《植物營養(yǎng)學(xué)試題》word版

1、一、名詞解釋：1.截獲：根系在土壤中生長并與土壤顆粒表面接觸，根系直接從所接觸的土壤中獲取養(yǎng)分。Roots in soils and surface contact with the soil particles, roots directly from the soil to get in contact with nutrients.2.擴(kuò)散：離子態(tài)養(yǎng)分從高濃度向低濃度遷移。Ionic nutrients from high to lower concentrations migration.3.質(zhì)流：土壤中的養(yǎng)分隨著水分的遷移由土體到達(dá)根系，或者含有可溶性養(yǎng)分的土壤溶液沿水勢(shì)梯度遷移。S

2、oil nutrients with the water reach the roots of migration from the soil, or soil solution containing soluble nutrients migrate along the water potential gradient.4.被動(dòng)吸收：指細(xì)胞不消耗代謝能量，而通過擴(kuò)散作用或其它物理過程順化學(xué)勢(shì)梯度、沒有選擇性吸收過程。Passive absorption is the metabolism of cells do not consume energy, but by diffusion or

3、other physical processes along the chemical potential gradient, there is no selective absorption process.5.主動(dòng)吸收：指細(xì)胞利用代謝能量逆著濃度梯度在轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的參與下吸收礦質(zhì)元素的過程。Active absorption cell is going against the concentration gradient using the energy metabolism of proteins involved in the transport of mineral elements t

4、o absorb the process.6.養(yǎng)分歸還學(xué)說：植物以不同方式從土壤中吸收礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分，使土壤養(yǎng)分逐漸減少，連續(xù)種植會(huì)使土壤貧瘠，為了保持土壤肥力，就必須把植物帶走的礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分和氮素以施肥的方式歸還給土壤。It must be borne in mind that as a principle of arable farming, what is taken from the soil must be retu rn to it in full measures.7.最小養(yǎng)分率：作物產(chǎn)量受土壤中相當(dāng) 含量最少的養(yǎng)分所控制，作物產(chǎn)量的高低則隨最小養(yǎng)分補(bǔ)充量的多少而變化。A crops yi

5、eld is restricted by the lack of a single element, even though there may be sufficient quantities of all other essential elements.8.報(bào)酬遞減率：隨著對(duì)作物投入的增加，作物產(chǎn)量的增加是逐漸減少的。The response of a plant to the addition of a growth factors will become smaller and smaller as the amount of the growth factor increases.

6、9.作物營養(yǎng)期：作物通過根系由土壤中吸收養(yǎng)分的整個(gè)時(shí)期，就叫作物的營養(yǎng)期。Crops through the root system to absorb nutrients from the soil in the entire period, called the vegetative crops.10.作物營養(yǎng)的階段性：作物營養(yǎng)期包括幾個(gè)不同的營養(yǎng)階段，各階段對(duì)營養(yǎng)元素的吸收規(guī)律為：生長初期吸收的數(shù)量和強(qiáng)度都較低，隨著生長期的推移，對(duì)營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收逐漸增加，到成熟階段又趨于減少。Crop nutrition stage include several different nutrition

7、al stages, each stage of nutrient absorption law are: the initial growth of the number and intensity of the absorption are low, with the growing season goes on, the absorption of nutrients gradually increased, to a mature stage and tends to decrease.11.作物的種子營養(yǎng)期：作物靠種子中貯存的物質(zhì)進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)的整個(gè)時(shí)期叫作物的種子營養(yǎng)期。Crop see

8、ds stored by substances called nutrients throughout the period of vegetative seed crops.12.營養(yǎng)臨界期：植物生長發(fā)育的某一時(shí)期，對(duì)某種養(yǎng)分要求的絕對(duì)數(shù)量不多但很迫切，并且當(dāng)陽分供應(yīng)不足或元素間數(shù)量不平衡是講對(duì)植物生長發(fā)育造成難以彌補(bǔ)的損失，這個(gè)時(shí)期就叫植物營養(yǎng)的臨界期。A period during which plant is most sensitive to nutrition deficiency and is most easily injured by this, but the nutrit

9、ion requirement is not always the largest at that period.13.肥料最大效率期：在植物生長階段中所吸收的某種養(yǎng)分能發(fā)揮最大效能的時(shí)期。In the plant growth stage in the absorption of certain nutrients can maximize the performance period.14.肥料利用率：任何一種肥料施入土壤后都不能全部被作物吸收利用，其中一部分由于淋失、揮發(fā)或被土壤固定而成為作物不可利用的形態(tài)，可被作物直接利用的肥料含量占施肥總量的比率稱為肥料利用率。Any kind of

10、 compost into the soil can not all be absorbed by crops, in part because leaching, volatilization or soil to become the plants can not use a fixed form, can be directly used for crop fertilizer ratio of the total content of said account for fertilization of fertilizer utilization.15.生理酸性肥料：某些化學(xué)肥料施到土

11、壤中后離解成陽離子和陰離子，由于作物吸收其中的陽離子多于陰離子，使殘留在土壤中的酸根離子較多，從而使土壤(或土壤溶液)的酸度提高，這種通過作物吸收養(yǎng)分后使土壤酸度提高的肥料就叫生理酸性肥料。 Some chemical fertilizers applied to the soil after dissociation into cations and anions, cations because crops absorb more anions, so that left the radical ion in the soil more, so that the soil (or soil

12、 solution) increased the acidity of this after absorption of nutrients by the crop to improve soil acidity is called physiological acid fertilizer fertilizer.16.生理堿性肥料：某些肥料由于作物吸收其中陰離子多于陽離子而在土壤中殘留較多的陽離子，使到土壤堿性提高，這種通過作物吸收養(yǎng)分后使土壤堿性能提高的肥料，叫做生理堿性肥料。 As the crops absorb some fertilizer cations and anions i

13、n the soil than the more cationic residues, so that increased alkaline soil, which, after absorption of nutrients by crops can improve soil alkaline fertilizer, called physiological alkaline fertilizer.17.離子間的協(xié)助作用：介質(zhì)中一種離子的存在能夠促進(jìn)另外一種離子的吸收的現(xiàn)象。One ion in medium solution can promotes the uptake of other

14、 ions by the plant.18.離子間的拮抗作用：在生長介質(zhì)中增加某中養(yǎng)分的供應(yīng)能夠抑制另外一種離子的吸收的現(xiàn)象。Increasing the supply of one nutrient species in the growth medium can inhibits the absorption of another ion.19.閉蓄態(tài)磷：被溶度積很小的無定形鐵、鋁、鈣等膠膜所包蔽的磷稱為閉蓄態(tài)磷。Phosphate is covered by the film formed by the oxide of Fe mainly, sometimes by the oxide

15、 of Al and Ca.20.有益營養(yǎng)元素：那些能夠彌補(bǔ)其他元素毒害效果或在某些非特殊功能方面能替代某些礦質(zhì)元素（如保持滲透壓）的元素。Beneficial elements are those that can compensate for toxic effects of some elements or may replace mineral nutrients in some other less specific function such as the maintenance of osmotic pressure.二、簡(jiǎn)答題：1.確定必須營養(yǎng)元素的三條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么？答：必需性這

16、種化學(xué)元素對(duì)所有植物的生長發(fā)育是不可缺少的。缺少這種元素植物就不能完成其生命周期；專一性缺乏這種元素后，植物會(huì)表現(xiàn)出特有的癥狀，只有補(bǔ)充這種元素后癥狀才能減輕或消失；直接性這種元素必須是直接參與植物的新陳代謝，對(duì)植物起直接的營養(yǎng)作用，而不是改善環(huán)境的間接作用；Three criteria of Essential elements：（1）Necessity(必需性）- A plant must be unable to complete its life cycle in the absence of the mineral element.（2）Specificity（專一性）-The fu

17、nction of the element must not be replaceable by another mineral element, or deficiency symptoms can not be remedied(治療) by supplying some other element.（3）Directness（直接性）- The element must be involved in plant metabolism directly.2.與根部營養(yǎng)相比，根外營養(yǎng)具有哪些特點(diǎn)？答：1優(yōu)點(diǎn)養(yǎng)分的供應(yīng)迅速而有效；養(yǎng)分的利用率高，通?？梢耘c農(nóng)藥一起施用；當(dāng)土壤中的養(yǎng)分吸收遇到障

18、礙時(shí)，這是一種非常有效的肥料施用方法；可以有效避免養(yǎng)分在土壤中的固定，例如Fe, Mn, Zn ， Cu；養(yǎng)分噴施在果樹上是很常見的施肥方法，特別是草生地果園；2缺點(diǎn)肥料的施用量小。特別是對(duì)于大量元素，與植物的需求量相比，葉片吸收的養(yǎng)分量太少，所以葉部營養(yǎng)不能完全代替土壤施肥。1. Advantages :(1) Supplication of nutrients is quickly and effectively ;(2) Nutrients have higher utilization rate, and usually can be applied together with pes

19、ticide.(3) It is useful under conditions where nutrients uptake from the soil is restricted. (4) Avoids the problem of nutrients fixation in the soil. Such as Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, which are frequently fixed by the soil particles.(5) Nutrients sprays are particularly used for fruit trees, especially in

20、 grass-grown orchards.2. Disadvantages(1)Rate of application is limited. Leaves are only able to uptake a relatively small quantity of nutrients in comparison with plant demand, especially for macronutrients.(2)It cannot replace the application of nutrient to the soil.3.作物營養(yǎng)的階段性在指導(dǎo)施肥上有什么意義？答：植物營養(yǎng)的臨界

21、期 植物生長發(fā)育的某一時(shí)期，對(duì)某種養(yǎng)分要求的絕對(duì)數(shù)量不多但很迫切，并且當(dāng)陽分供應(yīng)不足或元素間數(shù)量不平衡是講對(duì)植物生長發(fā)育造成難以彌補(bǔ)的損失。營養(yǎng)最大效率期 在植物生長階段中所吸收的某種養(yǎng)分能發(fā)揮最大效能的時(shí)期。在這一時(shí)期，作物生長迅速，養(yǎng)分吸收能力特別強(qiáng)，如能及時(shí)滿足作物對(duì)養(yǎng)分的需求，增產(chǎn)效果將非常顯著。作物營養(yǎng)臨界期和最大效率期是兩個(gè)施肥關(guān)鍵期。這時(shí)如果能滿足作物的營養(yǎng)需求、對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的提高具有重要意義。Critical stage of nutrition (植物營養(yǎng)臨界期)：A period during which plant is most sensitive to nutri

22、tion deficiency and is most easily injured by this, but the nutrition requirement is not always the largest at that period.Maximum efficiency stage of nutrition (植物營養(yǎng)最大效率期)：In this period , the plant has strong absorption capacity and needs largest quantity of nutrients. Nutrients can get the best e

23、fficiency and produce the highest yield if applied properly. Critical period of crop nutrition and the maximum period of two fertilization efficiency of the critical period. Then if they can meet the nutritional needs of crops, on crop yield and quality improvement is important4.酰胺的合成在植物體內(nèi)的氨代謝中有什么作用

24、？答：消除因氨濃度過高而產(chǎn)生的毒害作用（） 儲(chǔ)存植物體內(nèi)多余的氮促進(jìn)氮素在體內(nèi)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的作用Discuss the importance of the formation of glutamine to N metabolism in plant?（1）Alleviate the toxic of the excess NH4+（2）Store the excessive N （3）Transport of N in plant5.簡(jiǎn)述尿素施入土壤后的去向。答：尿素施入土壤中一小部分以分子態(tài)溶于土壤溶液中，通過氫鍵作用被土壤吸附，其他大部分在脲酶的作用下水解成碳酸銨，進(jìn)而生成炭酸氫銨和氫氧化銨。然

25、后NH4+能被植物吸收和土壤膠體吸附，HCO3-也能被植物吸收。Urea applied to soil after a small portion of the molecule dissolved in soil solution in the state, the role of soil adsorption through hydrogen bonds, most of the other under the action of the enzyme in the hydrolysis of urea into ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydroge

26、n and then generate the carbon acid and ammonium hydroxide. And NH4 + can be absorbed by plants and soil colloid adsorption, HCO3-can also be absorbed by plants.6.什么是土壤供氮能力？其在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的意義？ 答：土壤供氮能力指當(dāng)季作物從種植到收獲土壤能提的有效氮量，包括：當(dāng)季作物種植時(shí)土壤中已經(jīng)積累的礦質(zhì)氮量；作物生長期內(nèi)土壤氮素的礦化量。Soil N Supplying Capacity means the soil can pro

27、vide the available N to the crop from planting to harvest，include：（1）The original inorganic N in the soil when planting；（2）Mineralized organic N during the crop growing season.7.銨態(tài)氮肥深施為什么能提高氮肥利用率？答：土壤對(duì)銨的吸附，減少氨的揮發(fā)和硝化作用，防止硝態(tài)氮的淋失和反硝化脫氮，深施有利于根系下扎，擴(kuò)大根的營養(yǎng)面積，深施有利于增加銨在土壤中的擴(kuò)散面積，增加根的吸收機(jī)會(huì)，進(jìn)而提高氮肥的利用率。Soil adsor

28、ption of ammonium to reduce ammonia volatilization and nitrification, to prevent nitrate leaching and denitrification of deep Shiyou Li in the roots under the bar, expand the root of the nutrition area, deep Shiyou Li on increasing the ammonium in the soil diffusion area and increased opportunities

29、for root absorption, thereby increasing the utilization of nitrogen.8.簡(jiǎn)述現(xiàn)在微量元素缺乏日益增多的原因。9.簡(jiǎn)述有機(jī)肥料腐熟的目的。答：有機(jī)肥料大都不能直接被作物吸收利用，通過腐熟過程，使有機(jī)物料盡快釋放養(yǎng)分，還可經(jīng)過發(fā)酵過程產(chǎn)生的高溫殺滅寄生蟲卵和各種病原菌，殺死各種危害作物的病蟲害及雜草種子，實(shí)現(xiàn)無害化的目的，同時(shí)還縮小了有機(jī)物料龐大的體積，節(jié)約運(yùn)輸成本，施用后便于耕作，提高了耕作質(zhì)量。Most organic fertilizers can not be directly absorbed and used by c

30、rops, through the decomposition process of organic materials as soon as the release of nutrients, but also through the fermentation process produces heat to kill the parasite eggs and a variety of pathogens, kill all harmful pests and weeds in crops seed, to achieve the purpose of harmless, but also

31、 reduces the large volume of organic materials, saving transportation costs, ease of cultivation after application, to improve the quality of farming.10.簡(jiǎn)述缺硫與缺氮癥狀的異同，簡(jiǎn)要闡明原因。答：相同點(diǎn)都是葉片發(fā)黃；不同點(diǎn)是缺硫上部新葉發(fā)黃，缺氮老葉發(fā)黃。氮和硫都是蛋白質(zhì)的組成成分，缺乏都影響葉綠素的合成使葉色發(fā)黃，但硫移動(dòng)性差，缺硫出現(xiàn)在新葉上，氮移動(dòng)行強(qiáng)，缺氮出現(xiàn)在老葉上。The same points are yellow leaves

32、; difference is the lack of upper new leaves yellow sulfur, nitrogen old leaves yellow. Nitrogen and sulfur are protein components, the lack of impact on the synthesis of chlorophyll are so yellow leaves, but the poor mobility of sulfur, sulfur deficiency in the new leaves appear, move the line of s

33、trong nitrogen, the nitrogen in old leaves.11.在堆肥過程中如何調(diào)節(jié)水分和通氣狀況？答：若肥堆呈干燥狀態(tài)，表示水分過少，可在堆頂打洞加水；而通氣狀況可以通過翻堆進(jìn)行改良，一般堆肥前兩周應(yīng)每周翻一次，之后每兩周一次。If the compost pile was dry state, that too little water, holes in the top of the heap with water; and aeration can be improved by turning, generally two weeks before the

34、compost should be turned once a week, then once every two weeks.12.簡(jiǎn)述堆肥的原理。答：使粗有機(jī)物質(zhì)在微生物的作用下經(jīng)過礦化和腐殖化過程而成為優(yōu)質(zhì)肥料。堆肥經(jīng)兩個(gè)階段：前期以礦化為主，后期以腐殖化為主。With the help of microbe, rough organic materials were transformed to quality fertilizer after mineralization and humification. The first stage dominated by mineraliz

35、ation and the second dominated by humification. 13為什么葉菜比果菜含鈣量高？答：鈣在植物體內(nèi)是不可轉(zhuǎn)移元素，當(dāng)植株進(jìn)入生殖生長期，鈣不能轉(zhuǎn)移到果實(shí)中，繼續(xù)存在于莖葉中，因此葉菜比果菜含鈣量高。Calcium in plants is not transferable elements, when the plants into the reproductive stage, calcium can not be transferred to the fruit, continue to exist in the stems and leaves

36、, so leafy vegetables than fruits and vegetables high in calcium.14.什么是磷的退化？答：普鈣在土壤中的反應(yīng)：普鈣具有較高的水溶性。施入土壤后，肥料溶解，向土壤溶液中釋放出磷酸根，增加施肥點(diǎn)附近的H+濃度，增加土壤中鈣，鐵和鋁的溶解度。土壤溶液中的磷酸根離子迅速與土壤溶液中的其他離子反應(yīng)生成難溶的化合物。一部分磷則吸附在土壤中的氧化物表面，幾天后，絕大多數(shù)的可溶性磷轉(zhuǎn)化為難溶的磷化合物。隨著時(shí)間的推移，這些難溶的磷化合物會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)化為更難溶的物質(zhì)，這個(gè)過程叫做過磷酸鈣的異成分溶解作用。Reactions of dissoluble P

37、 in the soil：When the dissoluble P was applied to the soil, the fertilizer dissolves and releases soluble P into the soil solution and increases H+ concentration nearby ,which will increase the solubility of Ca ,Fe and Al.The phosphates react quickly with the cations in the solution to form insolubl

38、e compounds.Some of the phosphorus may be adsorbed onto the oxide surfaces.Within a few days most of the soluble P is converted into insoluble compounds into the soil .With time these may be converted into forms that are even more insoluble，The process is called the abnormal solubility of superphosp

39、hate or phosphate degradation15.水旱輪作體系中，如何合理使用磷肥？為什么？答：水旱輪作制“ 旱重水輕”的原則。因?yàn)樵谒递喿髦?，土壤?jīng)歷著由干變濕和由濕變干的過程，水田土壤在由干變濕的過程中，漬水條件下pH的改變、水分增加等，可使有效磷的含量增加，而在土壤由濕變干且冬季氣溫較低時(shí)其有效磷的含量常常降低，這就使得施在旱作上的磷肥，對(duì)后作水稻有較大的后效，而施在水稻上的磷肥對(duì)后茬旱作的貢獻(xiàn)較小。Cropping system dry light-heavy water principle. Because in the cropping system, soil e

40、xperiencing from the wet and dry from the wet to dry process, dry paddy soil by the wet process, water-logging conditions, changes in pH, moisture content increases, etc., can make available phosphorus content increased, while in the dry and wet soil from the low winter temperatures often reduce the

41、ir phosphorus content, which makes the fertilizer applied in the dry, the rice was made after a larger aftereffect, and applied in rice phosphate on the contribution of dry stubble after smaller.16.過量施用硫酸鉀或氯化鉀，是否會(huì)造成土壤板結(jié)？答：會(huì)，向土壤中過量施入鉀肥時(shí)，鉀肥中的鉀離子置換性特別強(qiáng)，能將形成土壤團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)的多價(jià)陽離子置換出來，而一價(jià)的鉀離子不具有鍵橋作用，土壤團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)的鍵橋被破壞了，

42、也就破壞了團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)，致使土壤板結(jié)。同時(shí)硫酸根會(huì)和土壤中的鈣離子發(fā)生反應(yīng)形成硫酸鈣，硫酸鈣微溶于水，所以會(huì)造成板結(jié)現(xiàn)象。而氯離子和鈣離子結(jié)合形成氯化鈣，易發(fā)生淋失，使土壤孔隙減少，同時(shí)土壤團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生改變，造成板結(jié)。Yes,was applied to the soil in excess of potash, the potassium in potassium replacement are particularly strong, able to form a granular structure of soil displace multivalent cations, and a p

43、rice of potassium ions does not have a key role in the bridge, the soil aggregate structure of the key bridge have been destroyed, also destroy the granular structure, resulting in soil compaction. While sulfate and the soil will react with calcium to form calcium sulfate, calcium sulfate soluble in

44、 water, it will cause compaction phenomenon. The chloride ions and calcium ions combine to form calcium chloride, prone to leaching, reduced soil porosity, and soil aggregate structure also changes, resulting in compaction.17.充足的鉀肥供應(yīng)為什么會(huì)增加根瘤的固氮量？答：豆科植物的根瘤固氮從寄主植物獲得碳水化合物作為能源，寄主碳水化合物供應(yīng)充足，根瘤固氮能力強(qiáng)，鉀能提高豆科

45、作物的光合作用，增加體內(nèi)碳水化合物含量，并能促進(jìn)碳水化合物的運(yùn)輸，所以充足的鉀肥供應(yīng)可以增加根瘤的固氮量。Nitrogen-fixing legume nodules obtained from the host plant carbohydrates as an energy source, an adequate supply of host carbohydrates, nodule nitrogen fixation ability, potassium can increase the legume crop photosynthesis, increasing body carbo

46、hydrate content, and can promote the transport of carbohydrates, Therefore, an adequate supply of potash can increase the amount of nitrogen-fixing root nodules.18.根際土壤養(yǎng)分的有效性為什么會(huì)高？答：根系分泌的有機(jī)酸等物質(zhì)可增加難溶性物質(zhì)的溶解度。根際有較多的能源物質(zhì)，使根際微生物活性較高，有利于難溶性養(yǎng)分的釋放。Root secretion of organic acids and other substances can inc

47、rease the solubility of insoluble material. Rhizosphere have more energy materials, microbial activity was higher in the rhizosphere is conducive to the release of insoluble nutrients.19.舉例說明養(yǎng)分再利用性與缺素癥形態(tài)診斷的關(guān)系。答：氮磷鉀鎂，再利用能力強(qiáng)，缺素先發(fā)生在老葉；鐵錳鋅，再利用能力低，缺素先發(fā)生在新葉；硼和鈣，再利用能力很低，缺素先發(fā)生在生長點(diǎn)。N、P、K、 Mg, re-use ability,

48、 nutrient deficiency occurs first in old leaves;Fe、 Mn、Zn, re-use capacity, and nutrient deficiency occurs first in the new leaves;B、Ca，re-use is very low, nutrient deficiency occurs first in the growing point.20.如何解釋缺鐵時(shí)作物體內(nèi)的硝酸鹽含量增加的現(xiàn)象？答：鐵是鐵氧還原蛋白的重要組成成分，鐵氧還原蛋白在植物體內(nèi)硝酸還原中傳遞電子，缺鐵時(shí)，硝酸還原受到抑制，所以體內(nèi)硝酸鹽含量增加。

49、Reduction of iron oxide of iron is an important component of protein, iron and protein in plants oxygen reduction in the transmission of electronic nitrate reduction, iron deficiency, the nitrate reduction is inhibited, so the body nitrate content increased.三、論述論述氮肥的合理施用。依據(jù)土壤狀況土壤中有效氮含量根據(jù)作物營養(yǎng)特性葉菜類、茶、

50、水稻、小麥、玉米等作物需氮較多大豆、花生等豆科作物可利用根瘤進(jìn)行共生固氮，只需在生長初期施用少量氮肥.甘薯、馬鈴薯、甜菜、甘蔗等淀粉和糖類作物只在生長初期需要充足的氮素 耐肥品種產(chǎn)量較高，需氮量大；而耐瘠品種，需氮量較小，產(chǎn)量也較低根據(jù)氮肥特性硝化抑制劑深施覆土或氮肥顆?；亻g平衡 其他必須養(yǎng)分的有效性 Soil conditions The amount of available N in soil Crops species Leaf vegetables, tea, rice and corn need more NLegume can fix the atmospheric N2,

51、so the N fertilizer is needed only at the early growing stage Potato, sugarcane and beet need adequate N at early growing stage. The more yield, the more N needed. Characteristic of fertilizer Nitrification inhibitors Improve N application methods, such as deep incorporation of NH4+ and urea or gran

52、ular Balance of the nutrients Other plant nutrients availability 2.論述磷肥的合理施用。答：一、磷肥施用的原則（）土壤條件與磷肥施用土壤供磷水平 土壤有效磷強(qiáng)度因素 土壤全磷容量因素 pH 6.07.5，有效性高 土壤中N/P2O5比例大，肥效好 有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量高，磷肥有效性高（2）作物特性與磷肥施用 作物種類：豆科、油料、糖用和淀粉含量高的薯類作物、以及瓜果類、茶、桑等都需要較多的磷 吸磷能力弱的作物更應(yīng)注意磷的供應(yīng) 水旱輪作制“ 旱重水輕”的原則。 豆科綠肥參加的換茬制中，難溶性磷肥重點(diǎn)施在豆科綠肥作物上。（） 磷肥特性與施用

53、 水溶性磷肥：適用大多數(shù)作物和各類土壤，可以作基肥和種肥，也可作追肥 弱酸溶性磷肥：在酸性土壤上肥效比水溶性的磷肥效果好。因此，這類肥料應(yīng)盡量分配在酸性土壤上施用。 難溶性磷肥：最適宜施在酸性土壤上。在中性或石灰性土壤上效果很差。一般不宜選用。（）各種養(yǎng)分的平衡，如大量元素和微量元素（）磷肥的適宜施用量 依據(jù)土壤含磷量和作物的特性，一般耕地土壤的磷肥施用量為20-80kg/ha。 對(duì)于磷吸附能力較強(qiáng)的土壤，施用量可適當(dāng)提高到100-200kg/ha二、磷肥的施用方法 土壤中磷的移動(dòng)性很差，所以磷肥應(yīng)當(dāng)施在作物根系能到達(dá)的地方以減少磷的固定 因?yàn)榱自谕寥乐腥菀妆还潭ǎ砸M量減少磷與土壤的接觸

54、以減少磷的固定。因此可將磷肥條施或制成顆粒肥施用（1）表面施用 磷在土壤中的移動(dòng)性很差，如果把磷肥適用在土壤表面，則磷肥很難到達(dá)根系 表施磷肥適用于植物根系較淺的草地和牧場(chǎng)（2）撒施 增加了磷與土壤的接觸面積而增加了磷被固定的機(jī)會(huì)（3）條施 減少了肥料與土壤的接觸面積，降低了磷的固定（4）分層施用增加肥料與根系的接觸，以利于吸收The principles of application of P fertilizer:(1) According to the properties of soils and Soil P contents Available P intense factorTo

55、tal P volumetric factorpH 6.07.5，highest availability The more ratio of N/P2O5，the more effective of the P fertilizer.The higher content of OM, the much more effective of the fertilizers.(2) According to the capability of plant uptake Crop species：legume, oil crops, sugar beet, potato, fruits, tea a

56、nd mulberry need more P than othersThe crops having poor ability of P absorption should be applied more P fertilizerIn rice-upland rotation, the P should be applied much more in upland.Insoluble P fertilizer should be applied in legume in alternate husbandry with legume(3) According to properties of

57、 fertilizersSoluble P fertilizer：suitable for almost all the soils and crops, can be used as basal fertilizer and dress fertilizerCitric acid soluble P fertilizers is more effective than soluble P fertilizer sometimes and mainly used in acid soilsInsoluble P fertilizer is optimal in acid soils and s

58、eldom used in terra calcis (4) Balance of essential nutrients between (macronutrients and micronutrients).(5) The appropriate application rate of P is important The generally application rate to arable crops is around 20-80kg/ha，depending on crop species and available P in soil. Sometime the applica

59、tion rates will increase to 100 to 200 kg/ha in the soil with a high P adsorption capacity, Application methodsP is very immobile in the soil (movement is primarily by diffusion). Fertilizer must be placed where it can easily be taken up by plants roots.Minimize fixation Because P is easily fixed by

60、 the soil, try to minimize the contact between P and the soil. This can be done by placing the P fertilizer in bands or granule of pellet fertilizers.(1) Surface applicationP has limited mobility in the soil .Surface applied P will move to the roots very slowlySurface application is acceptable in pe