經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)供給與需求市場與福利(1)ppt課件

1、Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets消費(fèi)者、消費(fèi)者與市場效率Chapter 7Revisiting the Market EquilibriumDo the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers?Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. Whether the market allocation is desi

2、rable is determined by welfare economics.回想市場平衡市場平衡價(jià)錢和數(shù)量能否使買者和賣者的總利益最大化？市場平衡反映了市場配置稀缺資源的方式。 市場配置資源能否合意可以根據(jù)福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理結(jié)論定。Welfare EconomicsWelfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研討資源配置如何影響經(jīng)濟(jì)福利 。Welfare Economics 福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Equilibrium in the market res

3、ults in maximum benefits, and therefore maximum total welfare for both the consumers and the producers of the product.市場平衡使利益最大化，即使產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)者和消費(fèi)者的總利益最大化。Welfare Economics 福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Consumer surplus measures economic welfare from the buyers side. 消費(fèi)者剩余從消費(fèi)者角度衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。Producer surplus measures economic welfare fr

4、om the sellers side. 消費(fèi)者剩余從消費(fèi)者角度衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。Consumer Surplus 消費(fèi)者剩余Willingness to pay is the maximum price that a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good. 支付志愿買者為某種物品情愿和可以支付的最高價(jià)錢。It measures how much the buyer values the good or service. 它衡量買者對物品的評價(jià)是多少。Consumer Surplus 消費(fèi)者剩余Consumer surplus is the amo

5、unt a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.消費(fèi)者剩余 買者支付志愿減去買者的實(shí)踐支付量。Four Possible Buyers Willingness to Pay. 四個(gè)能夠買者的支付志愿Consumer Surplus 消費(fèi)者剩余The market demand curve depicts the various quantities that buyers would be willing and able to purchase at differ

6、ent prices.市場需求曲線表示在不同價(jià)錢程度下，買者情愿和可以購買的數(shù)量。The Demand Schedule and the Demand Curve需求表與需求曲線Figure 1 The Demand Schedule and the Demand CurvePrice ofAlbum5070800$1001234Quantity ofAlbumsJohns willingness to payPauls willingness to payGeorges willingness to payRingos willingness to payDemand圖1. 需求表與需求曲線

7、專輯的價(jià)錢5070800$1001234專輯的數(shù)量約翰的支付志愿保羅的支付志愿喬治的支付志愿林格的支付志愿需求Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve.Price ofAlbum5070800$1001234Quantity ofAlbumsDemandJohns consumer surplus ($20)Price = $80用需求曲線衡量消費(fèi)者剩余.專輯的價(jià)錢5070800$1001234專輯的數(shù)量需求約翰的消費(fèi)者剩余20美圓價(jià)錢 = 80美圓Figure 2 Measuring Consumer Surplus with the

8、Demand Curve(b) Price = $70Price ofAlbum5070800$100Demand1234Totalconsumersurplus ($40)Quantity ofAlbumsJohns consumer surplus ($30)Pauls consumersurplus ($10)圖2. 用需求曲線衡量消費(fèi)者剩余(b) 價(jià)錢 = 70美圓專輯的價(jià)錢5070800$100 需求1234總消費(fèi)者剩余 (40美圓)專輯的數(shù)量約翰的消費(fèi)者剩余 (30美圓)保羅的消費(fèi)者剩余 (10美圓)Figure 3 How the Price Affects Consumer S

9、urplusConsumersurplusQuantity(a) Consumer Surplus at Price PPrice0DemandP1Q1BAC圖3. 價(jià)錢如何影響消費(fèi)者剩余消費(fèi)者剩余數(shù)量(a)價(jià)錢在P價(jià)錢0需求P1Q1BAC時(shí)的消費(fèi)者剩余Figure 3 How the Price Affects Consumer SurplusInitialconsumersurplusQuantity(b) Consumer Surplus at Price PPrice0DemandABCDEFP1Q1P2Q2Consumer surplusto new consumersAdditio

10、nal consumersurplus to initial consumersQ2P2圖3. 價(jià)錢如何影響消費(fèi)者剩余數(shù)量價(jià)錢0需求原來的消費(fèi)者剩余原來消費(fèi)者新增的消費(fèi)者剩余新消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)者剩余Q1P1DEFBCAb價(jià)錢在P2 時(shí)的消費(fèi)者剩余Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve用需求曲線衡量消費(fèi)者剩余The area below the demand curve and above the price measures the consumer surplus in the market.需求曲線以下和價(jià)錢以上的面積衡量市場的消費(fèi)者剩

11、余。What Does Consumer Surplus Measure? Consumer surplus, the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it, measures the benefit that buyers receive from a good as the buyers themselves perceive it.消費(fèi)者剩余衡量了什么？消費(fèi)者剩余， 即買者情愿為一種物品支付的量減他們實(shí)踐支付的量，衡量了消費(fèi)者從一種物品中得到的買

12、者本人覺得到的利益。Producer Surplus 消費(fèi)者剩余Producer surplus is the amount a seller is paid minus the sellers cost. 消費(fèi)者剩余賣者得到的量減去賣者的本錢。It measures the benefit to sellers participating in a market. 它衡量了賣者從參與市場中得到的利益。The Costs of Four Possible Sellers. 四個(gè)能夠賣者的本錢Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus利用

13、供應(yīng)曲線衡量消費(fèi)者剩余Just as consumer surplus is related to the demand curve, producer surplus is closely related to the supply curve. 正如消費(fèi)者剩余與需求曲線親密相關(guān)一樣，消費(fèi)者剩余也與供應(yīng)曲線嚴(yán)密相關(guān)。The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve供應(yīng)表和供應(yīng)曲線The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve供應(yīng)表和供應(yīng)曲線Quantity of Houses Painted要油漆的房子數(shù)量Price of H

14、ousePainting油漆房子的價(jià)錢500800$90006001234Grandmas cost格拉瑪?shù)谋惧XGeorgias cost 喬治亞的本錢Fridas cost 路易斯的本錢 Marys cost 瑪麗的本錢Supply 供應(yīng)Figure 6 How the Price Affects Producer SurplusCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningProducersurplusQuantity(a) Producer Surplus at Price P Price0SupplyBACQ1P1圖6. 價(jià)錢如何影響消費(fèi)者剩余C

15、opyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning消費(fèi)者剩余數(shù)量(a) 價(jià)錢在 P 價(jià)錢0供應(yīng)BACQ1P1時(shí)的消費(fèi)者剩余The area below the price and above the supply curve measures the producer surplus in a market.價(jià)錢以下和供應(yīng)曲線以上的面積衡量市場的消費(fèi)者剩余。Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus 用供應(yīng)曲線衡量消費(fèi)者剩余MARKET EFFICIENCYandConsumer Surplus=Val

16、ue to buyers_Amount paid by buyersProducer Surplus=Amount received by sellers_Cost to sellers市場效率和消費(fèi)者剩余=買者的評價(jià)_買者支付的量消費(fèi)者剩余=賣者得到的量_賣者的本錢MARKET EFFICIENCYorTotal Surplus=Value tobuyers_Cost to sellersTotal Surplus=Consumer SurplusProducer Surplus+市場 效率或總剩余=買者的評價(jià)_賣者的本錢總剩余=消費(fèi)者剩余消費(fèi)者剩余+Market Efficiency 市場

17、效率Market efficiency is the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society. 市場效率資源配置使社會(huì)一切成員得到的總剩余最大化的性質(zhì)。Market Efficiency 市場效率In addition to market efficiency, a social planner might also care about equity the fairness of the distribution of well-

18、being among the various buyers and sellers.除了效率之外，社會(huì)方案者還應(yīng)關(guān)懷平等福利在各種買者與賣者之間分配的公平性。Consumer and Producer Surplus in the Market Equilibrium.PriceEquilibriumprice0QuantityEquilibriumquantityASupplyCBDemandDEProducersurplusConsumersurplus市場平衡時(shí)的消費(fèi)者與消費(fèi)者剩余.價(jià)錢平衡價(jià)錢0數(shù)量平衡數(shù)量A供應(yīng)CB需求DE消費(fèi)者剩余消費(fèi)者剩余SummaryConsumer surp

19、lus equals buyers willingness to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it.Consumer surplus measures the benefit buyers get from participating in a market. Consumer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the demand curve and above the price.小結(jié)消費(fèi)者剩余等于買者對某種物品的支付志愿減去買者的實(shí)踐支付量。消費(fèi)者剩余衡量買者從參與市場中得到的利益消費(fèi)者剩余可以經(jīng)過找出需求曲線以下和價(jià)錢以上