過(guò)去完成時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句,最高級(jí)

1、past perfect tense構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞had + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞用法：用法：1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另一動(dòng)作之前時(shí)。某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另一動(dòng)作之前時(shí)。1.他說(shuō)他以前見過(guò)你。他說(shuō)他以前見過(guò)你。He said that he _ (see) you before.had seen2. 到六點(diǎn)鐘為止他們已經(jīng)工作八小時(shí)了。到六點(diǎn)鐘為止他們已經(jīng)工作八小時(shí)了。By six oclock they _(work) for eight hour

2、s.had worked2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)詞可以表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)詞可以表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，這刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，這一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù) 或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去?；?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去。By six oclock they _ (work)for eight hours. When I came to GZ , he _(be) there for a long time.用法：用法：1. 到了六點(diǎn)鐘為止，他們已經(jīng)工作了八小時(shí)了。到了六點(diǎn)鐘為止，他們已經(jīng)工作了八小時(shí)了。2. 我到廣州時(shí)，他在那里很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。我到廣州時(shí)，他在那里很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。had workedhad b

3、een3.到上個(gè)月中旬我們?cè)诒本┳×擞形迥陼r(shí)間了。到上個(gè)月中旬我們?cè)诒本┳×擞形迥陼r(shí)間了。By the middle of last month we _(live) in Beijing for five years.had lived1. 到昨晚上，他已寫完那封信。到昨晚上，他已寫完那封信。By yesterday evening he _ (write) that letter.2. 他說(shuō)他以前見過(guò)你。他說(shuō)他以前見過(guò)你。He said that he _(see) you before.3. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，他已做完了作業(yè)。當(dāng)我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，他已做完了作業(yè)。When I came in he _(

4、finish) his homework.過(guò)去完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)與 by then(截止到那時(shí)截止到那時(shí)); by 9 oclock(直到九直到九點(diǎn)鐘點(diǎn)鐘) by the end of (在在結(jié)束結(jié)束/末之前末之前); by the time(在在時(shí)之前時(shí)之前); up till then (直到那時(shí)直到那時(shí)); up until last night(直到昨晚）等連用，表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去。直到昨晚）等連用，表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去。had writtenhad seenhad finished3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)和 already, just, ever, yet 等連用表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去。等連用表示

5、過(guò)去的過(guò)去。用法：用法：例如：例如：1. 他告訴我說(shuō)他們隊(duì)已經(jīng)贏了。他告訴我說(shuō)他們隊(duì)已經(jīng)贏了。He told me that his team _ already _ (win).hadwon2. 她說(shuō)她仍沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。她說(shuō)她仍沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。She said that she _(not go to) the Great Wall yet.hadnt been to用法：用法：過(guò)去完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)與when, before, as soon as, till/ until 等引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的從句連用，等引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的從句連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間前后。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間前后。例如：例如：1. 她到家

6、之前她的孩子已經(jīng)睡著了。她到家之前她的孩子已經(jīng)睡著了。When she got home her children _(sleep).had slept2. 在他們到達(dá)之前電影已經(jīng)開始了。在他們到達(dá)之前電影已經(jīng)開始了。Before they arrived here the film _ already _ (start).hadstartedLast night, as soon as I _(finish) my work I went to sleep.3. 我完成作業(yè)了就去睡覺(jué)了。我完成作業(yè)了就去睡覺(jué)了。had finished1. After he _ (finish) his wo

7、rk he went out.had finished2. The children ran away after they _ (break) the window.had broken3. I went to Toms house but he _ (go) out.had gone4. Annie told me that his father _ ( go ) to Paris and he _ ( come ) back in a few days.had gonewould come5. My friend _ (buy) the car two years ago. He _ (

8、buy) it for two years.boughthas had形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)（假設(shè)A和B為進(jìn)行比較的人或事物）1、原級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞原形，表示A與B一樣（或不一樣）。2、比較級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)形式，表示A與B二者相比哪一個(gè)更。3、最高級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞最高級(jí)形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一個(gè)最。1.一般在詞尾后加 er 或est. soon-sooner-soonest clever-cleverer-cleverest2.以輔音字母輔音字母加“y”結(jié)尾的形容詞副詞,先把“y”變?yōu)椤癷”,再加er或est. (形容詞加形容詞加-ly構(gòu)成的副詞除外構(gòu)成的副詞除外

9、) angry-angrier-angriest busy-busier-busiest3. 以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的形容詞，前面的元音字母發(fā)短元音時(shí),應(yīng) 先寫雙寫這一個(gè)輔音字母，再加er或est. big-bigger-biggest thin-thinner-thinnest fat-fatter-fattest wet-wetter-wettest hot-hotter-hottest red-redder-reddest 形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成4. 多音節(jié)詞和一些雙音節(jié)詞在該詞前加more/ most變?yōu)楸容^級(jí)/最高級(jí)。(以ly結(jié)尾的副詞除early以及不規(guī)則變化外，也應(yīng)加mor

10、e/most)Eg. interesting more/most interesting careful more/most careful slowly more/most slowly usefulmore useful- the most useful 例外: tired more / the most tired以下兩種變化方式都可: friendly- friendlier, friendliest / more/the most friendlyOften- oftener/ oftenest more/the most often形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成不規(guī)則變化 goo

11、d/well better, best bad/badly/ill worse, worst many/much more, most little less, least * old older, oldest 年長(zhǎng)的；老的；舊的 elder, eldest（親戚關(guān)系中）年長(zhǎng)的 * far farther, farthest 遠(yuǎn)的 further, furthest 遠(yuǎn)的（有更加、進(jìn)一步的含義）形容詞或副詞各比較等級(jí)的基本用法1、原級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞原形，表示A與B一樣（或不一樣）。 主要用于A as/(not so) as B 結(jié)構(gòu)。 Eg. 1) Jim is as tall as M

12、ike.Jim is not so tall as Mike.2)Jim works as hard as Mike. Jim doesnt work so hard as Mike.2、比較級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)形式，表示A與B 二者相比哪一個(gè)更。 主要用于A than B 結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg. 1) Jim is taller than Mike.2) Jim works harder than Mike.比較級(jí)用法擴(kuò)展1）比較級(jí)前面可以有much, even,far, Still, a bit,a little, a lot, 等修飾語(yǔ),用以加深程度。 e.g. e.g. This book

13、 is much better than that one. This book is much better than that one. e.g. Hee.g. Hes far cleverer than his brother.s far cleverer than his brother. e.g. Eat a bit more, will you? e.g. Eat a bit more, will you? 2）比較級(jí)比較級(jí)，表示越來(lái)越 hotter and hotter 越來(lái)越熱 more and more beautiful 越來(lái)越漂亮3） than 后面的人稱代詞用主格或賓格

14、都可以。 He is taller than I (am). He is taller than me.3、最高級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞最高級(jí)形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一個(gè)最。 主要用于the in/among/of +所包含人或事物的數(shù)量3的集合短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg. 1) Jim is the tallest in our class.2) Jim works (the) hardest of all the boys.最高級(jí)用法擴(kuò)展 最高級(jí)用法擴(kuò)展形容詞最高級(jí)前的the在以下幾種情況下可以省略：1） 該形容詞前有物主代詞或名詞所有格。 He is my/Jims best friend.2

15、） 比較含義模糊。 We are busiest on Monday. This is a most interesting book. 這里的most相當(dāng)于very。補(bǔ)充： China is one of the most beautiful countries. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.The Object Clause 賓語(yǔ)從句是主從復(fù)合句的一種。主從復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的。 主句是復(fù)合句的主體，從句僅僅是主句的一個(gè)成分，它從屬于主句，不能獨(dú)立。從句在全句中充當(dāng)什么成分，就叫什么從

16、句。賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的從句在全句中作賓語(yǔ)。重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn) 1 1、由不同引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句、由不同引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 2 2、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ) 3 3、賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)的變化、賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)的變化由從屬連詞由從屬連詞thatthat引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 由連接代詞 who,whom,whose,which， what 和連接副詞 where,how,why,when引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句由從屬連詞由從屬連詞 whether, if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句note：that 在句中無(wú)詞匯意義，在從句中不能充當(dāng)成分，在口語(yǔ)當(dāng)中往往省略e.g. I hear (tha

17、t) _. （一小時(shí)后他會(huì)回來(lái)）He said (that) _. （他非常想念我們）The teacher told us (that) _. （地球圍著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)） he will be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves around the sun1. He asked _. (誰(shuí)能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題）2. Do you know_? （他們?cè)诘日l(shuí)）3. He asked _. （誰(shuí)的書法是班上最好的）5. Do you know _ (地球和月亮哪一個(gè)比較?。?. Please tell me _. （我們什么時(shí)候開會(huì)）

18、7. Can you tell me _? （他在哪兒）8. Could you tell me _? （我該怎么去車站）9. Would you tell me _?（為什么火車遲到了）由連接代詞what, whom, whose, which, what及連接副詞 when, where, how, why引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句 who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the class when well have a meeting where he is

19、 how I can get to the station why the train is late? which is smaller, the earth or the moon?由從屬連詞由從屬連詞whether, if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句e.g. 1. I want to know _. （他是否跟我們一起去公園）2. Ask him _. （他是否能來(lái)）3. I dont know _.（是否要下雨） if (whether) he will go to the park with us whether (if) he can come whether it is goi

20、ng to rain or not直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系陳述句變?yōu)橐龑?dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句e.g. 1. He said, “You are younger than I ”. 2. He says, “Tony is a good student ”. He said that I was younger than him. He says that Tony is a good student. 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系一般疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)閕f (whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句e.g. She said, “ Do

21、you often come here to read newspaper? ” “Will they go to visit the Great Wall?” he asked. She asked if (whether) I often came here to read newspaper. He asked if (whether) they would go to visit the Great Wall. 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡?wèn)句變?yōu)閣ho, what, when等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句e.g. 1. H

22、e asked, “Where do you live?” 2. “How can we get to the post office?” he asked. He asked where I lived. He asked how they could get to the post office. 直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系 1、當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ) 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用所需要的任何一種時(shí)態(tài)。 2、當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，但當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句敘述的內(nèi)容 為客觀真理時(shí)，仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

23、e.g. The teacher said that the moon moves around the sun. The radio says it _ cloudy Tomorrow. (be)The headmaster hopes everything _ well. (go)Tony says that they _ (play) basketball at six oclock yesterday evening. I hear they _ (return) it already. He said that they _ members of the Party since 19

24、48. (be)He asked what they _ at eight last night. (do)The teacher told his class that light _ faster than sound. (travel)I think you _ about the relay race now. (talk)I didnt know whom the letters _ from. (be) will be goes were playing has returned had been travels are talking were were doing10. I d

25、idnt know what time he _ the letter. (write)11. Mr Cai told me that the earth _(move) round the earth. 12. Could you tell me who _ away the book already? (take)13. Ling Feng told me he _ to several times. (be)14. Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east. (rise)15. Can you tell me what they _ yesterday? (do) wrote moves has taken has been risesdid將下列句子合并為一句將下列句子合并為一句: :1. Where do they stop on the way? I asked. 2. What will you speak at the meeting? Could you tell me?3. Do they like to make friends with us? He asked.