預(yù)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間系統(tǒng)PTSppt課件

1、預(yù)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間系統(tǒng) PTS (Predetermined time standards)Prepared by: Dr. Tsung-Nan Tsai簡(jiǎn)介PTS 為現(xiàn)代動(dòng)作與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間發(fā)展技術(shù) 。一切作業(yè)皆可分解至根本作業(yè)動(dòng)作，且每一作業(yè)動(dòng)作可擁有個(gè)別作業(yè)時(shí)間值 。於PTS中，吾輩可將每一個(gè)作業(yè)可利用根本作業(yè)動(dòng)作加以分解，並將一切動(dòng)作加諸時(shí)間值紀(jì)錄於PTS表單上。經(jīng)由PTS，吾輩可以根本作業(yè)動(dòng)作描畫作業(yè)方法。於生產(chǎn)開始前可應(yīng)用PTS進(jìn)行分析。What can PTS do?Develop the best methodEstablish the time standardHelp develop

2、standard data (see chapter 10)Establish labor costHelp justify better toolingHelp select the best machine for the jobAssist in the training of the operator in the best methodDevelop motion consciousness and cost consciousness in supervisors, engineers, and employeesSettle grievances in connection wi

3、th time standards.See page: 142Methods time measurement (MTM) Family MTM (developed by Maynard et al.) in 1948. 其為眾所皆知之PTS。MTM-1具有10種細(xì)微動(dòng)作元件，每一個(gè)元件以TMU (time-measured units, 0.00001 hours)單位表示之。1 min = 1,667 TMUs.MTM-1 元件包括：Reach, Move, Turn, Apply pressure, Grasp, Position, Release, Disengage, Eye mo

4、vements, and Body movements.(1700 values)普通需求約80小時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用MTM-1技術(shù)(執(zhí)照)MTM-2 and MTM-3 系統(tǒng)從事時(shí)間衡量較為快速，但準(zhǔn)確度較低。MODAPTSModular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Standards (MODAPTS) 常應(yīng)用人任務(wù)業(yè)之PTS發(fā)展與任務(wù)站人體工學(xué)研討(專注於上半身動(dòng)作)。可應(yīng)用於人機(jī)匹配之PTS建立。每一個(gè)分析過程包含動(dòng)作類別：移動(dòng)(movement): body member moved結(jié)束動(dòng)作(Terminal): what type and diffic

5、ulty of manipulation occurred at the end of the move.輔助物(Auxiliary): walk, sit, stand, read, decide, vocalize, and other miscellaneous activities that occur infrequently.MODAPTSMODAPTS is useful to those concerned with workplace ergonomics.此系統(tǒng)通常著重於身體相關(guān)部位動(dòng)作分析。其不可應(yīng)用於作業(yè)績(jī)效分析Fords UAW see page:1468.2 預(yù)定動(dòng)

6、作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間系統(tǒng)(PTSS)PTSS為Fred Mayers所發(fā)展。其可提供快速學(xué)習(xí)與應(yīng)用之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間系統(tǒng)。經(jīng)由此系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)，普通可掌握系統(tǒng)精華並快速導(dǎo)入。動(dòng)作樣型(for example: reach or grasp or a move or alignment or preposition)為PTSS藍(lán)圖。The motion pattern is the bill of materials for a time standard.PTSS discussed:Review of the table and definition of termsThe formA 13-step proced

7、ureExample problems.PTSS TABLEPTSS TABLE see Figure 8-1, next slide, is a source of time standards for all motions.表左邊為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間(單位: 0.001 分鐘) ；右邊為動(dòng)作樣型建構(gòu)表，右下角為各類術(shù)語(yǔ)定義。伸手 Reach (R): Reach 動(dòng)作運(yùn)用於手部移動(dòng)至預(yù)期位置 (例如手伸向零件或工具). Most of the time, the hand will be empty.Motion pictures of work were taken at 1,000 frame

8、s per minutes. The hand moves 2 in 1/1000 of a minute.Reach over 36 are very tiring and should be eliminated.(彎腰)(屈膝)Reach examples 手部移動(dòng)2需求0.001分鐘，於伸手開始與結(jié)束過程需求 加速或減速(需求0.002)分鐘 2需0.003分鐘。1=單純伸手，未有連續(xù)動(dòng)作移動(dòng) (move) - M移物 Move (M): 將一個(gè)物體移動(dòng)至目的地或預(yù)期地點(diǎn)。For example: 移動(dòng)一個(gè)零件至夾具中影像移物時(shí)間之三個(gè)要素：移動(dòng)距離(以英吋計(jì))動(dòng)作之之結(jié)束或開始在運(yùn)動(dòng)

9、中所需分量與力量PTSS Examples伸手與移物約佔(zhàn)作業(yè)員任務(wù)之50%Pound握取 (Grasps)Grasps (G): 握取動(dòng)作用以確保物件可從事於下一動(dòng)作。於伸手至一零件或工具後需確認(rèn)可將物件移回運(yùn)用點(diǎn)。There are five types of grasps:接觸握取 Contact grasp (G): G 勿須手指閉合，其主要於伸手後以接觸物件。(例如：接觸一物件後開始移動(dòng) see page 153), 約 0.001 min大零件握取 Large parts grasp (G1): 此應(yīng)用於撿取物件(距握取點(diǎn)至少1) 。此時(shí)間包括手指分開零件、手指握住物件、及運(yùn)用適當(dāng)力

10、量控制物件。中型零件握取 (G2) ：物件距握取點(diǎn)1/4與1之間，比G1需更多處理時(shí)間。握取 (Grasps)小型零件握取 (G3): 物件距握取點(diǎn)少於1/4 。此動(dòng)作為握取最大時(shí)間值，因其需尋找小零件、區(qū)分零件、閉合手指、及應(yīng)用力量撿取零件或工具。More information see page 153.變握(Regrasp G4): a contingency element，應(yīng)用於許多不同場(chǎng)合。See page 153 -154 for more explanations.放手 (Release)放手 Release (RL): 當(dāng)控制被解除時(shí)。當(dāng)工具已置妥、或零件已運(yùn)用畢、或完廢品已

11、置於旁邊則結(jié)束動(dòng)作為放手(Release) ，其並無時(shí)間值，只於描畫用。對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位 (Alignment and position)對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位 Alignment and position (AP): 對(duì)準(zhǔn)乃將物件置於運(yùn)用點(diǎn)或線上。定位(Position)需求對(duì)準(zhǔn)動(dòng)作並將兩個(gè)物件結(jié)合。對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位為兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，其時(shí)間值極為類似，故於PTS中通常將其結(jié)合為一時(shí)間值。AP1: 為小於1/4公差之對(duì)準(zhǔn)或定位。假設(shè)一個(gè)對(duì)準(zhǔn)動(dòng)作可執(zhí)行於1/4間(或兩個(gè)零件對(duì)準(zhǔn)小於1/4間隙)，則運(yùn)用一個(gè)AP1。AP2: 與AP1普通，但其公差更小(1/32)之對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位作業(yè)。AP3: 公差小於(1/64).對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位 (A

12、lignment and position)接合點(diǎn)之定位公差如Figure 8-2 (page. 155)所示。其需一個(gè)AP3 (0.02 mins) 。公差0.005 1/64 = 0.02) 。為了降低本錢，通常以倒角設(shè)計(jì)以降低對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位時(shí)間，如Figure 8-3所示。以一1/32倒角或錐形孔協(xié)助作業(yè)，則僅須一個(gè)AP2 (0.01 min) 。對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位 (Alignment and position) More explanations see page 156 for AP and next slide錐形孔倒角對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位 (Alignment and position)AP1 an

13、d AP2 之本錢較低，因AP3 較耗時(shí)故應(yīng)消除之。利用工具設(shè)計(jì)與夾具可完全消除AP1, AP2, and AP3.經(jīng)由夾具設(shè)計(jì)可完全消除對(duì)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)。Figure 7.6 example.一次兩支插削插在板子上，放30插削需重複作15次。圖7.16物件距握取點(diǎn)1/4與1之間伸手6: 6/2+0.003=0.006移動(dòng)6: 6/2+0.003=0.006雙手動(dòng)作15次靜態(tài)壓力 (Static force)靜態(tài)壓力 Static Force (CF): 加壓但無移動(dòng)，如拉緊或鬆開作業(yè)單元。假設(shè)需鎖緊螺帽、U型鐵、或螺絲，則須一(G4 - Regrasp)以固定零件並施以 SF 為之。假設(shè)需鬆開以上零

14、件，則須SF然後G4.See more examples on page 156.眼睛移動(dòng)注視 (Eye Travel)眼睛移動(dòng)注視 Eye Travel (ET): 需自一個(gè)位置移動(dòng)眼睛焦距至另一位置。需兩眼注視並且距離須超過16 。眼睛注視與移動(dòng)為檢驗(yàn)型作業(yè)單元。通常製程控制程序中需求多次眼睛注視與移動(dòng)(超過1640 cm) 。身體動(dòng)作 (Body motions) 足部動(dòng)作與腿部動(dòng)作共有12 種身體動(dòng)作通常是負(fù)面作業(yè)單元。盡量減少軀幹動(dòng)作。足部動(dòng)作 Foot motion (FT) and 腿部動(dòng)作 Leg motion (LM): 以腳跟轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)足部 (FT) ；以膝蓋或臀部轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)腿部 (L

15、M) 。腿部動(dòng)作應(yīng)消除之，盡能夠以足部動(dòng)作取代之。例如採(cǎi)煞車為足部動(dòng)作。自加油踏板移動(dòng)至煞車踏板則為腿部動(dòng)作。身體動(dòng)作 (Body motions) 彎腰與起身彎腰 Bends (B) 與起身 Arise from bend (AB):彎腰(包含伸手向下至約膝蓋位置)取一個(gè)零組件或工具。彎腰並起身時(shí)，手部約移動(dòng)24 (約需0.015 min) ，故兩個(gè)動(dòng)作總供需0.015 min.一分鐘內(nèi)彎腰並使身體趨近於膝蓋位置之動(dòng)作相當(dāng)費(fèi)體力且容易疲累，故應(yīng)消除之。彎膝與起立 (Stoop and arise from stoop)彎膝與起立 Stoop and arise from stoop (AS)

16、: 伸手向下至腳踝，起身向上回復(fù)直立姿勢(shì)。當(dāng)需於地板上撿起零件或工具則需以此二動(dòng)作。其與AS普通，需消除之。利用升降設(shè)備輔助則可消除此二動(dòng)作。彎膝為最大伸展動(dòng)作(伸手) ，約48 ，加上10%之疲勞寬放。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)身體 (Turning)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)身體 Turning (T1 or T2): 移動(dòng)一隻腳達(dá)110度。T1: 操作員必須轉(zhuǎn)身，故需移動(dòng)一隻腳稱之。T2: 操作員必須向後轉(zhuǎn)，故需移動(dòng)雙腳稱之。一個(gè)T2以移動(dòng)零組件需0.02 min.坐下與起身 (Sit and Stand)坐下與起身 Sit and Stand (ST): 其設(shè)計(jì)來自任務(wù)椅(height:36 91 cm) 之坐下與起身動(dòng)作。操作

17、員坐下與起身並無一定循環(huán)，是任務(wù)狀態(tài)而定。任務(wù)椅調(diào)整可視參與寬放時(shí)間內(nèi)。步行 (Walking)步行 Walking (W_F, W_P): 步行可以英呎 (F) 或歨 (P) 測(cè)量之。W10F: 走10英呎 (Time: 100.004)；W5P走5步(5 0.001)。(264/min = 0.001 min; 一步 = 30)W_FO or W_PO 表示繞著障礙物移動(dòng)(橫走) ，其將多花約25%時(shí)間。W3PO: 遇障礙物步行3步 = 0.013 3 = 0.039 (0.013 min/步; 0.005/英呎) 。動(dòng)作結(jié)構(gòu)表 (Motion pattern construction t

18、able)於PTSS右上方處稱為動(dòng)作結(jié)構(gòu)表，其說明何者可同時(shí)雙手動(dòng)作，何者不行。Reaches and moves can be done at a time for just the time cost of one reach or move 。(they are not in the table, can be done two at a time) 。Only alignments, positions, and grasps are included.動(dòng)作結(jié)構(gòu)表猶如里程圖，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作交叉處具有一個(gè)編碼數(shù)字在裏頭。上面數(shù)字說明當(dāng)雙手於10內(nèi)作業(yè)。下面數(shù)字說明雙手分開10以上作業(yè)(時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)

19、)。編碼 1編碼 1: 第一個(gè)動(dòng)作全值，第二個(gè)動(dòng)作半值假設(shè)動(dòng)作未繪於圖上或未列於表上，則表示可同時(shí)動(dòng)作。編碼一能夠?yàn)閮尚斜硎局?，example: grasp two large parts, hands under 10 inches apart.第一個(gè)動(dòng)作全值第二個(gè)動(dòng)作半值編碼 2編碼 2: 第一個(gè)動(dòng)作全值加上第二個(gè)動(dòng)作的全值此碼雙手需分開動(dòng)作，example: 置兩個(gè)零件於距離10之洞中。(AP1=0.005 min; AP2=0.010 min;AP3=0.02 min)無限哪隻手先動(dòng)作編碼 3第一個(gè)動(dòng)作全值加上2伸手動(dòng)作，或移動(dòng)2動(dòng)作，再加上第二個(gè)動(dòng)作的全值。利用一手抓取一個(gè)小零件，另

20、一隻手需完成伸手至另一零件之動(dòng)作。Example: grasp two small parts over 10 inches apart.1/4= 0.09 min編碼 3假設(shè)兩小零件正在組裝中，則第 2 個(gè)動(dòng)作需先執(zhí)行M2再一個(gè)AP3動(dòng)作以對(duì)準(zhǔn)與定位。The R2 or M2 is just finishing the reach or move. When next motion is a grasp (R2 is used); When it is a aligning or positioning (M2 is used), 0.004 minutes.移動(dòng)2編碼 4第一個(gè)動(dòng)作全值加上眼睛移動(dòng)聚焦(ET) ，再加上第二個(gè)動(dòng)作的全值。(雙手通常距離10以上)當(dāng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行兩個(gè)複雜動(dòng)作時(shí)，第一個(gè)動(dòng)作結(jié)束後，進(jìn)行第二動(dòng)作前需先將眼睛需移動(dòng)再作業(yè)。Example: grasp a small part and position a tight fit over 10 inches apart.PTSS 表單Figure. 8-4 為PTSS 表單，依其序號(hào), 1A, 1B, 2A, 2 B, 3, same as previous form.Operation description: 作業(yè)描畫, key words like assemble, mil