題講解1)_ girl dressed _ black is her sister Rose. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 2, 34)A. A; inB. A; onC. The; onD. The; in解析:D。介詞in可表示“穿(戴)”的意思。此外,特指“穿黑色衣服的女孩”,用定冠詞the.2)He is fond of playing _ piano while his brother is interested in listening to _ m
5、usic. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 5, 36) A. /; theB. /; /C. the; /D. the; the解析:C。演奏的樂(lè)器名詞前+the。Music為不可數(shù)名詞,其前不可用a/an,而題意“對(duì)音樂(lè)感興趣”并沒(méi)有特指哪種音樂(lè),也不可用the.3)He goes to _ church every Sunday. _ church he usually goes to has seating for over a thousand.A. a, theB. /, The C. The, theD. /, a解析:B。go to church“做禮拜”是慣用法,不用冠詞?!八H?/p>
6、的教堂”表特指,前加the。(三)代詞代詞用于指代。包括:人稱、物主、反身、疑問(wèn)、不定代詞等。1many, few和a few一般只能修飾或指代可數(shù)名詞,much, little和a little 一般只能修飾或指代不可數(shù)名詞。a few 和a little表示“有一些”,具有肯定意義,而few和little表示“幾乎沒(méi)有”,具有否定意義。many和much表示“許多”。2表示“全部”:兩者用both,三者以上用all; 表示“全無(wú)”:兩者用neither,三者以上用none或no one;表示“任一”:兩者用either,三者以上用any。3other, others, the other,
7、 the others, another的區(qū)別(1)other作形容詞修飾名詞,泛指“別的、其他的”。有時(shí)會(huì)放在some, any, every, no等詞之后。e.g. We study Chinese, maths, English and other lessons.(2)others是代詞,泛指“其他人或物”。如:I'm glad to help others.(3)the other特指范圍內(nèi)的另一個(gè)(范圍內(nèi)一共兩個(gè))。e.g. I have two friends. One is from Australia, the other is from Japan.(4)the
8、others特指范圍內(nèi)的另一些(范圍總數(shù)通常多于兩個(gè))。e.g. There are forty students in our class. Twenty-eight of us are boys, the others are girls.(5)another指同類中(三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上)的“另一個(gè)”,是指不確定的另一個(gè)。e.g. Would you like another cup of coffee?B例題講解1)The baby is hungry, but theres _ milk in the bottle. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 2, 28)A. littleB. a lit
9、tleC. fewD. a few解析:A。milk是不可數(shù)名詞,所以只能用little/a little修飾,而根據(jù)題意“寶寶餓了,但瓶里幾乎沒(méi)有牛奶了”,只能選little。2)She has two best friends. _ of them is in the country. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 2, 44)A. AllB. BothC. No oneD. Neither解析:D。代詞all表“所有”和both表“兩者都”,其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)。neither表“兩者都不”,其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。3)Its time to tidy your room, Harry!
10、(大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 5, 33) See the tidy room, Mum! _ is where it should be. Test 5 A. SomethingB. AnythingC. EverythingD. Nothing解析:C。根據(jù)說(shuō)話人所說(shuō)內(nèi)容可以知道,房間里一切都很整潔,含有整體性,應(yīng)用everything。Anything主要用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。4)The red flower goes from one to _ in the class. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 6, 27) A. the otherB. othersC. anotherD. other
11、解析:C。按照句意傳花不是兩者之間(from one to the other),而是三者以上(from one to another),故選C。(四)數(shù)詞A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)數(shù)詞分為兩大類:基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。1基數(shù)次表示數(shù)量(one, two, three),序數(shù)次表示次序(first, second, third)。2數(shù)詞hundred, thousand, million不用復(fù)數(shù);其“復(fù)數(shù)+of”可表示數(shù)百、數(shù)千、數(shù)百萬(wàn),如:three thousand 三千/ thousands of trees(數(shù)千棵樹(shù))3在表達(dá)年齡時(shí),注意以下表達(dá)法:He is six years old.(其中year
12、須用其復(fù)數(shù))He is a six-year-old boy.(其中year不用復(fù)數(shù))“他6歲了?!盉例題講解1)They have learned about _ in recent years. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 2, 37)A. several hundreds English wordsB. hundreds of English wordsC. hundred of English wordsD. several hundred English word解析:B。hundreds of 之類的短語(yǔ)之前也可加many,several之類的詞修飾。A項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤在于hundreds后
13、缺少of。2)Nancy is _ girl. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 2, 29)A. a eighteen-year-old B. an eighteen-years-oldC. a eighteen-years-oldD. an eighteen-year-old解析:D。eighteen-year-old是一個(gè)由連字符連接的復(fù)合形容詞(其中year不用復(fù)數(shù)),作girl的定語(yǔ)。同時(shí),由于eighteen是元音開(kāi)頭的詞,前面的不定冠詞用an。(五)形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)、比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)1比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成形式(1)絕大多數(shù)單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)詞后加-er構(gòu)成比較級(jí),加-est
14、構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。如:nice nicer nicest(2)大部分雙音節(jié)詞和所有的多音節(jié)詞,前面加more構(gòu)成比較級(jí),加the most 構(gòu)成最高級(jí)。如:careful-more careful-most careful2形容詞和副詞的應(yīng)用(1)同等程度比較:as + 原級(jí) + as e.g. Tom is as bright as Mark.湯姆和亨利一樣聰明。(2)不同程度的比較:比較級(jí) + than e.g. Tom is taller than Mark.湯姆比亨利高。not as/so + 原級(jí) + as e.g. Tom is not as/so bright as Mark.湯姆不如
15、亨利聰明。(3)對(duì)比與比較:the +比較級(jí), the +比較級(jí) e.g. The older I get, the happier I am.我越變老,越覺(jué)得幸福。比較級(jí)+ and +比較級(jí) e.g. Jane became more and more beautiful.珍妮越來(lái)越漂亮了。(4)當(dāng)幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),其排列順序是: 好壞、美丑 + 大小、新舊、顏色 + 質(zhì)地、屬性 + 名詞 e.g. a beautiful big blue wooden house(5)當(dāng)被修飾的是以-thing, -one, -body結(jié)尾的不定代詞時(shí),作定語(yǔ)的形容詞要后置。 e.g. I rea
16、d something interesting. 我讀了一些有趣的東西。例題講解1)Your box is mine.A. four times as big as B. four times as bigger asC. as four times bigD. as big as four times解析:A。在asas句型中,如有表示程度的狀語(yǔ)(如 twice, three times),則置于第一個(gè)as之前,表示前者是后者的幾倍。2)Todays weather is _ worse than yesterdays. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 2, 40)A. veryB. muchC.
17、 very muchD. much too解析:B。very用來(lái)修飾形容詞的原級(jí)形式;much修飾比較級(jí);very much一般用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞; much too常用來(lái)修飾形容詞的原級(jí)形式。3)Did the medicine make you feel better? (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 6, 43)No. The more _, _ I feel. A. medicine I take; and the worseB. medicine I take; the worse C. I take medicine; the worseD. I take medicine; worse解析:
18、B。 本題是“越越”句型,要用“the + 比較級(jí),the + 比較級(jí)”句型,前后分句都用陳述語(yǔ)氣。4)What will you buy for your boyfriends birthday? (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 5, 34)I want to buy a _ wallet for him. A. black leather smallB. small black leather C. small leather blackD. black small leather解析:B。根據(jù)多個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)次序排列規(guī)律,應(yīng)該是small(大?。?black(顏色)+leather(質(zhì)地)。(
19、六)動(dòng)詞的基本時(shí)態(tài)理論基礎(chǔ):什么是動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)?動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),是指一種語(yǔ)言通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化來(lái)反映“動(dòng)作時(shí)間”和“動(dòng)作狀態(tài)”-“時(shí)態(tài)”就是“動(dòng)作時(shí)間+動(dòng)作狀態(tài)”的合稱。英語(yǔ)有“現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)”這樣4種動(dòng)作時(shí)間的區(qū)分,有“一般態(tài)、完成態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)、完成進(jìn)行態(tài)”這樣4種動(dòng)作狀態(tài)的區(qū)分。對(duì)“動(dòng)作時(shí)間”和“動(dòng)作狀態(tài)”進(jìn)行排列組合,我們可以得到下面的結(jié)果:時(shí)間 狀態(tài)一般(態(tài))完成(態(tài))進(jìn)行(態(tài))完成進(jìn)行(態(tài))現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)完
20、成時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)通過(guò)排列組合,我們得知英語(yǔ)一共有16種不同的時(shí)態(tài)。這種排列組合就像化學(xué)元素周期表一樣嚴(yán)整,令人贊嘆。但是在日常生活中,這些時(shí)態(tài)使用的頻率有高有低,像“過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(態(tài))”是極少用到的。在日常生活中最常用的是以下8種時(shí)態(tài),是考試的內(nèi)容,需要大家全部掌握。A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為do 或does (第三人稱單數(shù))。通常表示客觀事實(shí)或真理;或表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。e.g. The earth moves around the sun.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。He always goes to school by bike.他總是騎車
21、去上學(xué)。(特別提醒:.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以代替將來(lái)時(shí),用于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。)e.g. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come. 下次來(lái)之前請(qǐng)一定給我來(lái)電話。2一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為did. 表示過(guò)去時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與過(guò)去特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;或表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間一直持續(xù)或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,可與表示頻度的時(shí)間副詞連用。e.g. I bought this computer five years ago.He often took a walk after supper when he was in Shang
22、hai.3一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為will do/ shall do /be going to do. 表達(dá)在未來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 e.g. The telephone is ringing. I will answer it.電話在響,我去接。4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 動(dòng)詞形式為is/am/are+ doing,表示此時(shí)此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。e.g. The police are looking for the two missing children.警察們正在尋找兩個(gè)丟失的孩子。5過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 動(dòng)詞形式為 was/were + doing,表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。(
23、主語(yǔ)是I,she,he時(shí)用was)e.g. Jane burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner.6現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞形式為have / has done,常與already,recently, never,ever, yet,since連用。用來(lái)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作。e.g. The milk has already become undrinkable 牛奶已經(jīng)不能喝了?;蛘弑硎具^(guò)去某時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。e.g. He has lived here since 1949.自從1949年以來(lái),他一直住在這兒。7過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)
24、動(dòng)詞形式為had done. 表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始并一直延續(xù)到這一時(shí)刻、或是在此刻前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。e.g. By the end of last term we had learned 1000 English words.到上學(xué)期末,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了1000個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。B例題講解1)When Lily came home at 5 p.m. yesterday, her mother _ dinner in the kitchen. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 1, 36)A. cookedB. was cooking C. cooksD. has cooked解析:B。此題意思為:當(dāng)
25、Lily昨天下午五點(diǎn)回家時(shí),媽媽正在廚房里做飯。用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。2)Johns father _ mathematics in this school ever since he graduated from Harvard University. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 1, 40)A. taughtB. teachesC. has taughtD. is teaching解析:C。此題意思為:約翰的父親自從哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)后就一直在這所學(xué)校讀書,這種狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,所以句子用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。3)I was giving a talk to a large group of people, th
26、e same talk I _ to half a dozen other groups before. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 2, 45)A. was givingB. am givingC. had givenD. have given解析:C。凡是表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)“had done”。根據(jù)題意可知had given的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在was giving之前,所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。(七)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在英語(yǔ)中,不作句子謂語(yǔ),而具有除謂語(yǔ)外其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞,叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞;有一般態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)三種形式以及相應(yīng)的主動(dòng)與被
27、動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。A知識(shí)要點(diǎn)1動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可作主語(yǔ)。e.g. Seeing is believing. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。To refuse him is not easy this time. 這次很難拒絕他。注意:常用it作形式主語(yǔ),而將動(dòng)詞不定式放在謂語(yǔ)后面。e.g. It is impossible for us to measure it in miles. 讓我們用英里來(lái)計(jì)算不太可能。(不定式前加一個(gè)for us表示不定式的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的)2動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可作賓語(yǔ)。(1)有些及物動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ),如:hope,want,wish,decide,manage等:e.g. We all
28、 hope to see you. 我們都希望見(jiàn)到你。(2)有些及物動(dòng)詞只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),如:finish, avoid, enjoy, mind, insist on 等:e.g. He has finished doing his work.他已經(jīng)干完了他的工作。(3)有的及物動(dòng)詞既可用不定式,也可用動(dòng)名詞,但其意義有所不同。如:remember, forget, regret, stop ,前者表示動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有做,后者表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)做了。e.g. I forgot to take aspirin this morning. 我上午忘了吃阿斯匹林了(但現(xiàn)在想起來(lái)了)。e.g. I forgo
29、t taking aspirin and took it again a few minutes ago. 我忘了吃過(guò)阿司匹林,幾分鐘以前又吃了一次。3動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(1)一些表示感官詞或使役動(dòng)詞,如see, hear, have, make, let等后面用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。(2)不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了(即動(dòng)作的全部過(guò)程結(jié)束了);現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生(即處于發(fā)生的過(guò)程中),如:e.g. I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看見(jiàn)小孩爬墻了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)爬墻這件事)e.g. I saw the boy climbing the wal
30、l.我看見(jiàn)小孩在爬墻。(強(qiáng)調(diào)爬墻的情景)(3)現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),它與被補(bǔ)足的詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系;過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),它與被補(bǔ)足的詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如:e.g. I heard someone calling me. e.g. I had my house painted. 我讓人給房子刷了油漆。(直譯:我讓房子被刷了油漆)4非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)時(shí),尤其是分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),要注意分詞所隱含的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和句子的主語(yǔ)一致?,F(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作和句子的主語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作和句子的主語(yǔ)間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系;分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作和它所修飾的詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作和它修飾的詞之
31、間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。e.g. Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時(shí),他是名先進(jìn)工人。e.g. Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.從小山上看,我們學(xué)校顯得更美麗。5非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也有否定結(jié)構(gòu)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)是在它們前面加not來(lái)構(gòu)成。如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后或同時(shí),用一般式,如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作在主要謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,則用完成式。e.g. They decide not to go.他們決定不去。e.
32、g. Toms not passing the exam made his father very angry.湯姆考試沒(méi)有及格,這令他父親非常生氣。 e.g. Having finished the work, he went home.干完活后他回家了。(分詞having finished發(fā)生在went前) B例題講解1)Bob said that it is easy _.A. for him being on timeB. being on time for himC. for him to be on timeD. on time for him解析:答案C。此題that從句中,用i
33、t作形式主語(yǔ),而將不定式to be on time(準(zhǔn)時(shí))放在句子最后面。不定式前加一個(gè)for him表示不定式的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的。2)Would you let _ to the park with my classmate, Mum? (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 4, 28) A. me goB. me goingC. I goD. I going解析:答案A。let是使役動(dòng)詞,用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ),即let sb. do sth.這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)。3)You dont mind _ you Xiao Li, do you? (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 3, 31)A. call B. to call
34、C. to callingD. my calling解析:答案D。mind后面只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。4)Charles regretted _ the TV set last year. The price has now come down. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 3, 33)A. buyingB. to buyC. ofD. from解析:答案A。regret后既可用動(dòng)名詞,也可用不定式,前者表后悔做了某事(動(dòng)作已做了),后者則表為要去做某事遺憾(動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有做)。根據(jù)題意思,應(yīng)選A。5)There was so much noise in the classroom that the t
35、eacher couldnt make himself _. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 4, 41) A. heardB. hearingC. to hearD. hear解析:答案A。賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以用過(guò)去分詞。6)Do you know the man _ under the apple tree? (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 2, 31)A. layB. lainC. lyingD. laying解析:答案C。lie(lay, lain, lying)“平躺,位于”;lie(lied, lied, lying)“撒謊”;lay(laid, laid, laying)“放
36、置”。根據(jù)題意,應(yīng)該用“平躺”之意。分詞表示的動(dòng)作與其修飾的詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞,所以選C。7)_ tomorrows lessons, Frank has no time to go out with his friends. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 5, 45) A. Not preparingB. Not having preparedC. Not to prepareD. Being not prepared解析:答案B。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定形式都是在最前邊加not,排除D。由于“還沒(méi)有完成對(duì)明天功課的準(zhǔn)備”,因此“不能跟朋友外出玩?!?,根據(jù)句意,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成性,用完成式。(八
37、)主要情態(tài)動(dòng)詞A. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示能力、允許、許諾、可能、必須、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱變化,在句子中和動(dòng)詞原形一起組成謂語(yǔ)。常用的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有must,can,be able to,need,shall, should(ought to), could,would。注意:mustnt的意思是“禁止”,neednt的意思是“無(wú)須,不必”。B. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接完成時(shí)的用法1musthave done:這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)動(dòng)作比較有把握的猜測(cè)。e.g. The ground was very wet. It must have rained during the night.2sho
38、uld (ought to )+have done:這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示本來(lái)應(yīng)該做卻沒(méi)有做的事情。e.g. Im sorry I am late, I should have gotten up earlier. 我很抱歉我遲到了,我本應(yīng)早點(diǎn)兒起床的。3couldhave done:這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示本來(lái)能做的事情而沒(méi)有做。e.g. Catherine could have bought that coat, but she chose to lend the money to a needy friend. 凱瑟琳本來(lái)可以買那件大衣的,但是她把錢借給一個(gè)更急需的朋友了。4need not + have d
39、one: 這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示本來(lái)沒(méi)有必要做的事情卻做了。e.g. You need not have done the job.你沒(méi)有必要做那種工作的。C. 例題講解1)The young lady coming over to us _ our English teacher; the way she walks tells us that! (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 1, 42)A. must beB. can beC. would beD. could be解析:A。從后面的進(jìn)一步解釋中我們可以看到說(shuō)話人語(yǔ)氣十分肯定,表示對(duì)很有把握的推測(cè)。2)You _ buy some reference
40、books when you go to college. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 3, 27)A. couldB. will have toC. must D. might解析:B。could與might與題意不符。must表示“主觀要求必須做某事”,have to則表示“客觀情況要求不得不做某事”。根據(jù)題意,選B最恰當(dāng)。3)He didnt pass the final examination. He _ it. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 3, 28)A. must have prepared forB. ought to prepare forC. ought to have prep
41、ared forD. ought to prepare for解析:C。此題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成式。“ought to+完成式”表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做卻沒(méi)有做。 (九)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)1動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài):主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式:be+過(guò)去分詞。e.g. Such stories are published for children.e.g. The TV was turned on and everybody sat there, watching it. 2英語(yǔ)中的一些感官動(dòng)詞如see, wat
42、ch, notice, hear和使役動(dòng)詞make, have, let +不帶to的不定式(do sth.), 但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中to則不能少。e.g. I saw him enter the classroom. / He was seen to enter the classroom.3在need, want, require等及物動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式可以表示被動(dòng)含義。e.g. My hair needs cutting.我該理發(fā)了。注意:The book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。B例題講解1)Every year thousands of lives _
43、in road accidents because of careless driving. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 1, 41)A. loseB. lostC. have lostD. are lost解析:D。因?yàn)槭敲恳荒辏跃渥佑矛F(xiàn)在時(shí);生命被奪走,所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 2)After the Minister of Education had finished speaking at the press conference, he was made _ all sorts of awkward questions. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 3, 40)A. answerB. ans
44、weringC. answeredD. to answer解析:D。題項(xiàng)中將make sb. do sth.(讓某人干某事)轉(zhuǎn)換成了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) sb. was made to do sth.(某人被讓干某時(shí)),因此to不能少。3)My watch has been losing time for the past week. It probably needs _.A. cleaningB. to cleanC. cleanedD. to be cleaning解析:A。need+動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式(cleaning)可以表被動(dòng)含義。(十) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣A虛擬語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來(lái)表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的主
45、觀愿望和假想虛擬的情況,考試中以虛擬語(yǔ)氣為考點(diǎn)的試題也不算少,大家應(yīng)該盡量掌握。B知識(shí)要點(diǎn)1虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示對(duì)不可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)的一種假設(shè);或?qū)σ呀?jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事實(shí)進(jìn)行一種相反情況的假設(shè); 時(shí) 間從句謂語(yǔ)形式主句謂語(yǔ)形式虛擬現(xiàn)在時(shí)(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be一般用were)should (would, could,might )+動(dòng)詞原形虛擬過(guò)去時(shí)(與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)had doneshould (would, could,might )+have done虛擬將來(lái)時(shí)(與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反) 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式should+動(dòng)詞原形were to+動(dòng)詞原形should (would
46、, could,might )+動(dòng)詞原形 2虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在表示要求、命令、建議語(yǔ)氣的詞引導(dǎo)的從句中:(1)用在動(dòng)詞suggest(建議), order(命令), insist(堅(jiān)持), require(需要), demand(要求),propose(提議)等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中,以及它們相應(yīng)的名詞suggestion, order, insistence, demand, proposal 后面的表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句中,這個(gè)從句的謂語(yǔ)要用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形” e.g. We suggested that he(should)start now.我們建議他現(xiàn)在就開(kāi)始。e.g. My sugges
47、tion is that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.我的建議是我們派幾個(gè)人去幫助別的小組。 (2) 用在“It +be+ natural(necessary,strange,important,essential以及insisted,suggested,ordered)+that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句以及它們相應(yīng)的名詞(引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句中;從句的謂語(yǔ)用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”e.g. Its necessary that you should be present at the meeting
48、. 你有必要參加會(huì)議。3虛擬語(yǔ)氣運(yùn)用其他從句中:(1)運(yùn)用在wish后面的從句中表示“愿望”,運(yùn)用在as if從句中表示“好像”,謂語(yǔ)形式:用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式虛擬現(xiàn)在的情況;用過(guò)去完成式虛擬過(guò)去的情況;用would(或might)+動(dòng)詞原形虛擬將來(lái)的情況。I wish I knew the answer. 但愿我知道答案。It is wished that he had not made the mistake.他要沒(méi)犯此錯(cuò)誤該多好。 The old lady is quarrelling with others as if she were mad.那位年老的女士正在和其他人爭(zhēng)吵,就好像她瘋了一
49、樣。(3)運(yùn)用在would rather后面的從句中 表示“希望”,用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式虛擬現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況,用過(guò)去完成式虛擬過(guò)去的情況。 e.g. Id rather I had seen the film. 我真希望我看過(guò)這部電影。(4)運(yùn)用在It is (high) time后邊的從句中 表示“該干的時(shí)間到了”,用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形。e.g. It is time that we had/should have a rest.該是我們休息的時(shí)間了。C例題講解1)Had you come five minutes earlier, you _ the train to Birm
50、ingham. But now you missed it. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 1, 43)A. would catchB. would have caughtC. could catchD. should catch解析:B。虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法,這里是對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情虛擬,用“if從句+had come,主句+would have caught”。此題前面的從句省略了if,所以根據(jù)句法要求倒裝,將had提前到句首。2)The dean of the Philosophy Department requested that the visiting scholar _ a lecture o
51、n the philosopher Sartre. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 3, 39)A. gaveB. giveC. would giveD. had given解析:B。request(要求)后面的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。3)I wish everybody _ the meeting tomorrow. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 4, 36) A. will attendB. would attendC. had attendedD. is going to attend解析:B。wish后的從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。當(dāng)表示與將來(lái)希望相反時(shí),從句中的
52、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。 4)I would rather _ two weeks earlier. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 4, 45) A. you should come hereB. you come here C. you came hereD. you had come here解析:D。would rather后的從句用過(guò)去完成式虛擬過(guò)去的情況。5)Its time we _ the lecture because everybody has arrived. (大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(B)Test 4, 26) A. will startB. shall startC. sta
53、rtD. started解析:D?!癐t is (high) time+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。(十一)主謂一致A. 知識(shí)要點(diǎn)主謂一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在數(shù)和人稱上與主語(yǔ)取得一致。主謂一致的關(guān)系根據(jù)“語(yǔ)法一致”、“意義一致”、和“就近一致”三項(xiàng)原則來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。1語(yǔ)法一致(1)由and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)(指的是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同的人或事物)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。e.g. The woman and her husband work in the same office.那婦女和她丈夫在同一個(gè)單位工作。(2)做主語(yǔ)的名詞后面有as well as, with, to
54、gether with, except, but, like, no less than等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)由做主語(yǔ)的名詞決定。e.g. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. 一位專家和幾位助手被派去協(xié)助這項(xiàng)工作。 The children, like their parents, are very kind-hearted.這些孩子像他們的父母一樣都那么好心腸。(3)主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)、動(dòng)名詞(V-ing) 以及從句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。e.g. To see is to believe. (Seeing is believing.) 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。 What he told us was not the truth. 他所告訴我們的不是事實(shí)。2. 意義一致(1)有and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí),但是表示同一人或事物,或代表一個(gè)概念,動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。e.g. The professor and president of our school is retired. (2)主語(yǔ)為all, half,
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