英漢語言對比及翻譯教案

1、-PAGE . z.第1講 導(dǎo)論主要容：從語言比照角度探討翻譯概念闡釋、翻譯標準厘定、翻譯過程梳理、翻譯方法運用等與翻譯相關(guān)的方方面面的問題。教學(xué)要求：了解翻譯中的語言比擬與比照概念，理解翻譯概念、翻譯標準、翻譯過程等，掌握上述相關(guān)概念根本容及其與語言比照相關(guān)的問題。重點、難點：語言比擬與比照概念差異及其之于翻譯能力培養(yǎng)的終極意義。一種事物的特點，要跟別的事物比擬才顯出來。 呂叔湘 對于中國學(xué)生最有用的幫助是讓他認識英語和漢語的差異。呂叔湘 You could know your own language only if you pared it with other languages. E

2、ngelsE*plain some of the points:Why contrast but not pareWhat is languageWhats the aim of contrastive study of two languagesContent of study.A general contrastive study of Chinese and EnglishContrastive study of phonetics.E*planation:1. pare: similarity of two thingsContrast: differences of two thin

3、gs語言比照是指不同語言間的比照分析，通常是通過pare 和contrast兩種途徑。比擬語言學(xué)parative linguistics的主要任務(wù)是尋找不同語言間的共性。比照語言學(xué)(contrastive linguistics)是對兩種或兩種以上的語言進展共時的比照研究，描述它們之間的異同特別是不同之處。2. 起步階段：二十世紀初二十世紀四十年代末 嚴復(fù)、元任、呂叔湘、王力停滯階段：19491976復(fù)和開展階段：1977年5月后，特別是進入九十年代后3. What is language語言: 語言是一種表達觀念的符號系統(tǒng)。Language：the system of human munic

4、ation which consists of the structured arrangement of sounds (or their written representation) into larger units, e.g. morphemes, words, groups/phrases, sentences4. Whats the aim of contrastive study 1) 促進英語教學(xué)：語音教學(xué)、寫作教學(xué)以及翻譯教學(xué)。西方比照語言學(xué)認為，一本好的外語教材，一方面對所學(xué)外語進展科學(xué)的描寫，一方面對學(xué)生的本民族語進展平行描寫，并加以仔細比擬。通過兩種或多種語言的比照研

5、究，可以更好地認識語言的構(gòu)造，進一步認識語言的本質(zhì)。1.IntroductionContrastive analysis versus parative linguisticsDefinition of contrastive analysisContrastive analysis is a branch of linguistics that makes synchronic contrastive study of two or more languages in order to show the differences and similarities, esp. the diffe

6、rences, and to make use of them mainly in language teaching and learning.Definition of parative linguisticsparative linguistics is a branch of linguistics that makes diachronic parative study of more languages in order to show the differences and similarities, esp. the similarities, and to find the

7、proto-language and develop etymology. parisons between contrastive analysis and parative linguisticsContrastive analysis parative linguisticsOther names: Contrastive study parative philology語文學(xué) Contrastive Linguistics parative grammarTime: Synchronic DiachronicObject: Different languages and dialect

8、s Different languages in the same familyGoal: To know differences and similarities To know the originality of languagesContents: Phonology, morphology, synta* and Phonology, morphology, synta* semantics Value: To develop typology類型學(xué) To find the proto-language(共同原始語)To help correct errors To develop

9、etymologyTo help learn languageTo help in translation (Hartmann and Stork: 1976) typology: isolating, agglutinative, inflective Four quadrants of contrastive analysis and parative linguistics within language 2 1 diachronic synchronic 3 4 between languagesClassification of contrastive analysisClassif

10、ication of linguistics General theoretical linguistics (4)theoretical linguistics (2) Concrete theoretical linguistics (5)Linguistics(1) General applied linguistics (6)applied linguistics (3) Concrete applied linguistics (7)General theoretical linguistics (4): study of general characters, constructi

11、ons, rules, methods, classifications and their interrelations of human languageConcrete theoretical linguistics (5): study of a certain language (so it has got other names: special linguistics, individual linguistics)General applied linguistics (6): application of the linguistic principles and study

12、 achievements to language teachingConcrete applied linguistics (7) application of the study of a certain languages to a certain language teaching Classification of contrastive linguistics General theoretical contrastive linguistics (4)theoretical contrastive linguistics (2) Concrete theoretical cont

13、rastive linguistics (5)contrastive linguistics(1) General applied contrastive linguistics (6)applied contrastive linguistics (3)Concrete applied contrastive linguistics (7)General theoretical contrastive linguistics (4): study of general theories and methods between two or more languagesConcrete the

14、oretical contrastive linguistics (5): descriptions of two or more certain languages with the general theories and methods of contrastive linguistics General applied contrastive linguistics (6): application of the study of general theories and methods of contrastive linguistics to language teachingCo

15、ncrete applied contrastive linguistics (7): contrast of two languages for a certain purpose e.g. to pile a book about grammar between English and ChineseName, origin and development of contrastive analysis Name:Contrastive analysis: analysis of difficult linguistic points Contrastive studies: theori

16、es and methodsContrastive linguistics: general name, including theory and application Origin Europe: around the year1900, synchronic analysis of language America: in the Second World War, behaviorist psychology (stimulus-response, Bloomfield)Three factors American structuralism (anthropologist: Boas

17、; Sapir; B.L.Whorf; Harris; C.F.Hockett)need of foreign language teaching because of warDevelopment International academic conference: America, Romania, Poland, Finland, Germany etc.Magazines: Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics (Poland)Contrastive Linguistics (Bulgaria)Contrastive (France

18、)China:元任A Preliminary Study of English Intonation and Its Chinese Eqivalents,1933 元任1892-1982，留美哲學(xué)博士，兼攻物理，化學(xué)，音樂，語言其六世祖翼乾隆年間1736-1795進士寫有江山代有才人出，各領(lǐng)風騷數(shù)百年名句夫人步偉1889-1981,留日醫(yī)學(xué)博士1971.6.1金婚，寫有佳句：和有佳句：吵吵鬧鬧五十年，陰陽顛倒又團圓，人人都說好姻緣猶似當年蜜蜜甜元任今生欠我業(yè)，男女平權(quán)新世紀，顛倒陰陽再團圓同偕造福為人間 元任的學(xué)生有王力，朱德熙，呂叔湘等2.雷的神似和錢鐘書的化境傅雷的神似以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)

19、當像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似。以實際工作論，翻譯比臨畫更難。臨畫與原畫，素材一樣顏色，畫布，或紙或絹，法則一樣色彩學(xué)，解剖學(xué)，透視學(xué)。譯本與原作，文字既不侔，規(guī)則又大異。各種文字各有特色，各有無可模仿的優(yōu)點，各有無法補救的缺陷，同時又各有不能侵犯的戒律。象英、法，英、德那樣接近的語言，尚且有許多難以互譯的地方；中西文字的扦格遠過于此，要求傳神達意，銖鋼悉稱，自非死抓字典，按照原文句法拼湊堆砌所能濟事。各國的翻譯文學(xué)，雖優(yōu)劣不一，但從無法文式的英國譯本，也沒有英文式的法國譯本。假設(shè)破壞本國文字的構(gòu)造與特性，就能傳達異國文字的特性而獲致原作的精神，則翻譯真是太容易了。不幸那種理論非但是刻舟

20、求劍，而且結(jié)果是削足適履，兩敗俱傷。兩國文字詞類的不同，句法構(gòu)造的不同，文法與習(xí)慣的不同，修辭格律的不同，俗語的不同，即反響民族思想方式的不同，感覺深淺的不同，觀點角度的不同，風俗傳統(tǒng)信仰的不同，社會背景的不同，表現(xiàn)方法的不同。以甲國文字傳達乙國文字所包涵的那些特點，必須像伯樂相馬，要得其精而忘其粗，在其雨忘其外。而即使是最優(yōu)秀的譯文，其韻味較之原文仍不免過或不及。翻譯時只能盡量縮短這個距離，過則求其勿太過，不及則求其勿過于不及。倘假設(shè)認為翻譯標準不應(yīng)當如是平易，則不妨假定理想的譯文仿佛是原作者的中文寫作。則原文的意義與精神，譯文的流暢與完整，都可以兼籌并顧，不至于再有以辭害意，或以意害辭的弊

21、病了。節(jié)選自：傅雷重譯本序 錢鐘書的化境漢代文字學(xué)者許慎有一節(jié)關(guān)于翻譯的訓(xùn)詁，義蘊頗為豐富。說文解字卷六口部第二十六字：囮，譯也。從口，化聲。率鳥者系生鳥以來之，名日囮，讀假設(shè)譌。南唐以來，小學(xué)家都申說譯就是傳四夷及鳥獸之語，好比鳥媒對禽鳥所施的引誘，訥、訛、化和囮是同一個字。譯、誘、媒、訛、化這些一脈相通、彼此照應(yīng)的意義，組成了研究詩歌語言的人所謂虛涵數(shù)意(manifold meaning)，把翻譯能起的作用、難于防止的毛病、所向往的最高境界，仿佛一一透示出來了。文學(xué)翻譯的最高標準是化。把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既能不因語文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風味，那就

22、算得入于化境。十七世紀有人贊美這種造詣的翻譯，比為原作的投胎轉(zhuǎn)世( the transmigration of souls)，軀殼換了一個，而精神姿致依然故我。換句話說，譯本對原作應(yīng)該忠實得以至于讀起來不像譯本，因為作品在原文里決不會讀起來像經(jīng)過翻譯似的。但是，一國文字和另一國文字之間必然有距離，譯者的理解和文風跟原作品的容和形式之間也不會沒有距離，而且譯者的體會和他自己的表達能力之間還時常有距離。從一種文字出發(fā)，積寸累尺地度越那許多距離，安穩(wěn)到達另一種文字里，這是很艱辛的歷程。一路上顛頓風塵，遭遇風險，不免有所遺失或受些損傷。因此，譯文總有失真和走樣的地方，在意義或口吻上違背或不盡貼合原文。

23、那就是訛，西洋諺語所謂翻譯者即反逆者(Traduttore traditore)。中國古人也說翻譯的翻等于把繡花紡織品的正面翻過去的翻，展開了它的反面。釋贊寧高僧傳三集卷三譯經(jīng)篇論：翻也者，如翻錦綺，反面俱花，但其花有左右不同耳；這個比喻使我們想起堂吉訶德說閱讀譯本就象從反面來看花毯。媒和誘當然說明了翻譯在文化交流里所起的作用。它是個居間者或聯(lián)絡(luò)員，介紹大家去認識外國作品，引誘大家去愛好外國作品，仿佛做媒似的，使國與國之間締結(jié)了文學(xué)因緣。節(jié)選自：錢鐘書林紓的翻譯3. 奈達談翻譯的根本過程 The four basic processes in translating consist of an

24、alysis of the source te*t, transfer from source to target language, restructuring in the target language, and testing of the translated te*t with persons who represent the intended audience. The analysis of the source te*t means a detailed treatment of both the designative and associative meanings o

25、f the le*emes, the synta*, and the discourse structures. As already indicated at various points in this volume, understanding and appreciation of the source te*t are fundamental to any attempts at translating. In fact, it is failure at this point which is responsible for most deficiencies in transla

26、ting. If a translator really understands the meaning of the source te*t and has adequate petence in the target language, translating appears to be pletely natural and an almost automatic process. The process of transfer involves the shift from thinking in the source language to thinking in the targe

27、t language. Here is precisely where the essential process of translating takes place - the content has been carried across. The level of e*plicitness at which this transfer takes place is normally as great as possible and has been detailed in terms of so-called kernel structures in Nida and Taber (1

28、969). The process of restructuring involves the organization of the le*ical, syntactic, and discourse features of the transferred te*t so as to provide ma*imal prehension and appreciation on the part of the intended audience. For a fully petent translator all this takes place almost automatically. I

29、n fact, it is almost as automatic as speaking in ones own mother tongue. Although these three basic processes can be abstracted, it is entirely wrong to think that translators acplish their task in three stages or steps. A11 three processes are going on at the same time and are largely below the lev

30、el of consciousness. Good translators do not have to think about how to change active e*pressions to passive ones, how to change a nominalized verb into a dependent clause, and whether to shift from a noun to a pronoun in referring to a person. Although the testing of a translation is somewhat diffe

31、rent from the processes of analysis, transfer, and restructuring, it is an essential element in that it e*poses so quickly any problems which e*ist in translation. In the past most testing of a translation has been undertaken by assigning a bilingual person to pare the source and target te*ts and to

32、 determine the degree of correspondence. The problem with this approach is that the bilingual judge is probably already so familiar with the te*t and the type of contents that he can understand the te*t without too much trouble. An adequate evaluation of a translation can only be acplished by testin

33、g the reactions of monolingual persons who are representative of the constituency for whom the translation has been made.The most helpful diagnostic test are the following: oral reading by different persons, close analysis of facial gestures of readers, hearing a te*t and telling the contents to peo

34、ple who have not heard the te*t read, and the cloze technique.From Language, Culture and Translating by Eugene Nida4. 課后作業(yè)(1) 結(jié)合本講容，就你感興趣的語言與翻譯中的一個話題談?wù)勀愕挠^點。(2) 嘗試翻譯下面的文章，對你的譯作和他人譯作之間的差異做一比照分析，找出差異的緣由。木蘭詩篇在木蘭辭的根底上進展引申，大量融入豫劇元素，采用中西結(jié)合的手法，講述了花木蘭女扮男裝替父參軍，打贏戰(zhàn)爭后淡泊名利拒絕封賞，并回歸故里與心上人爽喜結(jié)連理的故事，抒發(fā)了中國人民和的民族精神和愿望。

35、The Opera Stories of Mulan e*tends its content on the basis of the Chinese traditional poem Mulan Ci, blends amounts of Henan Yu Opera elements, and adopts a bination of Chinese and Western techniques. Ittells an account of Hua Mulan, who joins army in place of her father with disguise of male ident

36、ification, rejects accepting the rewards from the emperor after she wins the war, and es back to hometown to be married with her fianc Liu Shuang. Therefore, it e*presses Chinese national spirit and e*pectations of Harmony .第2講 英漢語系統(tǒng)比照與翻譯主要容：英語為印歐語言，漢語屬漢藏語系，兩者相去甚遠，個性大于共性，鑒于此，本講將進展大量實證分析，從被動與主動、物稱與人稱

37、、靜態(tài)與動態(tài)等假設(shè)干方面進展比照，探討與英漢互譯相關(guān)的問題。教學(xué)要求：了解英漢兩種語言系統(tǒng)上的差異性，理解印歐語系與漢藏語系根本差異，掌握英漢語被動與主動、物稱與人稱、靜態(tài)與動態(tài)等方面的差異性及相互轉(zhuǎn)換。重點、難點：英漢被動與主動、物稱與人稱、靜態(tài)與動態(tài)等差異與轉(zhuǎn)換。第一節(jié) 主動與被動Passive vs. ActiveEnglish: a passive-featured language 1.1. Reasons for the popularity of passive voice in English.the intention to neglect the doera.Scienti

38、sts classify glass as a solid.Glass is classified as a solid. The house was built in 1654:The road is being repaired:b.I noticed that a window had been left openEvery year people are killed on our roads.A Hard Days Night was written by the BeatlesET was directed by SpielbergA great deal of meaning i

39、s conveyed by a few well-chosen words.Our planet is wrapped in a mass of gases.Waste materials are disposed of in a variety of ways.c. One type of work group, the semi-autonomous work group, isdiscussed in a section later in this chapter.The group was designed to last for only the lifetime of a part

40、icular project.She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.d. Some things have been said here tonight that ought no to have been spoken.Visitors are requested to show their tic

41、kets. the consideration of synta*1For the sake of cohesion and coherence.Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called fibresand these fibres can be made into cloth.2Keep the balance of sentence so as to maintain end focus and end weight. A

42、nd it is imagined by many that the operations of the mon mind can be by no means pared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible co

43、nsequences in the future.the consideration of rhetoricOn July 13th, 2001, Beijing was voted for the 2008 Olympic game. President Samlanch announced: The games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing.Beijing is the city for the games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008. the considera

44、tion of registers in EnglishThe passive is generally more monly used in informative than in imaginative writing, notably in the objective, non-personal style of scientific articles and news items.A mail piece of phosphorous is carefully dried and placed on a cruciblelid inside a bell-jar. It is then

45、 ignited with a warm glass rod and a stopper is inserted. The phosphorous burns producing dense white fumes of phosphorous pento*idewhich react with water. The water level is first depressed as the air bees warm but eventually it rises as the o*ygen is used up. In order to restore the pressure of th

46、e remaining gas to normal water is now poured into the troughuntil the water levels are made equal. Appro*imately one-fifth of the bell-jar is now occupied with water showing that one-fifth of the air is consumed when phosphorous burns.classification of passive in English: syntactic passive; notiona

47、l passive notional passive: using active construction to e*press passive notion. -. z.These products sell like hot cakes. The clock winds up at the back.She dresses beautifully.The room filled rapidly.This kind of cloth washes very well.The book is printing. The plan is working out.-. z.Some words a

48、nd phrases imply passive meaning.E*aminee; Referee; The imprisonment of the murderer; eatable; desirable; visible; respectable; in ones possession; under the influence ofChinese: an active-featured language2.1 被字式， unfavorable construction in Chinese1大國之攻小國，攻者農(nóng)夫不得耕，婦人不得織。墨子2曼草猶不可除，況君之寵弟乎？Usually we

49、dont use 被-structure to e*press passive notion, instead, we use active construction (notional passive) to imply passive meaningIt was done. 這件事已做了。It was well done. 這件事做得好。It was poorly done. 這件事做得不好。這件事搞壞了。這件事給弄糟了。Most passive construction is used to e*press sth. unpleasant or undesirable.莊稼讓大水沖跑了。

50、The crops were washed away by the flood.這股敵人全給游擊隊消滅了。The whole horde of enemy soldiers was wiped out by the guerrillas.薛蟠竟被人生生的把個罪名坐定。這家工廠在地震中遭到嚴重破壞。This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake.2.2 Chinese passive sentences: dynamic instead of stativeThe glass is broken. (靜句) 玻璃杯破了。(不用被動

51、式)The glass was broken by my brother. (動句) 玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。被動式The house is surrounded by trees. (靜句)房子周圍都是數(shù)。不用被動式The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops. (動句)敵人很快被我軍包圍了。被動式The house is being painted. (房子正在粉刷)The house is very well painted. (房子粉刷得很好)Ariane 5 blew up shortly after it was launched. What

52、 we are concerned is whether projects like the international Space Station have enough scientific value to merit the billions that have been and will be spent on it.國際空間站之類的方案是否有足夠的科學(xué)價值，是否值得花費已經(jīng)投入和即將投入的幾十億美元？It seems that the worlds politicians are involved in a timewarp.全世界的政治家們似乎已陷入一段時間的異常之中。2.3 U

53、se active construction to e*press passive meaning.He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。他被人人尊敬The ceremony was abbreviated by rain. 因為下雨，儀式舉行得很簡短。儀式被雨縮短了John actually loved Mary and was loved in return. 約翰真的愛瑪麗，而瑪麗也愛約翰。約翰真的愛瑪麗，也被瑪麗愛My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding coun

54、try. 每逢假日的下午，我總要漫游周圍的鄉(xiāng)村。Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church. 在教堂里，人們不僅要有禮貌，而且應(yīng)該有一種虔誠的態(tài)度。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought. 人的思想形成了語言，而語言又影響了人的思想。Air that is cooled suddenly shrinks as some of the moisture is squeezed out, and clouds are formed.突然冷卻的空

55、氣，由于擠出了那局部水分，體積收縮，就變成了云。The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping panies.我們的航海運輸公司總能預(yù)見來自第三世界的挑戰(zhàn)。It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.長期以來，大家知道心臟和肝臟的關(guān)系是最主要的。2.4 Different active constructions to e*press

56、passive meaning. 無主語句或主語省略句1 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.2 Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me3 Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed. 4 The difficulties can be overe, the enemy defeated and

57、a new China build only when the national united front is maintained. 不定人稱句1 Voices were heard calling for help.2 The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environmental conte*t. 3 It is well known that the pass was invented in China four thousand years ago.4 Th

58、e buildings are blackened by smoke.5 Driven by poverty, he quit school and went to work earlier.6 The situation must be changed.7 The pass was invented in China.3. Problems in writing of English 1人們普遍認為開放政策利大于弊。2 我們已采取一切盡可能的措施來增加讀大學(xué)的名額。3 人們越來越關(guān)心下崗工人的生活狀況。常見的被動式習(xí)語譯法1 It is said that 據(jù)說，有人說 2 It will

59、be said that 有人會說3 It is well-known that 大家都知道，眾所周知 4 It is believed that 人們相信，大家相信5 It is reported that 據(jù)報導(dǎo)，據(jù)報告，據(jù)通報 6 It is learned that 據(jù)聞，據(jù)說，已經(jīng)查明7 It is found that 據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們認為 8 It has been found that 已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)9 It is considered that 據(jù)估計，人們認為 10 It is usually considered that 通常認為11 It is thought that 有人認

60、為 12 It is universally accepted that 普遍認為，是普遍承受的13 It is taken that 人們認為，有人以為 14 It is regarded that 人們認為15 It is generally agreed that 人們通常認為 16 It is generally recognized that 通常大家都成認17 It is noticed that 人們注意到，有人指出 18 It is noted that 前面已經(jīng)指出19 It is announced that 據(jù)稱，有人宣稱 20 It is sometimes asked