f1寫作新思維高級課中美合作-環(huán)境

1、U.S.-China Cooperation on Environmental Protection中美環(huán)保方面的合作Presentation to the“High-Level Symposium on Environmental Protection and International Cooperation in China” “中國環(huán)境保護暨國際合作高級研討會”講演稿Kurt W. Tong, Counselor, U.S. Embassy美國大使館參贊唐偉康September 25-26, 2001, Diaoyutai Hotel, Beijing釣魚臺大酒店，2001年9月25-

2、26日,北京Agenda演講提綱Describe the goals of the United States governments environmental cooperation with China. 中美合作目標(biāo) Outline the main program categories of United States environmental cooperation with China. 中美合作項目Explain the main tools of United States environmental cooperation with China. 中美合作主要途徑 Som

3、e Key Challenges Facing China and the United States中美面臨的重要挑戰(zhàn)Find a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other types of pollution, and still provide opportunities for economic growth and development. 減少溫室效應(yīng)和其他形式的污染，同時仍能提供經(jīng)濟增長和發(fā)展的機會。Find a way to ensure that the critical private sector flows of

4、capital supports both economic growth and environmental protection. 確保重要的私人資本能夠支持經(jīng)濟的增長和環(huán)境的保護。Developed countries should find a way to help developing countries invest in the infrastructure and capacity to establish and enforce domestic environmental regulations.發(fā)達國家?guī)椭l(fā)展中國家投資建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并使之具有建立和執(zhí)行本國環(huán)境規(guī)定的能

5、力。Main Goals of U.S. Cooperation with China on the Environment美國與中國在環(huán)境方面合作的重要目標(biāo)To help China develop the technical means to prevent environmental degradation, even while maintaining economic growth.幫助中國發(fā)展阻止環(huán)境惡化的技術(shù)并保持經(jīng)濟增長。To share U.S. experience in policy development aimed at making tough environmen

6、tal policy decisions.分享美國在制定強硬環(huán)境政策方面的經(jīng)驗。To support Chinas growing trend of public participation in environmental governance.支持中國公眾參與環(huán)境治理。Historically, at Certain e Level, Price of Pollution Exceeds Price of Remediation在特定的收入水平下，污染的代價超出了補救的代價 the Same Can be True for Water Quality同樣適用于水質(zhì)量The Goal is

7、to get these curves to shift to the left, and the keys are technology, policy and public participation目標(biāo)是使曲線向左邊移動，關(guān)鍵是技術(shù)、政策和公眾參與Can See Evidence of This Trend in Beijing在北京能看到這種趨勢的證據(jù)Main Thrusts of Environmental Cooperation 環(huán)境合作的主要推動力1. Technical Assistance技術(shù)援助2. Idea Sharing for Policy Planning政策規(guī)劃的

8、意見交流 3. Public and Private Sector Participation政府和公眾的參與Two Conflicting Trends兩個相矛盾的趨勢Population growth and economic development are combining to increase demand for many basic resources, and leading to increased pollution of the environment.人口的增長和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展要求增加利用基礎(chǔ)資源，這樣必然導(dǎo)致環(huán)境污染的增長Technology is making it p

9、ossible to extend resource limits beyond what was conceivable even decades ago.十年前，技術(shù)就已經(jīng)使資源的適用范圍擴大了 Energy efficiency technology節(jié)能技術(shù)Biotechnology生物技術(shù)(1) Examples of Technical Assistance Cooperation技術(shù)援助合作的例子 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is providing technical assistance on: Cleaner air

10、and cleaner energy technology, effects of particulate matter on childrens lungs, and air pollution and asthma.美國環(huán)境保護局(EPA)提供的技術(shù)援助有：空氣凈化、清潔能源技術(shù)、顆粒物對孩子呼吸器的影響、空氣污染、哮喘。U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is providing technical assistance on: Clean fuels, power systems, oil and gas technology, and climate sc

11、ience.美國能源部(DOE)提供的技術(shù)援助有：清潔燃料、能源系統(tǒng)、油汽技術(shù)、氣候科學(xué)。DOE also doing demonstration projects on energy efficient buildings, wind power, solar power, and geothermal heat pump technology.美國能源部還做的示范項目有：節(jié)能建筑，風(fēng)能，太陽能，地?zé)崾账夹g(shù)。 Policy: Making Environmental Choices環(huán)境政策的選擇How should nations go about making environmental

12、 policy choices?國家如何選擇環(huán)境政策？China has excellent public awareness education on environmental awareness在中國有良好的環(huán)境意識教育But education of specialists to give them the tools for decision-making could use some improvement通過對專家進行教育提供決策的一種工具 Importance of environmental economics環(huán)境經(jīng)濟學(xué)的重要性 Using Science to Make P

13、olicy科學(xué)制定政策Environment vs. development is often presented as an ethical issue環(huán)境與發(fā)展經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為道德問題Greedy capitalists vs. nice tree-huggers貪婪的資本家與環(huán)保主義者A scientific approach combines environmental science and environmental economics to make decisions科學(xué)的方法結(jié)合環(huán)境科學(xué)與環(huán)境經(jīng)濟來做出決定Few in China study environmental econo

14、mics, although it is especially important here雖然環(huán)境科學(xué)在中國很重要，但很少有人研究它。 China and Environmental Economics中國與環(huán)境經(jīng)濟For China, issues of environment vs. economic growth are particularly acute對于中國，環(huán)境與經(jīng)濟增長的問題尤其顯得突出。Given Chinas developing status, economic growth and raising living standards is the key concer

15、n of the Chinese government從中國發(fā)展的角度看，經(jīng)濟增長與生活水平的提高是中國政府最關(guān)心的問題。Environmental problems are also unusually severe, 環(huán)境問題異乎尋常的嚴(yán)重。Due to: large population, limited technical capabilities, limited resource endowments, past mistakes原因：眾多的人口，有限的技術(shù)能力，有限的資源，過去的錯誤Decision-making skills are as important, or more

16、important, than environmental engineering skills決策技巧與環(huán)境工程技巧一樣或者更為重要But good decision-making requires the right analytical tools但是好的決策需要正確的分析手段Cost-Benefit Analysis成本-收益分析Key Tool: Sometimes environmental costs are over-estimated, but usually they are under-estimated主要手段：有時環(huán)境成本被過高估計，但它經(jīng)常在估計值以下。High e

17、nvironmental costs can sometimes cancel out the benefits of economic growth and higher es高環(huán)境成本有時能抵消經(jīng)濟增長的收益和更高的收入。Examples of under-estimated externalities:低估的外部條件Air pollution respiratory disease: Missed days of work, higher medical costs, and a lower standard of living空氣污染呼吸疾?。翰〖偃?，高醫(yī)療成本，更低的生活水平Air

18、pollution reduced sunlight and acid rain: Lower agricultural output空氣污染日照減少和酸雨：更低的農(nóng)業(yè)收成 Water pollution water scarcity: Lower es, and slower economic growth. 水污染水缺乏：更低的收入和更慢的經(jīng)濟增長Internalization of Environmental Costs環(huán)境的內(nèi)在成本Internalization of external costs is needed外部成本的轉(zhuǎn)化：Using the tools of environm

19、ental policy: taxes, regulations, bans, quotas, EIAs,使用環(huán)境政策手段：稅收，法規(guī)，禁令，配額，EIAs Very complex process, requiring detailed information非常復(fù)雜的過程，要求具體詳細的信息Need a broad analytical base in terms of information, ideas, and people在信息、意見、群眾方面，需要廣泛的信息來源Gathering this level of information and analysis requires, i

20、n turn, broad-based participation in decision-making收集信息并分析要求，在決策中要有廣泛的參與基礎(chǔ)Multiple government agencies, consultants, for-profit and non-profit NGOs, media and regular citizens多個政府機構(gòu)，咨詢機構(gòu)，盈利和非盈利的非政府組織，媒體和群眾Policy Consistency is Also Important政策一致性同樣重要A key role can be played by central authorities i

21、n policy planning, and policy “quality control.”在政策規(guī)劃和“質(zhì)量控制”政策中，中央權(quán)力機構(gòu)扮演著重要的角色。(2) Examples of Policy Planning Cooperation政策規(guī)劃合作的例子U.S. EPA conducting workshops and training sessions concerning: SO2 emissions trading, coalmine methane market development, air quality management, natural gas utilizati

22、on, air pollution and public health, and industrial pollution prevention and energy efficiency.美環(huán)保局對工廠的指導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)有： SO2排放物的利用，煤氣沼氣市場的發(fā)展，空氣質(zhì)量管理，天然氣的利用，空氣污染和公共健康，阻止工業(yè)污染和節(jié)能。Department of Interior training in offshore oil leasing.海面石油泄漏內(nèi)部培訓(xùn)部門 。U.S.-China Water Resources Management Initiative creating a commo

23、n understanding of key water problems.中美水資源管理辦法提供了對水資源問題的共同認(rèn)識。U.S. DOE programs in industrial energy efficiency policy, labelling, cost and benefit analysis, etc.美能源部制定工業(yè)節(jié)能政策，labeling,成本和利潤分折等。National Academy of Sciences studies on future of energy and motor transport.國家科學(xué)院研究將來的能源和機動車運輸。Public Part

24、icipation Possible from Multiple Sources: Media, NGOs, Courts多種讓公眾參與的途徑：媒體，非政府組織，法院Policies and Prices 政策和價格Information信息PublicOpinion公眾觀點Media媒體An Appropriate Pattern for a Socialist Market Economy一種適合于社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的模式(3) Examples of Public Participation Cooperation公眾參與合作的例子 U.S. government preparing to

25、 sponsor American Bar Association (ABA) training project in environmental governance, involving multiple sectors of society.美政府準(zhǔn)備舉辦美國律師協(xié)會環(huán)境治理的培訓(xùn)，涉及社會的各部門 Supporting involvement of U.S. and other foreign NGOs in China, both directly and indirectly.支持美國和其他外國非政府組織直接和非直接的介入。 Introducing Chinese NGOs to

26、potential foreign corporate sponsors. Reaching out to corporate community to support environmental protection in China. 介紹中國的非政府組織給了潛在的外國企業(yè)支持者。尋求企業(yè)團體支持中國的環(huán)境保護。Main Tools for Bilateral Cooperation雙邊合作的主要手段U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA): Provides grants for feasibility studies related to envi

27、ronmental technology and clean energy projects. 美國貿(mào)易發(fā)展局：向環(huán)境技術(shù)和清潔能源項目的可行性研究提供援助。U.S. Export-Import Bank: $100 million Clean Energy Program to finance exports of U.S. pollution reduction, energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to China.美國進出口銀行：用1億美元清潔能源計劃支持美國減少污染的出口、節(jié)能和在中國更新能源技術(shù)。U.S. Depa

28、rtment of Agriculture Training and Research Exchange Programs: Including on wastewater, water quality, and forest management.美國農(nóng)業(yè)培訓(xùn)和研究交流規(guī)劃部：包括廢水、水質(zhì)量和森林管理。 Main Tools for Bilateral Cooperation (Continued)雙邊合作的主要手段（繼續(xù)）Technology Cooperation Agreements Pilot Project (TCAPP): Organizes public-private partnerships in several fields related to clean energy.技術(shù)合作協(xié)議引導(dǎo)項目：在清潔能源領(lǐng)域里組織政府和公眾的合作。Beijing Energy Efficiency Center (BeCon): Set up by Department of Energy, does research and consulting.北京節(jié)能