顱骨四肢骨PPT精品課件

1、顱骨的整體觀The skull as a whole顱頂面觀 The superior aspect of the skull 顱底內(nèi)面觀# The internal aspect of the cranial base顱底外面觀 The external aspect of the cranial base顱側(cè)面觀 The lateral aspect of the skull 顱前面觀 The anterior aspect of the skull 冠狀縫 coronal suture矢狀縫sagittal suture顱上面觀superior aspect of skull顱后面觀 t

2、he dorsal aspect of the skull枕外隆突external occipital protuberance矢狀縫人字縫顱蓋的內(nèi)面觀The internal aspect of the skull cap顆粒小凹上矢狀竇溝上矢狀竇溝動(dòng)靜脈溝The internal surface of the cranial base顱前窩anterior cranial fossa顱中窩middle cranial fossa顱后窩posterior cranial fossa顱底內(nèi)面觀顱前窩The anterior cranial fossa組成主要結(jié)構(gòu)毗鄰與相通額骨的眶板篩骨的篩板蝶

3、骨的體額骨的眶板蝶骨的小翼蝶骨的小翼Cribriform foramina 5組成主要結(jié)構(gòu)毗鄰與相通顱前窩The anterior cranial fossae額嵴15盲孔9雞冠6篩板18篩孔5Frontal crest 15Foramen caecum 9Crista galli 6Cribriform plate 18顱 前 窩組成:由額骨、篩骨和蝶骨組成。主要孔裂：有篩板、篩孔等。通過的血管神經(jīng)：容納大腦的額葉。篩孔有嗅神經(jīng)通過。毗鄰：借篩板與鼻腔相鄰；借額骨眶部與眶相隔。Anterior cranial fossaAnterior cranial fossa is formed by

4、the frontal bone anteriorly and laterally, the ethmoid bone centrally, and the body and lesser wings of the sphenoid posteriorly.The greater part of the anterior cranial fossa is formed by orbital plates of the frontal bone, which support the frontal lobes of the brain and form the roofs of the orbi

5、ts. The frontal crest is a median bony extension of the frontal bone, and the crista galli (cocks comb) is a median ridge of bone that projects superiorly from the ethmoid. On each side of the crista galli is the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. 顱中窩The middle cranial fossa組成主要結(jié)構(gòu)毗鄰與相通顳骨鱗部蝶骨的體顳骨巖部蝶骨的大

6、翼顱中窩The middle cranial fossa組成主要結(jié)構(gòu)毗鄰與相通蝶骨體、蝶鞍、垂體窩38、鞍結(jié)節(jié)45、視神經(jīng)管34、前床突1、鞍背8、后床突39、頸動(dòng)脈溝3、眶上裂42、破裂孔10、圓孔13、卵圓孔12、棘孔14、腦膜中動(dòng)脈溝24、鼓室蓋2、三叉神經(jīng)壓跡44 、頸動(dòng)脈管內(nèi)口眶上裂42 superior orbital fissure、破裂孔10 foramen lacerum、圓孔13 foramen rotundum、卵圓孔12 foramen ovale、棘孔14 foramen spinosum、腦膜中動(dòng)脈溝24、鼓室蓋2 tympanic tegmen、三叉神經(jīng)壓跡44

7、trigeminal impression 、頸動(dòng)脈管內(nèi)口 internal opening carotid canal顱 中 窩組成：由蝶骨、顳骨和頂骨組成。主要孔裂及其通過的血管神經(jīng)：容納大腦的顳葉。視神經(jīng)管，有視神經(jīng)和眼動(dòng)脈通過。眶上裂，有動(dòng)眼神經(jīng)、滑車神經(jīng)、三叉神經(jīng)的眼神經(jīng)、展神經(jīng)和眼靜脈通過；圓孔，有三叉神經(jīng)的上頜神經(jīng)通過；卵圓孔，有三叉神經(jīng)的下頜神經(jīng)通過；棘孔，有腦膜中動(dòng)脈通過。Middle cranial fossaAnterior cranial fossa is formed by the greater wings of the sphenoid, squamous par

8、ts of the temporal bones laterally, and petrous parts of the temporal bones posteriorly. The lateral parts of the middle cranial fossa are posteroinferior to the anterior cranial fossa and support the temporal lobes of the brain.顱后窩The posterior cranial fossa組成主要結(jié)構(gòu)毗鄰與相通枕骨鱗部鞍背顳骨巖部枕骨基底部枕骨大孔11、斜坡4、舌下神經(jīng)

9、管內(nèi)口27、枕內(nèi)隆凸29、橫竇溝23、乙狀竇溝20、頸靜脈孔30、內(nèi)耳門28、巖上竇21、巖下竇19foramen magnum11、 clivus 4 、 internal opening of hypoglossal canal 27 、internal occipital protuberance29、sulcus for transverse sinus 23 、 sulcus for sigmoid sinus20、jugular foramen 30 、 internal acoustic meatus 28 、sulcus for superior petrosal sinus

10、21、 sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus 19枕骨大孔11foramen magnum、斜坡4 clivus、舌下神經(jīng)管內(nèi)口27 internal opening of hypoglossal canal、枕內(nèi)隆凸29internal occipital protuberance、橫竇溝23 sulcus for transverse sinus、乙狀竇溝20 sulcus for sigmoid sinus 、頸靜脈孔30 jugular foramen、內(nèi)耳門28 internal acoustic meatus、巖上竇sulcus for superi

11、or petrosal sinus 21、巖下竇sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus 19顱 后 窩組成：主要由枕骨和顳骨巖部后面組成。主要孔裂及其通過的血管神經(jīng)：枕骨大孔，與椎管相通，延髓與脊髓相延續(xù)，有椎動(dòng)脈和副神經(jīng)的脊髓根通過；舌下神經(jīng)管，有舌下神經(jīng)通過；頸靜脈孔，有舌咽、迷走、副神經(jīng)通過，且頸內(nèi)靜脈與乙狀竇在此延續(xù)；內(nèi)耳門，通內(nèi)耳道，有面神經(jīng)、前庭蝸神經(jīng)和迷路血管通過。Posterior cranial fossaThe posterior cranial fossa, the largest and deepest of the cranial fos

12、sae, contains the cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata.The fossa is formed largely by the occipital bones, but parts of the sphenoid and temporal bones make smaller contribution to it.顱底外面觀The external aspect of base of skull骨腭、腭中縫28、切牙管16、腭大孔50、鼻后孔、枕髁29、舌下神經(jīng)管外口15、頸靜脈孔20、頸動(dòng)脈管外口3、莖突46、莖乳孔47、下頜窩23、關(guān)

13、節(jié)結(jié)節(jié)2、破裂孔9顱底外面觀 The external aspect of base of skull枕髁29 occipital condyle舌下神經(jīng)管外口15 external opening of hypoglossal canal頸靜脈孔20 jugular foramen頸動(dòng)脈管外口3 external opening of carotid canal莖突46 styloid process莖乳孔47 stylomastoid foramen下頜窩23 mandibular fossa關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)節(jié)2 articular tubercle外耳門34乳突18顴弓37、35顳窩顳線33翼點(diǎn)2

14、9External acoustic meatus34Mastoid process18Zagomatic arch37、35Temporal fossaTemporal line33Pterion29 顱外側(cè)面觀 The lateral aspect of the skull翼點(diǎn)前支后支腦膜中動(dòng)脈上頜動(dòng)脈翼點(diǎn)39pterion顳下窩 infratemporal fossa 翼腭窩 pterygopalatine fossa位置相通顱前面觀 The anterior aspect of the skull額區(qū)眶 orbit骨性鼻腔 bony nasal cavity鼻旁竇 paranasal

15、sinuses骨性口腔 oral cavity眶上孔5（眶上切跡）視神經(jīng)管16淚腺窩18淚囊窩4眶上裂23眶下裂10眶下溝17眶下孔9眶的主要結(jié)構(gòu)supraorbital foramen眶上孔5 (supraorbital notch眶上切跡）optic canal視神經(jīng)管16fossa for the lacrimal gland淚腺窩18fossa for the lacrimal sac淚囊窩4 superior orbital fissure眶上裂23inferior orbital fissure眶下裂10 infraorbital groove眶下溝17 infraorbital

16、foramen眶下孔9 眶的主要結(jié)構(gòu)The nasal median septum鼻中隔篩骨，垂直板犁骨鼻中隔 The nasal median septum犁骨篩骨，垂直板鼻中隔軟骨鼻腔外側(cè)壁 The lateral wall of nasal cavity下鼻甲上頜骨，腭突腭骨,水平板篩骨，上鼻甲腭骨, 垂直板篩骨，中鼻甲篩骨，雞冠篩骨，篩板鼻骨下鼻道中鼻道上鼻道蝶腭孔蝶篩隱窩蝶骨,翼突下鼻道鼻旁竇位置相通特點(diǎn)額竇frontal sinus、蝶竇sphenoidal sinus、篩竇ethmoidal cells、上頜竇maxillary sinusparanasal sinuses鼻旁竇

17、 paranasal sinuses額竇篩竇上頜竇鼻旁竇及鼻淚管的開口The orifices of paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal canal鼻旁竇 paranasal sinusesparanasal sinuses鼻旁竇鼻旁竇paranasal sinuses鼻旁竇paranasal sinuses新生兒顱骨The skull of a newborn顱囟 Cranial fontanelleMastoid fontanelleSphenoidal fontanelleAnterior fontanelle顱囟 cranial fontanelleP

18、osterior fontanelleAnterior fontanelle四肢骨上肢骨下肢骨上肢帶骨自由肢骨下肢帶骨自由肢骨第三節(jié) 附肢骨骼（322）鎖骨肩胛骨肱骨橈骨尺骨腕骨 掌骨指骨上肢帶骨上肢骨自由肢骨臂前臂手肘部The shoulder girdle clavicle scapulaThe free parts of the limb humerus radius ulna carpus metacarpus phalanges bones of the upper limb 上肢骨（322）上肢帶骨 鎖骨1 肩胛骨1 自由肢骨： 肱骨1 橈骨1 尺骨1 腕骨8 掌骨5 指骨14鎖骨

19、 clavicle 鎖骨全長(zhǎng)可在體表捫到，為重要的骨性標(biāo)志。The clavicle of a living subject can be palpated throughout its entire extent, and is an important bony landmark.鎖骨胸骨頸靜脈切跡鎖骨 clavicle鎖骨呈S形，是典型的長(zhǎng)骨。The clavicle is a S-shaped and typical long bone.鎖骨幾乎橫置于頸根部的兩側(cè)，從胸骨延伸至肩胛骨的肩峰。It lies almost horizontally on each side of the

20、root of the neck, extending from the sternum to the acromion of the scapula.鎖骨連接上肢與軀干。It joins the trunk with the upper limb. 鎖骨的內(nèi)側(cè)端（胸骨端）呈圓形，借胸鎖關(guān)節(jié)連于胸骨柄，Its medial (or sternal) end is round, and joints the manubrium by sternoclavicular joint. 鎖骨的外側(cè)端（肩峰端）呈扁平形，與肩胛骨的肩峰相關(guān)節(jié)。Its lateral (or acromial ) end

21、is flat, and articulates with the acromion of the scapula.鎖骨 clavicle鎖骨干的內(nèi)側(cè)2/3凸向前，外側(cè)1/3凹向前。The medial two-thirds of its shaft is convex anteriorly, whereas the lateral third is concave anteriorly. 鎖骨上面光滑，下面粗糙。Its superior surface is smooth and the inferior surface is rough.肩峰端胸骨端鎖骨干鎖骨最薄弱的部位在中、外側(cè)1/3交

22、界處。The weakest part of the clavicle is at the junction of its middle and lateral thirds.鎖骨的薄弱部位及其臨床意義當(dāng)手或肩著地跌倒時(shí)，鎖骨骨折相當(dāng)常見。Fracture of the clavicle is relatively common by falls on the shoulder or hand.肩胛骨 Scapula肩 胛 骨 scapula肩峰肩胛岡岡上窩上角下角外側(cè)角岡下窩關(guān)節(jié)盂肩胛下窩外側(cè)緣內(nèi)側(cè)緣上緣肩胛切跡喙突（外側(cè)面）肩胛骨肩峰關(guān)節(jié)盂外側(cè)緣喙突盂上結(jié)節(jié)盂下結(jié)節(jié)肋面后面肩胛骨 scap

23、ula為三角形的扁骨，貼于胸廓后外面?？煞譃椋憾妫焊箓?cè)面（肋面）和背側(cè)面（后面）；三緣：上緣、內(nèi)側(cè)緣（脊柱緣）、外側(cè)緣（腋緣）；三個(gè)角：上角、下角、外側(cè)角。主要結(jié)構(gòu)：有肩胛下窩、肩胛岡、肩峰、岡上窩、岡下窩、關(guān)節(jié)盂、喙突等結(jié)構(gòu)。肩胛骨 ScapulaIt lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax（胸廓） between the second and seventh ribs（肋）.It is a triangular flat bone.It has two surfaces ( the anterior or costal and po

24、sterior or dorsal surface ), three borders ( the medial, lateral and superior borders), and three angles ( the superior, inferior and lateral angles ).The superior border has the scapular notch（肩胛切跡） and coracoid process（喙突）(which can be palpated in the infraclavicular fossa鎖骨下窩).The lateral angle h

25、as a concave articular surface, the glenoid cavity（關(guān)節(jié)盂） which articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.The superior angle between the medial and superior border is opposite to the second rib.肩胛骨 ScapulaThe inferior angle is opposite to the seventh rib, which is a landmark

26、in the back for determination of the order of the ribs.The costal surface is known as subscapular fossa（肩胛下窩）.The dorsal surface is divided by the spine of scapula（肩胛岡） into the supraspinous fossa（岡上窩） and infraspinous fossa（岡下窩）.The spine of scapula, a thick projecting ridge, continues laterally as

27、 the flat acromion（肩峰） of scapula.The acromion of scapula is the highest point of shoulder joint, and articulates with the acromial end of clavicle.humerus肱骨頭解剖頸小結(jié)節(jié)大結(jié)節(jié)結(jié)節(jié)間溝外科頸橈神經(jīng)溝小結(jié)節(jié)嵴大結(jié)節(jié)嵴三角肌粗隆內(nèi)上髁肱骨滑車外上髁尺神經(jīng)溝肱骨小頭鷹嘴窩外科頸肱 骨humerusHead of humersAnatomical neck Greater tubercleLesser tubercleCrest of great

28、er tubercleCrest of lesser tubercleIntertubercular grooveSurgical neckSulcus for radial nerveSulcus for ulnar nerve 肱骨頭解剖頸肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)肱骨小結(jié)節(jié)大結(jié)節(jié)嵴小結(jié)節(jié)嵴結(jié)節(jié)間溝外科頸橈神經(jīng)溝尺神經(jīng)溝肱 骨肩關(guān)節(jié) shoulder joint 肱骨頭與肩胛骨的關(guān)節(jié)盂相關(guān)節(jié)，構(gòu)成肩關(guān)節(jié)。The head of humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of scapula to form the shoulder joint.肱骨與神經(jīng)的位置

29、關(guān)系及其臨床意義肱 骨肱骨為典型的長(zhǎng)骨，分為一體兩端。肱骨上端：有肱骨頭、解剖頸（肱骨頭周圍的環(huán)狀淺溝）、小結(jié)節(jié)、大結(jié)節(jié)、肱骨外科頸（肱骨上端與體交界稍細(xì)之處，較易發(fā)生骨折，有腋神經(jīng)和旋肱前、后血管經(jīng)過。）等結(jié)構(gòu)。肱骨體：有三角肌粗隆、橈神經(jīng)溝（肱骨體中部后面的淺溝，有橈神經(jīng)和肱深血管經(jīng)過。）等結(jié)構(gòu)。肱骨下端：有內(nèi)上髁、尺神經(jīng)溝（內(nèi)上髁后面的淺溝，有尺神經(jīng)經(jīng)過。）、外上髁、肱骨滑車、肱骨小頭和鷹嘴窩（在肱骨滑車后面的上方，容納尺骨的鷹嘴）等結(jié)構(gòu)。肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)、內(nèi)上髁、外上髁可在體表觸及。肱骨與3條神經(jīng)緊密相貼：肱骨外科頸有腋神經(jīng)和旋肱前、后血管經(jīng)過，外科頸骨折易傷及腋神經(jīng)。肱骨體中部后面的橈神經(jīng)

30、溝內(nèi)有橈神經(jīng)和肱深血管經(jīng)過，肱骨體中段骨折易傷及橈神經(jīng)。內(nèi)上髁后面的尺神經(jīng)溝內(nèi)有同名神經(jīng)，內(nèi)上髁骨折易傷及該神經(jīng)。肱 骨 Humerus（1）The is the longest and largest of the upper limb.It has a body and two end.The upper(proximal) end has the head of humerus, the anatomical neck, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, the crest of grea

31、ter and lesser tubercle, and the surgical neck.The head of humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of scapula at the shoulder joint.The anatomical neck is a groove distal to the head.The surgical neck is a narrow area distal to the greater and lesser tubercles that is a common site of fracture,

32、which is where the humerus narrow to become the body.The shaft of humerus has the deltoid tuberosity laterally and the radial groove for radial nerve and deep artery of arm posteriorly. The lower end has two articular surface, a lateral capitulum for articulation with the head of the radius and a me

33、dial trochlea for articulation with the trochlear notch of ulna. Superior to the trochlea anteriorly is the coronoid fossa to accommodate the coronoid process of the ulna during full flextion of the elbow. Superior to the trochlea posteriorly is the olecranon fossa for the olecranon of the ulna duri

34、ng extension of the elbow .Superior to the capitulum anteriorly is the radial fossa for the edge of the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed. The lateral and medial epicondyle are on each side of the lower end, the latter being very prominent.The ulnar groove lies on the posterior aspect of m

35、edial epicondyle for the ulnar nerve.肱 骨 Humerus（2）Radius橈骨頭橈骨粗隆尺切跡橈骨頸關(guān)節(jié)面環(huán)狀關(guān)節(jié)面腕關(guān)節(jié)面橈骨莖突橈骨骨間緣RadiusHead of radiusNeck of radiusRadial tuberosityRadial styloid processUlnar notch橈骨頭橈骨頸橈骨粗隆橈骨莖突尺切跡橈 骨橈 骨為位于前臂外側(cè)的長(zhǎng)骨，分為一體兩端。其上端有膨大的橈骨頭，頭上面有關(guān)節(jié)面，周圍有環(huán)狀關(guān)節(jié)面；此外有橈骨頸、橈骨粗??；下端有橈骨莖突、尺切跡及其下面有腕關(guān)節(jié)面。橈骨莖突比尺骨莖突約低1cm。橈骨莖突和橈骨頭

36、可在體表觸及。橈 骨 Radius（1）It is the lateral bone of the forearm.It has a shaft and two end.Its proximal end includes a head, a neck and a tuberosity.The superior aspect of the head of radius is a articular facet（關(guān)節(jié)面） for articulation with the capitulum of the humerus（肱骨小頭） at the humero-radial joint.The a

37、rticular circumference（環(huán)狀關(guān)節(jié)面） of the head of radius medially articulates with the radial notch of the ulnaThe neck of radius is the narrow part between the head and radial tuberosity（橈骨粗?。?The radial tuberosity is below the medial part of the neck for the attachment of the biceps brachii.橈 骨 Radius(

38、2)The lower end includes the ulnar notch and styloid process of radiusThe ulnar notch（尺切跡） of radius articulates with the head of ulna to form the distal radial-ulnar joint.The radial styloid（橈骨莖突） process of is much larger than the ulnar styloid process and extends approximately a fingers breath fu

39、rther distally.The dorsal radial tubercle（橈骨背結(jié)節(jié)） lies between the shallow grooves for passage of the tendons of forearm muscles.Ulna滑車切跡鷹嘴冠突橈切跡尺骨粗隆尺骨莖突尺骨頭橈切跡骨間緣尺骨UlnaTrochlear notcholecranonCoronoid processRadial notchUlnar tuberosityHead of ulnaUlnar styloid process滑車切跡鷹嘴冠突橈切跡尺骨粗隆尺骨頭尺骨莖突尺 骨肘關(guān)節(jié)冠狀面和X

40、線影像片肘關(guān)節(jié)矢狀面和側(cè)位X線像橈骨莖突與尺骨莖突Radial styloid process尺 骨為位于前臂的內(nèi)側(cè)的長(zhǎng)骨，分為一體兩端。其上端粗大，有滑車切跡、鷹嘴、冠突、橈切跡、尺骨粗??；下端有尺骨頭、尺骨莖突。尺骨莖突尺骨莖突比橈骨莖突約高1cm。鷹嘴、尺骨頭和莖突可在體表觸及。 尺 骨 ulnaIt is the medial bone of the forearm.It is a long bone with a body and two ends.The upper end of ulna has the olecranon（鷹嘴）, the coronoid process（冠突

41、） , the trochlear notch （滑車切跡）, the ulnar tuberosity and the radial notch （橈切跡）.The trochlear notch articulates with the capitulum of humerus to form the humero-ulnar joint.The radial notch articulates with the articular circumference of radius at the proximal radio-ulnar joint.The distal end of uln

42、a has a head and styloid process（莖突）.The head of ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of radius at the distal radio-ulnar joint.手舟骨月骨三角骨豌豆骨大多角骨小多角骨頭狀骨鉤骨手 骨第掌骨掌骨底掌骨體掌骨頭手 骨 近節(jié)指骨中節(jié)指骨遠(yuǎn)節(jié)指骨近節(jié)指骨遠(yuǎn)節(jié)指骨指骨底指骨體指骨滑車手 骨Carpal boneScaphoid boneLunate boneTriangular（triquetral) bonePisiformTrapezium boneTrapezoid b

43、oneCapitate boneHamate boneMetacarpal bonePhalangesProximal phalanxMiddle phalanxDistal phalanxBones of the hand腕骨8手舟骨月骨三角骨豌豆骨大多角骨小多角骨 頭狀骨鉤骨掌骨5(, , , ) 指骨14近節(jié)指骨中節(jié)指骨遠(yuǎn)節(jié)指骨手 骨手 骨手 骨掌骨頭 head of metacarpal bone指骨頭（滑車）、體、底 base, body and head（trochlear) of phalanx腕 骨 CarpusIt is the skeleton of the wrist.I

44、t is composed of eight carpal bones arranged two of four each.From lateral to medial, the four bones in the proximal row of carpals are the scaphoid（手舟骨）, lunate（月骨）, triquetrum（三角骨）, and pisiform（豌豆骨）.From lateral to medial, the four bones in the distal row of carpals are the trapezium（大多角骨）, trape

45、zoid （小多角骨）, capitate （頭狀骨）, and hamate （鉤骨）.The carpus is markedly convex（凹） from side to side posteriorly and concave（凸） anteriorly.上肢的骨性標(biāo)志The bony landmark of upper limb（31 2）髖骨股骨髕骨脛骨腓骨跗骨跖骨趾骨二、下肢骨下肢帶骨自由肢骨髖大腿膝小腿足二、下肢骨（31 2） bones of lower limb下肢帶骨 pelvic girdle 髖骨1 hip bones自由肢骨 Free parts of the

46、limb 股骨1 femur 髕骨1 patella 脛骨1 tibia 腓骨1 fibula 跗骨7 tarsal bones 跖骨5 metatarsal bones 趾骨14 phalanges8個(gè)月胎兒的髖骨X線影像片髂骨恥骨坐骨12個(gè)月幼兒的髖骨X線影像片髂骨恥骨坐骨成人髖骨X線影像片髂骨恥骨坐骨髖 骨 hip bone髂骨恥骨坐骨髂骨翼恥骨下支坐骨體髂骨體恥骨體坐骨支恥骨上支坐骨結(jié)節(jié)髖 骨髖骨的內(nèi)側(cè)面髂嵴髂前上棘髂前下棘弓狀線髂窩恥骨梳閉孔恥骨聯(lián)合面坐骨結(jié)節(jié)坐骨大切跡坐骨小切跡坐骨棘髂后上棘髂后下棘耳狀面臀面髂結(jié)節(jié)髖骨的背外側(cè)面月狀面髖臼切跡髖臼窩髖臼月狀面髖臼切跡髖臼窩髖 骨的腹

47、側(cè)面月狀面髖臼切跡髖臼窩恥骨結(jié)節(jié)閉孔恥骨嵴髖臼髖骨 hip boneThe pubis（恥骨） form the anterior part of the acetabulum（髖臼） and the anteromedial part of the hip bone. The pubis has a body and two ramus（支）, superior and inferior ramus.The ischium（坐骨） is the posteroinferior part of the acetabulum and hip bone. The ischium comprises

48、 a body and a ramus.The ilium（髂骨） is the superior part of the acetabulum and hip bone, The ilium consists of a body and a wing or ala（翼）.髖 骨 hip boneThe hip bone of newborn consists of three componnts: a superior ilium（髂骨）, an anteroinferior pubis（恥骨）, and a posteroinferior ischium（坐骨）.Eventually (a

49、bout 16 years old), the three separate bones fuse into one. The area of fusion is a deep, lateral, fossa called the acetabulum（髖臼）. The hip bone forms the bony connection between the trunk and lower limb.Each mature hip bone is formed by the fusion of three bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis.At pubert

50、y these bone are still separated by a triradiate cartilage. The cartilage disappears and the bones begin to fuse at 15 to 17（1318） years of age.髖骨的解剖學(xué)位置 When the hip bone in the anatomical positionAnterior superior iliac spine and anterosuperior aspect of the pubis lie in the same vertical plane.Isc

51、hial spine and superior end of the pubic symphysis are approximately in the same plane.Symphyseal surface of the pubis is vertical parallel, and close to the median plane.Internal aspect of the body of the pubis faces almost directly superiorlyAcetabulum faces inferolaterally, with the acetabular no

52、tch directed inferiorly.Obturator foramen lies inferomedial to the acetabulum.髖 骨的體表標(biāo)志髂嵴髂前上棘股骨股骨頭股骨頸大轉(zhuǎn)子小轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)子間線轉(zhuǎn)子間嵴粗線臀肌粗隆內(nèi)側(cè)髁外側(cè)髁髁間窩外上髁收肌結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)上髁外上髁股骨頭凹恥骨肌線髕面Intertrochanteric lineFemur股骨頭 股骨頸大轉(zhuǎn)子小轉(zhuǎn)子粗線臀肌粗隆內(nèi)側(cè)髁外側(cè)髁髁間窩內(nèi)上髁外上髁收肌結(jié)節(jié)股 骨Femur head Neck of femurGreater trochanterLesser trochanterLinea asperGluteal tu

53、berosityMedial condyleLateral condyleIntercondylar fossaMedial epicondyleLateral epicondyleAdductor tubercle股 骨是人體最長(zhǎng)最結(jié)實(shí)的長(zhǎng)骨，有一體兩端。上端有股骨頭、股骨頭凹、股骨頸、大轉(zhuǎn)子小轉(zhuǎn)子 轉(zhuǎn)子間線、轉(zhuǎn)子間嵴等結(jié)構(gòu)；體有粗線、臀肌粗隆等結(jié)構(gòu)；下端有內(nèi)側(cè)髁、外側(cè)髁、髁間窩、收肌結(jié)節(jié)等結(jié)構(gòu)。股 骨 FemurIt is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.It consists of a shaft(body) and two ends,

54、 proximal and distal ends.its proximal end consists of a head, a neck , two trochanters（轉(zhuǎn)子） (greater and lesser), intertrochanteric line（轉(zhuǎn)子間線） and intertrochanteric crest （轉(zhuǎn)子間嵴） (which joint two trochanters anteriorly and posteriorly).The head of femur（股骨頭） articulates with the acetabulum （髖臼）to for

55、m the hip join（髖關(guān)節(jié)）.The linea aspera（粗線） is a prominent double-edge ridge on its posterior aspect.Its distal end has the medial and lateral condyles（內(nèi)、外側(cè)髁）.成人髖關(guān)節(jié)X線影像片 髕 骨 patella髕骨底前面髕骨尖關(guān)節(jié)面髕骨 patellaThe patella (knee cap膝蓋) is a large and triangular-shaped sesamoid（籽骨）, and has a base, a apex（尖）, two borders, and two surface (anterior and posterior). The posterior surface of the patella articulates with the patellar surface of