論文-尼采唯意志論美學思想對魯迅朱光潛影響

1、-. z尼采論文：尼采唯意志論美學思想對魯迅、朱光潛的影響【中文摘要】對人類和世界本原、對人生意義和自由的探索,自古以來就是歷代圣賢和哲學家們苦苦思索的終極命題。作為唯意志論思想的奠基人,叔本華撇開傳統哲學的心物二分的認識論路徑,從人性的需求和審美的角度審視世界和人的自由,他指出,意志是充滿著整個宇宙,無根據、無、無止境的追求,是永不停息的欲求和沖動,生命意志構成了世界的本質,生命意志的客體化創(chuàng)造了全部表象世界。由于意志及其滿足的無盡性,人生注定是痛苦的,解除痛苦的最終途徑只能是通過死亡否認意志,而藝術能夠使人暫時掙脫意志、欲望的束縛,忘卻個體性和自我,在審美享受中獲得片刻的慰藉。尼采繼承了叔

2、本華意志根源和生命意志本體論的思想,但他從根本上反對通過否認意志來獲得生命意義和人生自由的主。尼采認為,生命意志是積極創(chuàng)造、戰(zhàn)斗不止的永恒沖動和本能,人生痛苦并不可怕,恰恰是鍛煉、彰顯生命意志、推動人生創(chuàng)造的重要環(huán)節(jié)和途徑。生命意志絕不是什么“適者生存式的被動適應和自我保存,而是“追求力量的擴展,是爭優(yōu)勢、爭開展和爭強力的“強力意志。超人查拉圖斯特拉是強力意志的集中代表。尼采的強力意志思想和超人學說竭力反對叔本華對人生持有的的悲觀態(tài)度,充滿著樂觀主義的戰(zhàn)斗氣息,在關注和改造人的同時,也充滿著矛盾和糟粕。尼采的唯意志論美學思想是建立在他唯意志論的本體論之上的,以酒神精神為根基,以酒神精神和日神精

3、神的對立統一為譬喻,追求強力意志、永恒創(chuàng)造,反對理性至上、知識萬能和頹廢平庸,賦予人生以美學意義和藝術情趣,充滿著人本情懷、戰(zhàn)斗氣息和辯證法思想。全文共分四章。第一章主要介紹了尼采唯意志論思想的主要來源、根本思想,述評了尼采強力意志、超人思想的根本容,重點分析了尼采唯意志論美學觀的根本容,簡要介紹了尼采唯意志論思想在中國的傳播。尼采是一個以文學的方式表達政治理想的文學家、思想家,其美學思想主要表達在?悲劇的誕生?中,其特點是以正視人生苦難、肯定生命意志為核心,以日神(阿波羅)和酒神(狄奧尼索斯)精神的對立統一為主線,給生命以形而上學的根據和慰藉為,深入分析了日神精神和酒神精神的對立統一及其帶來

4、的希臘藝術文化的開展歷史,分析了希臘各類藝術的根本特征,重點提醒了古希臘悲劇的起源和實質,探討了藝術與人生、與國家精神的關系,提出,要大力弘揚酒神精神,發(fā)揮藝術特別是悲劇的作用,鼓勵人,塑造人,改變人,創(chuàng)造人,反對理性至上、知識萬能和頹廢平庸,期翼德意志精神的復興。第二章介紹尼采唯意志論美學思想對魯迅的影響。魯迅對尼采開場發(fā)生興趣,起源于留日期間,?查拉圖斯特拉如是說?是魯迅接觸尼采思想的開場和最重要的著作。酒神精神對青年魯迅思想影響猶大,他把推進自由、自強、自立的個性解放,弘揚勇于創(chuàng)造、敢于戰(zhàn)斗的猛士(超人、酒神)精神當作到達“立國、“立人、民族解放乃至社會解放的途徑,這種思想主要表現在留日

5、時期的幾篇著作中,集中起來可概括為：尚精神、非物質；尚自由、抗壓迫；尚個性、期超人猛士。伴隨著革命實踐的深入,魯迅對尼采思想逐漸疏離甚至批判尼采思想中的糟粕,但他不迷信任何權威,追求真理、渴望自由、強烈的社會責任感和人文主義情懷貫穿一生。第三章介紹朱光潛對尼采唯意志論美學思想的吸收與創(chuàng)新。朱光潛把日神和酒神從尼采語境中剝離出來,使酒神屈從于日神,以日神來點化酒神,揚棄了尼采的美學觀來構建自己的藝術人生觀和文藝觀,探討了“距離說、藝術欣賞與創(chuàng)作中的非理性因素等問題。在尼采那里酒神精神是最為根本,而在朱光潛這里日神精神則是最為珍貴,酒神最終屈從于日神,人應該以日神的心態(tài)對待人生,“以出世的精神做入

6、世的事業(yè),將現實生活藝術化,在忙碌的生活中懂得怡情養(yǎng)性,賦情感于形象之中,通過藝術形象來獲得心靈的解脫,在藝術的王國里獲得精神的自由。第四章從人生經歷和人生取向的角度分析比擬尼采唯意志論美學思想對魯迅、朱光潛影響的不同以及本文研究的當代意義?？傊?尼采唯意志論思想之于現代中國的主要意義,一方面在于他給魯迅這樣的意在掃蕩社會弊端的戰(zhàn)士提供了精神鼓舞,另一方面也為像朱光潛這樣致力于學術文化和人之精神建立的知識人拓展了生命意義之源,更重要的是它促進了主體性的覺醒和人的全面自由開展。【英文摘要】The ultimate proposition of e*ploring the essence of m

7、an and the world, t he meaning of life and freedom is pondered by successive sages and philosop hers. As the ideological founder of voluntarism, Schopenhauer puts aside the path of detaching mind and matter, observing the world and mans freedom fr om the point of mans needs and aesthetics, he notes

8、that the will is a kind of groundless, aimless, and endless pursuit of desires and impulses,which is fil led with the entire universe, constituting the essence of the world, the object o f life will create the appearance of the world. Because of the endless desires, man is bound to be painful, the u

9、ltimate way to relieve the pain of death is t o deny the will, the art can make people temporarily break the shackles of wil 1 and desires, forget individuality and yourselves, get a moment of fort.Nietzsche inherits Schopenhauers idea that the will is the origin of life a nd the idea of ontology, b

10、ut he fundamentally opposes to the idea that denies the meaning of life and freedom. Nietzsche believes that Life Will means etern al impulse and instinct, pain of life is not terrible, it is just used to reveal Li fe Will,to promote creation. Life Will never means “survival of the fittest, pa ssive

11、 adaptation and self-preservation, but “the pursuit of the e*pansion of powe r is to get advantage, development and strong power. Superman Zarathustra is a typical representative of powerful will. Nietzsches superman theory strongl y opposes Schopenhauers pessimistic attitude,which is full of optimi

12、sm fighti ng atmosphere, paying close attention to people and reforming them, but suff using contradictions and dross.Nietzsches voluntarism aesthetics is based on his ontology of voluntarism taking the unity of opposites about Dionysian spirit and Sun God to make it parable,pursuing the powerful wi

13、ll and eternal creation, opposing the rationality first, knowledge universal mediocrity and decadence, endowing life aesthetic meaning and artistic taste, being full of human feelings, fighting atmosphere an d thought of dialectics The Paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter introduce

14、s the m ajor source of Nietzsches voluntarism, making a ment of Nietzsches power ful will, the basic content of Superman, focusing on the analysis of Nietzsches view of voluntarism aesthetics, describing the spread of Nietzsches voluntaris m in China briefly. Nietzsche is a writer and thinker who e*

15、presses his politic al ideals of in literary, and its aesthetics ideas are mainly embodied in The Bir th of Tragedy, characterized by facing up to life suffering, affirming Life Will, centering on the unity of opposites of the Sun God (Apollo) and Bacchus (Dionysus) spirit, giving metaphysical basis

16、 and fort to life. analyzing th e unity of opposites of Sun God and Dionysian spirit in-depth. it results in the history of Greek art and culture, analyzing the basic characteristics of the Gre ek arts, focusing on revealing the origin and the essence of ancient Greek trag edy,probing the relationsh

17、ip among art and life and the national spirit,putting forward to propagating the Dionysian spirit, playing its full role of tragedy part icularly to inspire people, shape people, change and create people, opposing t he supremacy of reason, knowledge everything, mediocrity and decadence, e*c epting t

18、he revival of Deutsche spiritThe second chapter describes the impact of Nietzsches aesthetics of volunt arism on Lu *un. Just as Lu *un stayed in Japanese,he got interested Nietzs che, Zarathustra Said is the first and the most important works of Nietzsches t hought that Lu *un e*posed to,the spirit

19、 has a profound influence on youthfu 1 Lu *un, he puts the Dionysian spirit as the way of “making nation powerful “, “making man powerful and liberating the nation and the society,the Dionysia n spirit can boost individual liberation,self-improvement, self-reliance,it can al so encourage people to c

20、reate and fight, it is mainly e*pressed in the few wor ks when he was in Japan. The idea can be summarized as:advocating spirit, r educing material; valuing freedom, resisting oppression; attaching importance to personality, e*pecting superman and warriors. When the revolutionary develope s, Lu *un

21、alienates Nietzsches thought gradually, and even criticizes the dross of the thought, but he is not blind faith in any authority, and pursues the tr uth, e*pects for freedom, a strong sense of social responsibility and humanistic feelings penetrates all his life pletely.The third chapter is about Zh

22、u Guangqians absorption and innovation of Nietzsches voluntarism.Zhu Guangqian strips Apollo and Dionysus from Nietz sches thought, to make the Dionysus succumb to the Sun God,to enlighten th e Dionysus, to build his own views of art and life by abandoning Nietzsches aesthetics thought,to e*plore th

23、e irrational factors of theory of “Distance, art appreciation and creation, and so on. Dionysian spirit is Nietzsches most funda mental thought, Sun God spirit is the most precious to Zhu Guangqian, and Dionysus finally succumbed to the Sun God, he considers that people should r egard the life as Su

24、n God, “l(fā)ived with unconventional Spirit and plete the r ealistic career, to make the real-life artistic, learn to contribute to ones peace of mind or inner tranquility in busy life, endow the emotion to the image, a cquire the soul liberation and get the mind free in the realm of art.The fourth cha

25、pter is to analyze and pare the different influences of Nietzsches aesthetics voluntarism on Lu *un and Zhu Guangqian,according to their different e*periences and life values, discuss the contemporary signific ance of the paper.In short, Nietzsches idea of voluntarism is provided with important sign ificance in modern China.On the one h