2023版高三英語主題語境復(fù)習(xí)方案新教案：第3部分 主題群4 子主題2　地球與宇宙奧秘探索

1、 子主題(二)地球與宇宙奧秘探索閱讀理解A(2018北京卷B)Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) CenterIf youre looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be.The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with handson tasks and lots of fun.More than 750，000 hav

2、e graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation, education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions.They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with realworld applications for what theyre studying in the classr

3、oom.For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(榮譽徽章)At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模擬) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.The Aviation Ch

4、allenge program gives trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge.They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(駕駛艙) of a variety of flight simulators.Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about waterand landsurvival

5、 through designed tasks and their search and rescue of a “downed” pilot.With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18.Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp p

6、rograms for families with children as young as 7.Stay an hour or stay a week there is something here for everyone!For more details, please visit us online at .【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。文章主要介紹了宇航中心培訓(xùn)項目的情況，命題時從讀者的真實需求出發(fā)，著重考查培訓(xùn)項目的相關(guān)內(nèi)容和特點。激發(fā)考生的航天夢想，探險精神和團(tuán)隊合作精神。1Why do people come to SAC?ATo experience adventures.BTo

7、 look for jobs in aviation.CTo get a degree in engineering.DTo learn more about medicine.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一句“If youre looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be.”可知，人們來SAC是為了尋找與眾不同的冒險體驗，故選A。2To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to _Afly to spac

8、eBget an Aviation badge firstCstudy the principles of flightDbuild and fire model rocketsD細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模擬) flying to space with the crew from all over the w

9、orld.”可知，要想獲得太空探險徽章需要建造和發(fā)射火箭模型、學(xué)習(xí)太空任務(wù)、嘗試與其他飛行員模擬太空飛行等，故選D。3What is the most important for trainees?ALeadership.BTeam spirit.CTask planning.DSurvival skills.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段“With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger task.”可知，對于受訓(xùn)者來說

10、，團(tuán)隊合作是關(guān)鍵，故團(tuán)隊精神是最重要的，故選B。B(2018北京卷C)PlasticEating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋場), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer m

11、ay lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consume

12、d and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊狀物) and applied it to plastic films.14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass apparently broken d

13、own by enzymes (酶) from the worms stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, coauthor of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic.“Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in po

14、lyethylene, the carboncarbon bond, is there as well, ”she explains, “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene

15、.But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(腸道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her teams findings might o

16、ne day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。文章介紹了一種吃塑料的蟲子大蠟螟，它胃中的酶能夠降解塑料，這為解決塑料污染提供了新的途徑。4What can we learn about the worms in the stud

17、y?AThey take plastics as their everyday food.BThey are newly evolved creatures.CThey can consume plastics.DThey wind up in landfills.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Federica Bertocchini, coauthor of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic.”可知

18、，研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，大蠟螟蠕蟲分解日常食物的能力讓它們可以分解塑料，也就是說它們可以吃塑料。故選C。5According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to _ Aidentify other means of the breakdownBfind out the source of the enzymeCconfirm the research findingsDincrease the breakdown speedB細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to

19、 identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(腸道微生物)？”可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明這種酶來源于哪里，是蟲子自己產(chǎn)生的還是它腸道里的微生物產(chǎn)生的。故選B。6It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might _ Ahelp to raise wormsBhelp make plastic bagsCbe used to clean the

20、 oceansDbe produced in factories in futureD推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”可以推斷出，Bertocchini希望這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)將來能在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中使用，而不是僅僅依靠大蠟螟蠕蟲來分解塑料。故選D。7What is the main purpose of the passage?ATo explain a

21、 study method on worms.BTo introduce the diet of a special worm.CTo present a way to break down plastics.DTo propose new means to keep ecobalance.C寫作意圖題。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句“So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.”可知，

22、有一種新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”可知，Bertocchini希望將這種方法推廣到工業(yè)中。由此可以推知寫作意圖為介紹一種分解塑料的方法。故選C。C(2017全國卷D)When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesnt sit quietly.Back in 1983，two scie

23、ntists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals kn

24、own as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.Its a plants way of crying out.But is anyone listening？Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But

25、others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turnedThe attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The d

26、amage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other？Scientists dont know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own bran

27、ches，and so，in effect，was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to“overhear”the cry.So information was exchanged，but it wasnt a true，intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin，over 150 years ago，imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(親密的)than the world we can see and he

28、ar.Our senses are weak.Theres a whole lot going on.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了植物受到襲擊時會釋放出某種化學(xué)物質(zhì)來保護(hù)自己并“告知”附近的植物。8What does a plant do when it is under attack?AIt makes noises.BIt gets help from other plants.CIt stands quietly.DIt sends out certain chemicals.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“.reported that young maple trees

29、getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.”可知，植物受到傷害時會散發(fā)出一種特殊的氣味，而這種特殊的氣味就是某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)，故選D項。9What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?AThe attackers get

30、attacked.BThe insects gather under the table.CThe plants get ready to fight back.DThe perfumes attract natural enemies.A句意猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.(它們散發(fā)出氣味意在吸引不同的昆蟲，這些昆蟲是襲擊者的天敵)”，以及畫線部分后的“The attacker who was lu

31、nching now becomes lunch.(正在吃午餐的襲擊者現(xiàn)在就變成了午餐)”可知，畫線部分的意思是襲擊者受到了它的天敵的襲擊，故選A項。10Scientists find from their studies that plants can _Apredict natural disastersBprotect themselves against insectsCtalk to one another intentionallyDhelp their neighbors when necessaryB推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Some plants pump out smel

32、ly chemicals to keep insects away.”和“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.”可知，植物能保護(hù)自己免受昆蟲的傷害，故選B項。11What can we infer from the last paragraph?AThe world is changing faster than ever.BPeople have stronger senses than before.CThe world i

33、s more complex than it seems.DPeople in Darwins time were more imaginative.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知，達(dá)爾文設(shè)想了一個遠(yuǎn)比現(xiàn)實世界更繁忙、更喧囂和更親密的世界，而我們的感官卻非常弱，我們還有很長的路要走。由此可知，世界似乎比它看上去的樣子更復(fù)雜，故選C項。D(2017江蘇卷B)Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice

34、 from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule the roostAs recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)Newborn chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days o

35、f entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were

36、hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular “feed me！”call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data fr

37、om 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerg

38、e chirping like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies begging calls.In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This

39、observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的) strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that

40、 they might be going for quality.”【語篇解讀】這是一篇科普類的說明文。文章講述了澳大利亞的一位生物學(xué)家通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，鳥兒在孵化時會進(jìn)行胎教，幼鳥會用胎教時學(xué)會的鳥叫聲來引起鳥媽媽的關(guān)注。鳥兒在胎教方面比人類更出色。12The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “_”Abe the worstBbe the bestCbe just as badDbe just as goodB詞義猜測題。畫線部分前面的語境說，嬰兒在出生之前就能分辨很大的聲響與人的嗓音(tell the difference between loud

41、 sounds and voices)；畫線部分后面的語境說，有些鳥媽媽在鳥兒被孵化出來之前，就可能教它們啼叫(teach their young to sing)。通過對比畫線部分的前后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里說的是與人類相比，鳥媽媽在胎教方面表現(xiàn)得最好(be the best)，因此選B。13What are Kleindorfers findings based on?ASimilarities between the calls of moms and chicks.BThe observation of fairy wrens across Australia.CThe data collec

42、ted from Queenslands locals.DControlled experiments on wrens and other birds.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干的Kleindorfers findings based on，我們知道本題詢問的是這項研究成果建立的基礎(chǔ)，由此把答案定位在第三段和第四段首句(It turns out that.)。顯示：鷦鷯幼鳥的叫聲與鳥媽媽的聲音也很相似。由此判斷，他的發(fā)現(xiàn)基于A項(鳥媽媽與幼鳥叫聲的相似之處)。14Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds wh

43、ich _Acan receive quality signalsBare in need of trainingCfit the environment betterDmake the loudest callC推理判斷題。文章最后兩段說，研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，叫聲與鳥媽媽的聲音很接近的幼鳥得到的食物最多(the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food)，這表明，有效的胎教能夠把孩子神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點發(fā)信號給母親(signal neurological strength

44、s of children to parents)。從這些信息判斷，胎教能幫助鳥媽媽識別出更能適應(yīng)環(huán)境的幼鳥，因此選C項。1adventure n冒險2astronaut n宇航員3badge n徽章4principle n原則5downed adj.被擊落的6apparently adv.明顯地7previous adj.以前的8chemical adj.化學(xué)的9compound n復(fù)合物10exchange v交換11intentional adj.故意的12hatch v孵化13observe v注意14emerge v出現(xiàn)；暴露1graduate v畢業(yè)2double adj.兩倍的3

45、enemy n敵人4serious adj.嚴(yán)重的5quality n質(zhì)量1hunger n饑餓hungry adj.饑餓的2responsible adj.有責(zé)任的；負(fù)責(zé)的 responsibility n責(zé)任；負(fù)責(zé)3employ vt.雇用；利用(時間、精力等) employment n雇用；利用4industry n工業(yè)industrial adj.工業(yè)的；產(chǎn)業(yè)的5smell n味道smelly adj.有臭味的6similar adj.同樣的；類似的similarity n相似；類似7serve v端上(飯菜等)service n服務(wù)；兵役1wind up 結(jié)束2so far直到目前3

46、for short作為簡稱4in effect事實上5back and forth來回；往返即時演練單句語法填空1The government aims to improve pubic services(service)，especially education.2He is an explorer(explore)3My income has doubled (double) in the past two years because of my hard work.4Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been e

47、mployed (employ) only since the mid1980s.5Therefore，lets take the responsibility (responsible) to build up a lowcarbon city by riding bicycles.6It is said that carbon dioxide is heating the earth twice as quickly as previously (previous) feared.7Each product was of good quality and won the praise an

48、d trust of customers.8The injured in the earthquake have received timely treatment in the hospital.9Not until the river was seriously polluted did the local government realize the problem.熟詞生義(寫出句中黑體詞的漢語意思)1At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model r

49、ockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模擬) flying to space with the crew from all over the world.發(fā)射2Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋場), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.結(jié)束3What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic co

50、mpounds, VOCs for short.噴出，釋放.似易實難(將句中黑體詞部分譯成漢語)1If youre looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center(SAC) is the place to be.譯文如果你在尋找一次與眾不同的探險之旅，太空航天中心正是你該去的地方/是個不可不去的地方。2The Center offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with handson tasks and lots of fun.譯文該中心提供的計劃旨在利用

51、實踐任務(wù)和大量的樂趣進(jìn)行自我挑戰(zhàn)和啟發(fā)。.復(fù)雜晦澀(分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)并譯成漢語)1They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with realworld applications for what theyre studying in the classroom.分析本句是由and連接的并列句，即they come to camp和they leave with.。第一個分句中wanting to know是狀語，what it is like t

52、o be an astronaut or a pilot是know的賓語從句，其中it是形式主語，真正的主語是to be an astronaut or a pilot。第二個分句中，with短語是狀語，其中賓語從句what theyre studying in the classroom是介詞for的賓語。譯文他們來到露營地，想知道當(dāng)宇航員或飛行員是什么感覺，然后帶著這些實際應(yīng)用知識回到他們的知識課堂。2Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the

53、study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.分析本句是復(fù)合句。主句是Jennifer DeBruyn says，it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene是賓語從句，it是形式主語，that從句是真正的主語。a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee是Jennifer DeBruyn的同位語，who則引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。譯文Jennifer DeB

54、ruyn是田納西大學(xué)的微生物學(xué)家，她沒有參與這項研究，但她說那種蟲子能分解聚乙烯其實并不奇怪。3The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.分析本句是由but連接的并列句，第一個分句是簡單句，第二個分句是復(fù)合句，其中relatively speaking是插入語，because 引導(dǎo)狀語從句，what to do是what they

55、 should do的省略形式。譯文通常最早遭受蟲害的植物損失最嚴(yán)重，而周圍的植物，相對來說安全的多，因為他們聽到了警報而且知道該怎么做。4In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.分析本句是復(fù)合句。the team set up a separate experiment是主句；that suggested.是定

56、語從句修飾先行詞experiment；第二個that引導(dǎo)suggested的賓語從句，從句中主語是the baby birds，謂語是were rewarded.，第三個that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞the baby birds，that在從句中做主語，謂語部分是imitated their moms voice。譯文此外，研究小組還做了另外一項實驗，結(jié)果表明，模仿媽媽聲音最像的雛鳥獲得的食物最多。1rescue v& n營救，拯救，救援(1)rescue sb./sth.from .從中救出某人/某物(2)come to sb.s rescuego/come to the rescue of

57、 sb.進(jìn)行援救，營救某人make a rescue 實施救援rescue me from an embarrassing situation 給我解了圍dive from the bridge and rescue the drowning child 從橋上跳入水中去救那個溺水的孩子come to our rescue with a generous donation 慷慨解囊來解救我們基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)單句語法填空The three children were rescued from the burning house by the brave firefighters yesterday.It

58、 was you who made a rescue in time, which gave us a second life.能力提升一句多譯二十分鐘后，救援隊員到達(dá)現(xiàn)場來營救被困的礦工。Rescue workers arrived at the scene twenty minutes later to rescue the trapped miners(rescue v)Rescue workers arrived at the scene twenty minutes later to come to the rescue of the trapped miners(rescue n)

59、2react vi.(化學(xué))反應(yīng)；發(fā)生作用(1)react to 對作出反應(yīng)react with 與起(化學(xué))反應(yīng)react against 反對；反抗；反叛react on/upon 對有影響(2)reaction n反應(yīng)in reaction to 對的反應(yīng)react angrily to the news of more job losses 對更多裁員的消息感到氣憤react on living expenses 對生活花費造成影響react against the political system 反抗政治制度a natural reaction to such bad news 對

60、這種壞消息的自然反應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)單句語法填空(2019浙江卷)They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.Children tend to react against their parents by going against their wishes.He was surprised that his answer should have caused such a strong reaction (react)能力提升一句多譯讀正能量的文章會對你的思想產(chǎn)生積極的影響。Reading pos